Basrah Journal For Date Palm Research

Study was carried out in Abu alkaseeb southern of Basra to study
desertification indicator by study soil physical and chemical properties,
Irrigation properties and plants density, productivity.
Results showed that Abu alkaseeb sails are heavy clay soil with bulk
density and low level of organic matter and weak stracture and its have
high value of electrical; conductivity.
The results also showed increase of chloride and sodium ions. In
addition to the quality of irrigation water was bad due to increase of E.C.
and the degradation of chemical and physical properties of soil and
irrigation water increase forward west area of Abu alkaseeb.
Results showed reduce plant density and tree productivity for this year
compound with the last years.

This study was conducted in one of the orchards civil in Albradaah area in the
province of Basra to the growing season 2014 on the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L.
class Hillawi in order to study the effect of spraying fertilizer Gaton (seaweed extract)
and concentrations (0, 2.5 0.5 ml) \ L after inoculation and hold process sock both types
manual Hmarich flowering (25% and 40%) of the number Achammarek flowering after
inoculation and chemical thinning Abannzel adenine (growth regulator) and
concentrations (100 and 200) mg \ l in addition to treatment comparison (no thinning),
was carried out spraying the total vegetative and fruiting date palm of Gaton and
Abannzel adenine after inoculation two payments for the first five weeks and the second
after ten weeks of the date of vaccination and the overlap between them on the physical
and productivity of the date palm class Hillawi, which was Gaton factor with three
levels and thinning five levels. Use the full random sectors Design ( RCBD) with three
replicates per treatment were compared according to the test averages less significant
difference average (RLSD) at the level of probability (0.05). The results as follows: -
Results showed superiority of treatment overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml \ L) and other
study . to thinning Abannzel denine (200 mg \ l) significant superiority in fruit weight and gave
the highest averages in terms of (7.55 and 7.05 and 6.450) g of the stages of Khallaal,
and rtib and dates on the relay and the weight of the seed where was (1.380 and 1.290
and 1.280) g of the stages of sorts and rtib and dates on the relay and the weight of
stromal layer where was (6.170 and 5.760 and 5.170) g of the stages of Khallaal, and
rtib and dates on the relay and also outperformed significantly in size and the length and
diameter of the fruit and gave the highest averages in terms was (7.60 cm and 3.83 cm
and 2.11 cm 3) on the relay to the stage Khallaal, (7.10 cm 3 and 3.86 cm and 2.00 cm)
on the relay to the stage of rtib, (6.56 cm 3 and 3.89 cm and 1.96 cm) on the relay to the
dates compared transactions under of stage The results showed there outweigh the moral to spray in Gaton (5 ml \ L) and thinning banzel adenine (200 mg \ l) in the qualities of productivity (total winning amount for
Palm), also outperformed the treatment of overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml \ L) and
thinning banzel adenine (200 mg \ L) total winning amount as gave the highest average
of (66.67 kg).

This study has been conducted on four cultivars of date palms planted at the province
of Basra in the southern of Iraq ,Alhabsy , Shoithi , Alnbayty and Almayasi to
determine the DNA of each examined cv., as well as the variation and relationships
among these cvs. by using the technique of RAPD-PCR technique .Results showed
that the primer OPB-08 amplified the longest of bands in Shoithi and Al-Mayasi
cultivars ,the same primer gave 15 bands .Where as the primer OPB-09 amplified 23
bands so that length less of band in Habsy cultivar (223bp).The cultivars were
distributed in tow clusters as analysed by cluster W2 program ,and Alhabsy cultivar
was in segregated in a definite group .There were also a closeness of genetic
relationship between Shoithi and Alnbayty. Where as, Mayasi cultivar was separated
away according to dendogram map.

Two automatic devices for pollination and fogging of date palm were
designed and manufactured at the department of Agricultural Machinery,
College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. They were date palm
pollination and fogging device fig. 1 and the developed device fig. 2. Their
performance was field tested at a private field in Al-Hartha township, Basrah
Governorate at two seasons 2013 and 2014 using CRBD design in a factorial
experiment with three replicates. The study included the application of
automated pollination using the two devices in comparison with manual
pollination on Sayer and Hilawe varieties. The following properties were
studied: percentage of fruit setting, fruit length and diameter, fruit and flesh
weight, total yield and actual productivity of pollination (tree. h-1).
The results demonstrated the significant superiority of manual pollination
in percentage of fruit setting in comparison with automated pollination with
the two studied devices. Pollination device fig. 1 and the developed device
fig. 2 significantly surpassed the manual method in fruit length and diameter
and fruit and flesh weight. The two methods of automated and manual
pollination do not show significant differences in tree productivity (Kg.tree-1)
while the two studied devices showed considerable superiority of 160% in
the actual productivity of pollination (tree. h-1) in comparison with the
manual method.

The present study has been performed at the labs . Of
Agricultural college /Basra University alluring the period between
2/11/2013 and 2/3/2014. A primary date palm Callus of Nersi cv. has
been used and
Treated with Paclobutrazol and Casein to evaluated their effect on
carbohydrate and protein contents of embryogeneic callus after eight
weeks of culturing . The primary callus has been cultured at the
average of 100 mg in the cultural medium of MS , supplemented with
NAA at concentration of 10 mg/L , cytokinin 2ip at concentration of
2mg/L and activated Charcol at concentration of 2g/L . Fist Cultural
medium supplemented with different concentrations of paclobutrazol
, which were 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0 mg/L, while the concentration
of 0 , 200 , 400 , 600 , 800 and 1000 mg/L were used with Casein
treatment . Subcultural procedure has been conduit of on the same
above-mentioned media at month interval , up to 4 months .
Results of study explained that the treatment of paclobutrazol (PAC)
at conc. of 1.0 mg/L was the most effective treatment and led to a
significant increase in Carbohydrate content of embryogeneic Callus,
followed by the treatment of PAC at 0.9 mg/L . Hence , both PAC at
concentration of 0.5 and 0.7 mg/L led to an increase in the total
protein Content Noteworthy , all concentration of Casein (CH) led to
a positive and Significant increase for both content of Carbohydrate
and Protein , especially at concentration 1000 mg/L .

A study was conducted at date palm station that belong to Horticulture
office of ministry of agriculture in Basra located in Hartha north of Basra
during 2013 -2014 season to study the effect of the addition of the chemical
fertilizer NPK+TE (20-20-20) and culture of legumes (alfalfa and broad
been) around date palm trees cv. Sayer on chemical and physical
characteristics during rutab stage. Fertilizers were added around tree trunk
at depth of 25 cm and half diameter of one meter. Fertilizer were added at
(0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500) gm / tree at two different time, the
first one on 15/10/2013 and second addition on 1/3/2014. Alfalfa and broad
bean were cultured around trees on 1/10/2013.
Results showed the significant effect of the treatments of fertilizer for the
most studied characteristics which include, total soluble solids, total
titrable acidity, total sugar,reducing sugar, sucrose and total protein in
fruits, also nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves, there of the 1500
gm /tree treatment was superior in those characteristics which were (65.17,
0.54, 61.61, 52.52, 8.64,3, 1.88, 0.45 , 0.92)% respectively compaired to
control treatment wheras ,it was not significantly different from alfalfa
treatment in total titrable acidity which was 0.55% and alfalfa and broad
bean treatment and fertilizer at 1250 gm / tree in total and reducing sugar
and different from alfalfa and broad bean treatment in nitrogen Percent and
phosphorus parcent.alfalfa treatment in

This study was conducted at a private orchard in Abi El-Khassib
district ,Basrah Governorate, during the season of 2014 to investigate effect
of leaf pruning at 6 and 9 and 12(leaf .bunch⁻¹) and spraying bunches with
ethephon at concentrations of Zero and 250 and 500 (mg.L⁻¹) , once, at the
end of Kimri stage on some physiological and anatomical aspects of fruits
and yield of date palm ,cv. Hillawi. Results showed that leaf pruning
treatments of 9 and 12 leaf . bunch⁻¹ increased significantly fruit ripening
percentage at Khalal and Rutab stages, respination rate of fruit at Kimri and
Khalal stages. Treatment of 12 leaf . bunch⁻¹ recorded significant increases
in cell length and width of fruit inner mesocarp at Khalal stage, and yield of
tree at Tamir stage. Treatments of 6 and 9 leaf . bunch⁻¹ had a significant
increase in cell numbers of fruit mesocarp at Khalal stage, whereas
treatment of 6 leaf . bunch⁻¹ increased significantly respiration rate of fruit
at Rutab stage . Ethephon treatments at 250 and 500 mg.L⁻¹ recorded
significant increase in respiration rate of fruit at Kimri and Khalal stages.
Ethephon treatment at 500 mg.L⁻¹ recorded significant increases in fruit
ripening percentage at Khalal and Rutab stages, cell length and width of ruit inner mesocarp at Khalal stage, and yield of tree at Tamir stage.
Ethephon treatments at Zero and 250 mg.L⁻¹ increased the number of cells
in mm² of fruit inner mesocarp at Khalal stage. Ethephon treatment at Zero
mg.L⁻¹ had significant increase in fruit respiration rate at Rutab stage. Bi-
combination treatment of 12 leaf . bunch⁻¹ and 500 mg.L⁻¹ ethephon
recorded significant increase in fruit ripening percentage at Khalal and
Rutab stages,fruit respiration rate and cell length and width of fruit inner
mesocarp at Khalal stage, and yield of tree at Tamir stage. Bi-combination
of 12 leaf .bunch⁻¹ and Zero mg.L⁻¹ ethephon increased fruit respiration
rate at Rutab stage, whereas Bi-combination of 9 leaf . bunch⁻¹ and 500
mg.L⁻¹ ethephon increased fruit respiration rate at Kimri stage. Bi-
combination of 6 leaf . bunch⁻¹ and Zero mg.L⁻¹ ethephon had significant
increase in cell numbers of fruit inner mescocarp at Khalal stage.

This study was conducted at the tissue culture lab that belongs to the
Date Palm center/ University of Basra. The study is concerned with
culturing the shoot tip of four cultivars of date palm (Hillawi, Barhi,
Khadrawi, Sair ) on MS media to induce the initial callus, embryogenic
callus, somatic embryos and plantlets. The percentage of total phenols of
the lateral buds of the above four mentioned cultivars was estimated as well
as the processes of developing the cultured tissue. The study showed the
following:
A significant increase of Khadrawi in the total phenols amount as
compared to the other cultivars which was 139 Mg.g-1 fresh weight . The
sair showed the least content of phenols amount 90 Mg.g-1 fresh weight .
The lateral bud showed a significant increase in tissue content of total
phenols, the amount was 273 Mg.g-1 fresh weight, whereas the initial callus
showed a significant decrease as compared to the other tissues. The total
phenols in this case was 18.5 Mg.g-1 fresh weight .
The high phenols content of cultivars led to lower the percentage 0f
contamination and increase browning. They also led to decrease the
induction and quantity of callus from shoot tip cultures. The results showed
a negative significant correlation between the tissue content of phenols and
the percentage of contamination and induction of callus by correlation
coefficient which were estimated as ( - 0.997، - 0.985 ) respectively. There
was a positive significant between the tissue content of phenols and
browning by correlation coefficient which is estimated as ( 0.986 ).

A study was conducted during the growing season of 2013- 2014 at Al-
hartha district , Basrah province at commercial orchard that. Effected by salinity to evaluate the effect of the addition of sulfur ,calcium and citric acid to improve
salt tolerant and fruit quality and quantity of date palm cv. Sayer at rutab stage .
sulfur were used at tow levels(100 and 200 gm\ tree) and tow levels of calcium
as calcium nitrate (50 and 100 gm\tree) and tow levels of citric acid (50 and
100gm\tree) . the addition of those materials were done at two different time ,
the first addition was at the middle of October and the second one at the
biggining of March . Results showed addition Sulfur (200gm\tree) improved
physical and chemical characteristics ( fruit length , diameter , size , mesocarp ,
weight, seed drymatter , moisture content , redusing sager , total suger and
sucrose ), wheras the addition of sulfur (100 and 200 gm\tree) increased total
soluble solids and reduced total titrable acidity . Results also showed that the
addition of citric acid (100gm\tree) increased fruit length , reducing suger and
total suger and reduced sucrose . total soluble solids was increased by addition
of citric acid at both levels (50 and 100 gm\tree) . Results also showed that the
addition of sulfur (100 and 200 gm\tree) , calcium (50 gm\tree), and citric acid
(100gm\tree) caused an increased of bunch and total yield compaired with
control treatment .