Kirkuk Journal of Science

The optical imaging systems, do not give a perfect and ideal image. But mostly give images with limited
resolutions i.e. give images with blur edges. This blurring attributed to two main reasons. The diffraction of
light and Aberrations of the optical imaging system. The most important information and details in the image
that contained in image edges. The fidelity criteria are evaluate the quality, depending on the whole image
plane or in homogenous image regions. So that we devoted in this study to evaluate image quality depending
on compute the image contrast in edge regions, and introduce robust quantitative measures to determine
image quality, then estimate the efficiency of the various techniques in image processing applications. In this
study we suggested new techniques to calculate image contrast (visibility) and studying it as a function of
number of smoothing iterations from using mean filter and a function of gray level resolution. We only study
the contrast in edge regions where we used Soble operator to find image edges. The suggested techniques are:-
1- The direct technique for compute image contrast this depending on determine the largest, and
smallest image elements in edge regions.
2- The statistical method to estimate the contrast that based on determines the mean and standard
deviation in the image edge regions.
The results give high agreement among the various suggested methods in determines image contrast. As
we can theoretical guested, that the contrast reduced with reducing spatial and image gray level
resolutions.
In this study we also apply the direct and statistical methods to evaluate the performance of histogram
equalization and the logarithmic illumination enhancement techniques. Where the results, show that the
contrast enhanced by using histogram equalization and reduced by using logarithmic illumination
enhancement method. Here can be say that we get a robust quantitative measures that could be used to
estimate the efficiency of the image processing techniques, based on determine image contrast and find the
amount of variation in contrast that causes from the processing steps.

A 1D and 2D resistivity surveys were carried out over the area of Chame Rezan dam site which is located
about 33 km to the Northwest Sulaimaniyah City, NE Iraq. Schlumberger array were conducted in 34
locations with AB/2 spacing equal to 200m, as well as two representative Winner-Schlumberger profiles were
laid out with electrode spacing equal to 5 m. The study concluded that the combination of 1D and 2D
resistivity surveys is successful in identifying and producing a complete high-resolution image of the
subsurface. The results were obtained show excellent correlation with the several bore holes were drilled on
the recommendation of the surveys. The depths obtained by interpretation of 1D sounding points is slightly
smaller than the actual depths recorded from the boreholes at the location of both dam abutments where the
dip of the beds is ranging from 40 to 70 degrees. Consequently more reliable depths are obtained in the same
locations from 2D resistivity profiles as well as the range of resistivities and lateral changes were obtained by
2D tomography are most reliable. In addition, the study reveals to the existence of a recent sediments has
thickness ranging from 7 to 25 m overlain a low resistive Kolosh Formation.

The Petals of Rosa damascena L. had used in this research to prepare three types of extracts which were
aquatic, alcoholic and volatile oil . A set of chemical tests were made on these prepared extracts, as well as,
using the Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer to detect the active positions in these extracts. The
results showed the foundation of some active compounds (Tannines, Alkaloides, Saponins, Flavonoides,
Terpens, Steroids and Volatile Oil) in prepared extracts of Rosa damascena L., as well as, the anti-microbial
activity of these extracts was tested on eleven types of microorganisms (contain seven types of bacteria and
four types of fungi) which were isolated from burns and wound infections. The resulls of stastical analysis by
using L.S.D. test at probability level 0.05 had proved that the concentrations 100, 250 mg/ml of aquatic extract
had considered as the MIC and MBC for Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans respectively,
while the two concentrations 50, 250 mg/ml of aquatic extract had considered as the MIC and MBC for
Staphylococcus aureus , Burkhorderia mallei and Candida tropicalis respectively, and about the concern of
Proteus vulgaris and Epidermophyton floccosum , the concentration 125 mg/ml had inhibited their growth
and the concentration 250 mg/ml had killed them . Also the results affirmed there was no affect of aquatic
extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in all prepared concentrations. The
results showed that the two concentrations 16, 32 mg/ml of alcoholic extract were inhibited and killed for
Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas flouresence respectively, while the two concentrations 4, 32 mg/ml of the
same extract were inhibited and killed for Burkhorderia mallei, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, as well as,
Candida tropicalis respectively. The results of this research also indicated that the growth of Epidermophyton
floccosum , Trichophyton mentagrophytes , Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris was inhibited and
killed by the alcoholic extract at the concentrations (8, 16), (8, 32), (4, 16) and (8, 32) mg/ml respectively. As
well as, the results reffered to the inhibitory activity of volatile oily extract on the growth of all
microorganisms under study at the concentrations between (1:2) and (1:3), while the killed concentrations
between (1:3) and (1:4).

The thyroid hormones, thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones
produced by the thyroid gland primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. An important component
in the synthesis of thyroid hormones is iodine. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxin
(T4), which has a longer half-life than T3. The ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is roughly (20 to 1). The
level of thyroxin is affected by radiation. The aim of the study to determine and to assess the effects of
continuous X-rays on thyroxin level in vitro quantitive measures. Thirty patients with hyperthyroidism
disease were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were tested and irradiated by x-ray radiation source of total
dose rate (0.4).Gry/sec. The level of thyroxin were determine before and after irradiation .The results showed
that the level.of.thyroxine.are.significantly.reduced.(P<0.01).after.x-ray.irradiation.
It is concluded that x-ray ionizing radiation, reduced thyroxin level by free radical forming and
protein damaging.

Poisoning and road traffic accidents (R.T.A.) are considered nowadays a problem to the health authorities
[Sznajder et al, 2001]. The majority of poisoning reported to the American Association Control Center result
from ingestion; and children below 6 years old comprise 2.7 percent of facilities [Erickson, 2002]. The
majority of poisoning reported to the American Association Control Center result from ingestion; and
children below 6 years old comprise 2.7 percent of facilities [Erickson, 2002].
The aim of the study are to evaluate the safety practices applied by the parents for the storage of drugs,
antiseptic, matches boxes, and kerosene in their home; to estimate the prevalence of road traffic accidents
among children; and to find any association between it and some demographic factors. This study is a crosssectional one done in Pediatric consultation unit of Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk city during the period
1
st. Jan.-30th April 2011; where 200 parents
(father or mother) having children 1-6 years old and attending the pediatric unit for solving health problem of
their children and chosen randomly and interviewed by a special questionnaire and consist of information
about age and educational level of the parents; whether the mother working outside the home or not, number
of their children, and methods of storage of drugs, antiseptic substances ,and kerosene in their home, and any
previous history of poisoning or R.T.A. The study concluded that the majority of the families kept their drugs
,antiseptic material ,matches boxes, and kerosene in unsafe places (77.5 %, 75.5 %,74%,and 10% respectively
) and about 19% of children whose parents allowed them to play bicycle had history of R.T.A., and 15.3% of
children play (unsupervised by their parent) in the street exposed to R.T.A.

In this research we study the effect of Annealing and doping by 10% Cupper on some optical
properties of (ZnS) thin films (energy gap, absorption coefficient , extinction coefficient) as a function of
photon energy .The optical properties were studied through Visible and Ultra-volit wavelength range
(300-900nm) using UV-visible spectrometer, these properties were studied before and after annealing and
doping . It is found that the energy gap was (3.6eV) before annealing and doping but after annealing and
doping it is found (3.7eV, 3.4eV) respectively. Absorption and extinction coefficient increased after
annealing and decreased after doping .