Journal of the College of Education for Girls for Humanities

This research includes an analytical study of the effect of semantic relations on the coherence of the Radawi text, as the element of coherence represents one of the important and main elements that achieve the textuality of the text and ensure its continuity and contribute to revealing the semantic and aesthetic values ​​in it; This is through the reader's interaction with the text, as he seeks to interrogate its various elements based on interpretation, analysis and interpretation, and this element has mechanisms that define it and work to achieve it, as the semantic relations, which are one of the mechanisms of coherence, have had an effective effect in linking the meanings of the text with each other in a clear and distinctive manner and produced texts in a state of coherence and coherence.

This research is concerned with studying the issue of (injustice), which means the deficiency or harm that befalls some words, whether at the level of structure or composition. Grammarians have taken it as a justification to explain many linguistic phenomena that have gone beyond the scope of their linguistic standards and rules that they have established with the aim of encompassing the linguistic heritage. There is no doubt that the statement of injustice has been subject to criteria under which it was stated. Lightness and heaviness, scarcity and abundance, origin and occurrence, violation of analogy, and not having been heard from Arabs, are all criteria that grammarians relied on when they said the statement of (injustice).

Foreign investment represents the financing alternative and is the term that countries often resort to in financing development programs and restructuring their economies. Many pro-investment points of view have been raised regarding it, which are based on the advantages of capital flows, such as productivity improvements, discovering new methods of production, expanding the use of advanced technology, absorbing the surplus labor supply, and other things that can be included within the framework of the commendable features of capital flows. However, it is not possible to decide on the extent of the feasibility and benefit of investments for different countries, as economic history indicates that the ratio of fixed capital formation to GDP growth in some developed countries, such as the United States of America and Japan, was lower than it is in African countries, which indicates conclusively that developed countries are more attractive to foreign funds than is the case in less developed countries. Therefore, the debate over the validity and acceptability of these investments is still ongoing.

The study aims to try to find out the origin of toxic assets and shed light on the risks resulting from the use of different types of these assets, especially credit risks, and to try to measure the credit risks resulting from dealing with credit instruments and how to disclose them in the financial statements of Iraqi banks. To achieve this goal, the researcher measured the credit risks of toxic assets, referring to the way in which banks disclose these risks in the financial statements of Iraqi banks. The most important conclusion of the study is that the Iraqi banks in the research sample do not disclose sufficient information related to measuring credit risks, their percentage, and the way in which they manage these risks. The study concluded that it is necessary to encourage banks to disclose all necessary information related to measuring these risks, as these quantitative and descriptive disclosures help in developing rapid procedures to confront and control credit risks.

The banking system of any country constitutes the basic foundation for the development and growth of the national economy, and is the main driver of the development process. Therefore, attention must be paid to this important system that pays and absorbs money in order to develop the economic process in various sectors. This system, like other sensitive administrative organizations, suffers from various problems, some of which are related to the customer who consumes the service provided by this system, and others are related to the same workers in the various banks. These problems emerge in practical reality in the form of negative phenomena in the management of banking activity, which ultimately hinder the process of development and promotion of banking services in general. Therefore, this research comes to shed light on these negative phenomena in banking activity and how to address them in an effort to promote banking services in a selected sample of banks operating in the Iraqi economy. Our research is divided into four chapters, the first of which was devoted to clarifying the scientific methodology of the research. The second chapter includes the theoretical aspect of the research, which presents the most important theoretical ideas in promoting banking services as well as presenting the most important problems that may face banking activity.

The biography of Imam Ali (PBUH) constitutes a living image of Islam. He is the practical embodiment of the Islamic concept and the principles of the eternal message through his sayings and positions. Therefore, writing about him is writing about Islam and drawing inspiration from its concepts, teachings and path. Whoever wants to understand Islam must study the life of the Noble Messenger (PBUH) and his family with a conscious and perceptive study. This is a difficult process, of course, as a result of the distortion that has occurred in the Islamic heritage, which has entered the sources of history and biography since the early era of documentation. The importance of this study is evident in its focus on the encyclopedic content of historical resources, as it contains long and not quick stops on all the joints of Imam Ali’s (PBUH) historical activities, as its attention was great in the military events that Imam Ali (PBUH) fought in from the beginning of the Islamic call until his martyrdom (PBUH), or the political data in which Imam Ali (PBUH) had a prominent impact after the death of the Prophet (PBUH), in addition to his social and economic activities and other activities of public life, and his method continues to increase in brilliance and temptation for the researcher, thinker and historian to study, analyze and desire to enter his vast world.

The secular reformist figures have established their aim to create a society based on scientific and cognitive foundations through which a person can be built who can follow the clear approach in building society and civilization and take it upon himself to follow up on the course of events, especially women who are educators who have the first and basic role in building that educational and reformist trend, and have a clear impact in establishing the features of a successful family, especially those who have taken a share of education and scientific knowledge, and the role of that in raising them in a sound manner that can achieve successful societal education.
Sheikh Muhammad Amin Zain al-Din emphasized through these matters the necessity of educating women and the continuous appeal on this issue, achieving the goals of the authentic Muhammadan Islamic religion that gave them a distinctive role and fixed rights, including emphasizing the importance of educating them and making them in the orbit of knowledge and obtaining the features of thought and knowledge, and thus Sheikh Zain al-Din's view was based on Quranic and Islamic foundations, if he set out towards the supreme goal represented by the call to educate and educate women and make them capable of taking their pioneering role within the Islamic society. The research consisted of two sections. The first section dealt with: “The birth of Sheikh Muhammad Amin Zain al-Din, his lineage, his family, and his upbringing.” The second section dealt with: “His intellectual views on women and their education.” This was divided into two axes. The first came under the title: “Women’s education,” and the second was entitled: “The veil and her public life.”

The ninth century AH witnessed the continuation of the political division into two axes: the axis of the Islamic East under the rule of the Mongols and the axis of Egypt and the Levant under the rule of the Mamluk state, the heir to the Caliphate and its religious institution. After the sweeping Mongol attack led by Genghis Khan, the Arabs retreated religiously, and their Caliphate in Baghdad disappeared and moved from Baghdad to Cairo, where it was declared to continue under the care of the Mamluks from the year 659 AH / 1261 AD until the year 923 AH / 1517 AD and the conquest of Egypt by the Ottomans. The Mongols remained the owners of power and influence in the Islamic East due to their enormous military power. However, the fall of the Ilkhanate state - the descendants of Hulagu - in 738 AH / 1338 AD made each governor and ruler of the regions of the East independent in his region, so they were kings of sects until their unification at the hands of another invader called Timur Lenk (the Lame). Then, after those devastating invasions and his death, came the era of his successors' rule, who were more peaceful, loving science and scientists, and encouraging historians. The other side, Egypt, also witnessed the transfer of Mamluk rule to their second state, known as the Circassian state, due to their ethnic differences with their previous Turkish masters. They confronted the invasions of Timur and his successors on Egypt and the Levant. Their era also witnessed the continuation of scientific activity and Cairo flourished after many scholars moved to it from the Levant and its outskirts as a result of the poor political and security situation caused by Timur's invasions and the calm of Cairo. Among those who moved to it and remained there until the end of his life was our historian Ibn Arabshah. According to this political division, each of the Levant, Egypt and the Levant has a cultural and scientific status that is special in some of its features and common in many cases. The historical schools of the Levant, Egypt and the Levant were affected and characterized by these matters. The aim of this research is to monitor the features of these two historical schools, which are common and specific to each of them, and their influence on the prevailing conditions in the regions of their origin according to a critical analytical approach, then to reveal the approaches or approaches of two historians who represented each school and its features best, but they differed in the historical vision towards the current political situation in the Levant, especially regarding the legitimacy of Timur Lenk’s rule and his military and political roles.

Political leadership is an important axis in political systems, and occupies a prominent place in political decision-making in countries, and has a great influence in managing public affairs and how political institutions are managed. Political leadership has several types and different sources of power, and the leader has characteristics that distinguish him from the president and the manager. It is noted that the Islamic political system stipulated certain conditions for those who assume the highest political leadership positions in the state, including: honesty, competence, consultation, and knowledge. This study examines the factors of success of political leaders and the importance of political leadership to society, and compares the role of political leaders in contemporary political systems and the political system in Islam.

One of the most prominent topics worthy of research and study is the topic of contemporary Shiite political thought and how it deals with the concept of the state, especially since Shiite political thought derives its existence from Islamic political thought, which links the phenomenon of the state with the phenomenon of prophecy in a temporal and causal connection. The costs of jihad that were addressed to the Islamic community as a political unit cannot be complied with except through a state that works to mobilize human energy and prepare everything that war requires, in addition to the provisions related to criminal matters, the establishment of limits and retaliation, and the implementation of judicial rulings that require the control of violations, felonies, and crimes, investigating them, and referring them to the competent judicial bodies to take appropriate rulings regarding them and implement them. If the implementation of criminal rulings requires the establishment of the state as the necessary means to carry out this task, then that means that the Islamic community is charged with striving to establish such a state. Since the establishment of the state is one of the affairs of the infallible Imam according to the principles of Shiite political thought, his occultation, which the Shiites believe in, does not seem to be a renunciation of the responsibility for this project - the state - nor does it mean freezing it, but rather it may mean preparing the circumstances for the sake of the integration of this project to establish justice, spread equity, and establish security and peace in completion of the project of the Imamate.

The contract arises from the agreement of two wills that tend to create a specific legal effect that appears on the contracting parties and on the contracted subject, and this is what happens in the lease contract for the lessor and the lessee, as the lease contract is one of the named contracts organized by the Iraqi legislator by stating the provisions and forms of this contract, and if we follow those provisions and forms, we find that the legislator has retracted many of them due to the customs and traditions that have become common and established among the dealers, which have contributed in one way or another to crystallizing many solutions to the disputes that may occur in the contractual relationship between the lessor and the lessee throughout the life of their contract, and for this reason it is possible to follow the comparative legal texts organizing this contract and deduce the role played by the common custom, and then it is positively reflected on the judiciary, which takes it upon itself to provide practical solutions to the disputes that occur, whether the judge relies on the legal text or the custom or the rules of justice, as long as his main goal is to reach a fair judgment and establish the right.

Geographical studies are concerned with studying natural and human phenomena on the surface of the Earth and revealing their spatial variations, distribution, analysis, measurement and time. Among those studies that deal with the study of environmental phenomena that are related to human health and life, including manifestations of pollution in general and noise pollution in particular due to its importance in comfort and health, this research came to study noise pollution of industrial sites in the city of Diwaniyah. Three main sites were chosen, which were (Diwaniyah Tire Factory, Diwaniyah Textile Factory, Industrial District) to reveal noise pollution levels. The study continued for a period of (12) months, with measurements for the morning and evening periods at two distances (1) meters and (3) meters from the sound source. The study concluded that there is a variation in noise levels within each site where monitoring was carried out, whether this variation was monthly during the study period or between the morning and evening periods. There is also a variation in noise levels between monitoring sites. The study concluded that all monitoring rates were higher than the values ​​permitted by the World Health Organization and that workers at the sites did not use Any means to reduce noise levels, which increases their exposure to serious injuries, whether physiological or psychological.

The aim of the research was to identify the effectiveness of the electronic blog designed within scientific tasks in the achievement and academic self-efficacy of second-year middle school students in physics. To achieve this, the following two null hypotheses were formulated:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who study the scientific material using the electronic blog and the average scores of students in the control group who study the same material in the usual (prevailing) way in the achievement of physics.
2. There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who study the scientific material using the electronic blog and the average scores of students in the control group who study the same material in the usual (prevailing) way in academic self-efficacy.
The current research was limited to the second intermediate grade students in the government daytime intermediate and secondary schools affiliated to the General Directorate of Education of Al-Qadisiyah Governorate / Education of Afak District, for the academic year 2016-2017, which contain a computer lab, the number of which is (6) schools. The researchers adopted the experimental design with partial control for two equivalent groups (an experimental group and a control group) with two post-tests for achievement and academic self-efficacy. According to this design, the study sample (Gharib Tous Intermediate School for Boys) was randomly selected from among the number of schools. The number of students in the school was (101) students in the second intermediate grade, distributed into three sections. Two sections were randomly selected to represent one of them, the experimental group, which included (30) students who studied the scientific material using the electronic blog, and the other, the control group, which included (30) students who studied the same material in the usual (prevailing) way. The two groups were rewarded in variables (chronological age in months, intelligence, first course grades, academic self-efficacy scale).
The scientific material (second course) was determined by the last four chapters (sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth) of the physics book for the second intermediate grade, 8th edition, 2016.
Behavioral objectives were formulated for these chapters, the number of which reached (134) behavioral objectives. The researchers also prepared (18) teaching plans for the experimental group and the same for the control group. As for the research tools, an achievement test was prepared, consisting of (40) multiple-choice items with four alternatives. Also, a scale of academic self-efficacy was built, consisting of (40) items, and their psychometric properties were verified using the (Microsoft Excel 2010) and (SPSS 21) programs.
The experiment was applied in the second semester of the academic year 2016-2017, for a period of nine weeks, with two lessons per week for each group. After the experiment was completed, the two research tools were applied to the two groups (experimental and control). The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the achievement test, with an effect size of the independent variable (electronic blog) of (1.039), which is a large value to show the effect size of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The results also showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the academic self-efficacy scale, with an effect size of the independent variable of (0.856), which is also a large value. In light of this, the researchers came up with a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The research aims to know the effectiveness of using the Balskar and Brown method in the achievement and development of multiple intelligences among first-year middle school students in the subject of chemistry. To achieve the research objectives, the experimental method was adopted based on two equal groups (experimental and control) with partial control and by conducting the pre- and post-test. The research community was determined by the first-year middle school students in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad, Al-Rusafa / 3 for the academic year 2016-2017. The researcher used a number of appropriate statistical methods, and concluded that the experimental group outperformed their peers in the control group in the achievement test and in the development of multiple intelligences.

Deviant behaviors have spread among school students recently in all societies in general, and the community of Al-Hamza Al-Sharqi District in particular, as a result of the fact that Iraqi society has been exposed for long periods to various manifestations of political and economic crises and natural disasters, which has made it suffer from the loss of security forces as well as from controlling the behavior of its community members. Therefore, these crises and changes have left clear effects on the community environment and its value system, as well as in the souls of its members from students and in all areas in which individuals interact, starting from the family and ending with the school community. This in turn may greatly affect these students in schools through the emergence of many forms of undesirable, bad and abnormal behaviors by members of society (students) in them, in addition to the rapid spread of modern means of communication such as the Internet, mobile phones and others, which have greatly affected these students and their commission of these deviant behaviors in society. The aim of this research It is to identify the most important factors that push students to commit these deviant behaviors, as well as to identify some of the effects that these deviant behaviors leave on students.

The visual aesthetic discourse in contemporary Iraqi mural painting constitutes a new conceptual and aesthetic datum in all its attachments, proposals, uses, and areas of expression, which constitute an inevitable secretion of the struggles, conflicts, and transformations with its political, economic, social, and cultural pressures that constitute a displacement at the level of vision, taste, and expressive reception in the arts of Mesopotamia. The researcher found that there is a necessary need for this study, represented in the fact that the subject has not been previously studied in a detailed and independent manner, and the lack of it in our public and private libraries, which created a cognitive vacuum in this field. Thus, the current research (Expressive Features in Contemporary Iraqi Mural Painting) sought to study the expressive features and different styles of the ancient (Assyrian) and (contemporary) Mesopotamian artist according to the mechanisms of their work in mural painting. The research included four chapters: The first chapter dealt with the research framework, which addresses the research problem, its importance and need, and the current research objective represented by the spatial boundaries: by revealing the expressive features in contemporary Iraqi mural painting, as well as the temporal boundaries of the research (1950-2000). The first chapter ended with defining the most important terms included in the research. The second chapter included two topics representing the theoretical framework and its indicators. The first topic dealt with: - The concept of expressiveness. The second topic dealt with: An introduction to ancient Iraqi (Assyrian) mural painting, then contemporary Iraqi mural painting. The topic ended with the indicators of the theoretical framework. As for the third chapter, it was concerned with the research procedures, which included identifying the research community, which amounted to (9) murals, and choosing the research sample, which amounted to (2) murals, and analyzing the sample. The fourth chapter included the research results, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions

\" Prophet Mohammad and his household (peace be upon them) enriched the world with such great legacy of their sermons, speeches and wills,…etc., the source of knowledge in all its fields.\" \"Imam alKâdhim\'s will to Hasham bin Al-Hakam, which is full with moral, spiritual intellectual and humanistic values, is a clear example of that\". \" In Linguistics, as one field of human science, the will is brimful of hints and signs, by the unique style in which it has been expressed, fill the readers with profound levels of insights. For that the study aims to study the cohesion of the will focusing on three aspects: refrencial cohesion, relational cohesion and lexical cohesion\".\" It, further, tries to come up with a better understanding of how the overall cohesive relations participate in reflecting the unity or coherence of the will. It is hypothesized here that in Imam Al¬Kâdhim\'s will a number of different linguistics features have been used that contribute to its cohesion as well as coherence. The study has reached some conclusions confirm that these linguistic features which are divided in term of three linguistic relations trigger and play important roles in showing the cohesion and coherence of the will.\"