Economic Sciences

This research examines the effect of promotional deception used by mobile phone companies on students purchase intention. Unethical practices, including fraud and deception, greatly affect students' intention to purchase. To address this, a study plan was developed using a questionnaire divided into three sections. The first section includes personal data from the sample, including gender, age, and educational background. The second section focused on the dimensions of promotional deception, which included public relations, advertising, personal selling, and direct marketing. The third section focused on the student's purchase intention. The research sample included (70) students from the Administrative Technical College at Dohuk Technical University, where (80) questionnaire forms were distributed and (70) valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis, representing a strong recovery rate of 93.33%. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical program. The results led to implementable conclusions and recommendations consistent with the objectives of the study. Among them (The study concluded that unethical practices in promotion significantly affect customers’ intention to purchase. Based on the results)

This study aims to investigate the effect of acceptance of technology factors on the electronic payment to determine the appropriate infrastructure for the electronic payment system that banks should provide. The problem statement of this study was determined due to the lack of infrastructure for Iraqi banks. Hence, there is a weakness in consumers’ belief in Iraq and in the University of Basra regarding the possibility of obtaining desirable products and services from the markets using electronic payment. This study conducted survey to 325 employees, this study consisted of 7 hypotheses and adopted an exploratory design by distributing a questionnaire to 325 employees. The total study population of the University of Basra is 6615. However, 325 questionnaires were returned, all of which were valid for analysis. The study variables were selected: expected performance, expected effort, social impact, facilities, motivation, price, and habits to study their influential on the electronic payments system. This study used the SmartPLS 3.0 software based on the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique, by adopting the quantitative analytical approach. Moreover, the findings of this study found there is a positive and significant relationship between facilities and electronic payment due to the ability to provide knowledge regarding electronic payment mechanisms. In addition, the

In this research, two distributions that are considered failure distributions were mixed, namely the Elamogya distribution and the Rayleigh distribution, as the new distribution became composed of four parameters, including the mixing parameter, and the new mixed distribution was used to estimate the survival function for breast cancer patients, as the mixed distributions are considered more flexible and efficient than the single distributions in representing complex data, including survival data. Therefore, the new mixed distribution was compared with the single distributions, Rayleigh and Elamogya, and the mixed distribution proved its efficiency if it was better in representing survival data than the single distributions according to the mean square error (MSE) criterion.

The study aims to know the effect of Ambidextrous Leadership in its dimensions (open and closed leadership behaviors, flexibility of change) on organizational ambidexterity in its dimensions (exploratory, investment, and structural ambidexterity), with the presence of organizational identity as a mediating variable, with its dimensions (central features, unique features, continuity). The study was conducted. At the headquarters of the General Company for Ports of Iraq as a study population, a sample of (306) individuals was selected. The exploratory and descriptive analytical approach was followed, and data was collected using the questionnaire as the main tool, which consists of (66) items, and interviews were conducted with some department directors. The study used statistical programs to analyze the data, such as (SPSS.23, AMOS.V.24).
The most important conclusions that emerged from the study are that the organizational ambidexterity variable is affected by the ambidextrous leadership variable in all dimensions, but the greatest effect was from the flexibility of switching, as is the case with the organizational identity variable. The organizational identity variable mediates the relationship between ambidextrous leadership and organizational ambidexterity. The study recommended that the organization achieve a balance between ambidexterity activities by working to open vertical and horizontal communication channels between employees and their managers to reach a state of general integration for all administrative units with the aim of seizing internal and external opportunities and raising the level of organizational ambidexterity to an excellent level.

Today, Knowledge abilities have become one of the most important tools for achieving advantage, including adopting platforms that are based on information and communications technology. The problem of the current research is formulated as “Are Knowledge Capabilities and their dimensions related to smart educational platforms and affecting them?” Based on this problem, the research aims to study main and subsidiary hypotheses to investigate the relationship. The connection and impact between Knowledge Capabilities (individual, Managerial, and collaborative) with smart educational platforms. The research was conducted as a Survey study at the University of Mosul. Professors at the University of Mosul were chosen to distribute a questionnaire form to them, which was the main tool for collecting its data. (250) questionnaires were distributed from which it was retrieved. (135) questionnaires valid for analysis were analyzed using the program (SPSS.V. 24), and the results of the statistical analysis established the existence of a correlation between cognitive abilities in their dimensions and smart educational platforms, as well as the influencing capabilities of cognitive abilities in their dimensions in smart educational platforms.

Weibull Regression Model (WRM) is one of the most common forms of parametric regression model, as it provides an estimate of the basic hazard function, In addition to the coefficients of the covariates. Due to the technical difficulties resulting from using this model, the Weibull regression model is rarely used in the medical literature compared to the nonparametric regression model. This study aims to present some important theoretical aspects of the Weibull regression model and how to fit data to this model, in addition to using the Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA) and comparing it with other methods in selecting variables in the Weibull regression model using real data collected from patients with chronic kidney disease who are treated with continuous hemodialysis, and the patients' condition was diagnosed by specialized doctors in cooperation with Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital - Artificial Kidney Unit. The results showed the superiority of the squirrel search algorithm compared to other methods of selecting variables.

Determining the resource needs of any organization in general is an important issue for those who work to manage these organizations with their traditional elements (money, resources, labour force), especially in retail and distribution, etc., where money refers to accounts, materials to inventory, and manpower to employees. In our current age , data and information are like new oil that must be available to make immediate and strategic decisions. In this research, the spotlight was shed on point-of-sale (POS) systems and enterprise resource planning (ERP) through their integration, which is reflected in the efficiency and effectiveness of accounting work to produce useful information for management. From this standpoint, the research generally aimed to find out whether there is an integrative relationship between the point-of-sale (POS) system and enterprise resource planning (ERP)?, Does this relationship contribute to raising the efficiency and effectiveness of accounting work? On the other hand, the research also aimed to find out the challenges of achieving integration between these two systems. A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of academics and professionals specializing in accounting in some of Iraqi universities and institutes, where (80) questionnaires were collected for statistical analysis. After analyzing the questionnaires answers, the research came out with several results, the most important of which are: the existence of a statistically significant correlation on the integration of POS systems with ERP, and there is a positive statistically significant impact relationship between the integration of POS systems and ERP on the efficiency and effectiveness of accounting work, and there is agreement among the research sample members that there are obstacles or challenges (human, organizational, cultural, legal, technical and material resources) that hinder the achievement of integration between POS systems. ERP. the most important proposals were: working to enhance the possession of administrative cadres at all levels and accounting in institutions in general and commercial in particular, an appropriate organizational climate and culture that tends towards modernity and globality through the readiness to adopt the application of POS & ERP and other systems that are related to it. as their impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of their work, and it is very important to hold workshops or joint conferences between universities and institutes specialized in POS & ERP systems, including accounting, management and computers, and the goal of it shoud be Cultural and educational and to introduce the concept of POS & ERP systems within the vocabulary of accounting education in the initial stages of study and more broadly in the stages of postgraduate studies for the specialization.

The Oblective Of This Research Is To Determine The Extent Of The Ability Of The Springate Model To Predict Financial Failure In Banks And To Conduct A Comparative Study Between Islamic And Non-Islamic Banks And Find Out Which Of Them Are More Vulnerable To Financial Failure And To Know The Reasons That Lead Banks To Financial Failure Early The Springate Model Was Applied Tto (10) Banks, Including (5) Islamic banks and (5) non-Islamic banks, with a comparative study between Them. At The End Of The Research, A Number Of Conclusions Were Reached, Including That Islamic Banks Are Less Exposed To Financial Failure Than Non-Islamic Banks According To The Model. Springate: A Number Of Proposals Were Presented, Including That The Researched Islamic And Non-Islamic Banks Resort To Diversifying Their Services And Entering Into Various Investment Projects To Maximize Profits .

The research aimed to explore the impact of continuous product improvement strategies on the efficiency of production processes. The research variables were continuous improvement strategies as an independent variable with its six dimensions (top management support, employee participation, trust, regulations, systems and procedures, decision-making rationality, and training). And the efficiency of production processes as a dependent variable, to achieve the research objectives; the descriptive analytical approach was used. A questionnaire was designed and relied upon as a tool for collecting data, the reliability and validity of the research tool were verified. Then, the questionnaire was distributed to the research sample of (150) individuals, (138) questionnaires were retrieved with a recovery rate of (92%). The number of retrieved questionnaires valid for analysis was (130) questionnaires. Based on the results of the statistical tests, the research concluded a number of results, the most important of which is the existence of a statistically significant effect at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05) of continuous product improvement strategies in its six dimensions. (top management support, employee participation, trust, regulations, systems and procedures, decision-making rationality, and training) on the efficiency of production processes, The research also concluded that the most influential dimension of continuous product improvement strategies on the efficiency of production processes is top management support, followed by regulations, systems and procedures, then the training, then the decision-making rationality. Then trust, finally employee participation, The researcher recommended a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to work on management's interest in motivating employees, the research presweetened a proposal for a new incentive system called (zero incentive) which is given collectively to employees in the department that achieves zero production errors.

The role and importance of the uses of artificial intelligence and modern technology in the active economic sectors of any relevant economy is increasing. The impact of modern technology and its uses is represented by improving and developing the infrastructure system of the sectors concerned. therefore, the application of the uses of artificial intelligence in economic activities in developing countries will require major structural changes trained workers, therefore, we can benefit from this change and transformation in raising the economic efficiency of the public transport sector in Iraq, and benefiting from this transformation in facing the challenges it suffers from, the production efficiency of the various transport sector activities increases. this is reflected in raising the percentage of their contribution to state revenues well as its contribution to the process of economic integration with the rest of the economic sectors.

The research aims to study and analyze the impact of some variables on the occurrence of hair loss. The research hypothesis states that "there are statistically significant differences between the dependent variable, which represents the phenomenon of hair loss, and the explanatory variables, which represent the reasons leading to the occurrence of hair loss." To achieve this hypothesis, a questionnaire was distributed to a sample of (124) individuals, and then the multiple linear regression model was used with the help of the statistical program Spss for statistical processing. Finally, the research came to a set of conclusions, the most important of which was what agrees with the hypothesis of the research, which is that the factor of using medicines and chemical nutritional supplements is one of the most influencing reasons for the occurrence of hair loss. As for the rest of the reasons, they affect, but in different proportions. It was also concluded that the person's occupation, gender and age do not affect the occurrence of excessive hair loss.

The agricultural sector in the Arab region faces unprecedented challenges due to the negative effects of climate change. Erratic weather patterns, variable rainfall and high temperatures lead to crop failure, lower yields and increased vulnerability of food systems. To address these challenges and ensure food security for a growing population, there is an urgent need to develop agricultural food systems, which is represented by the use of artificial intelligence technologies to be able to adapt to changing climate and environmental conditions, from good management of production processes and resources, by relying on data, analyzing it and taking the best Appropriate decisions are made as quickly as possible, and this is achieved by automating agricultural activities.

The research took into account the relationship between education and employment for a sample of low-income countries for the time period (1993-2019), and the parameters were estimated using the estimators method for the average of groups and aggregated data, which addresses the problem of data heterogeneity in the long run. The research used the dynamic tabular data method, where the error correction model was adopted. For tabular data, the research included two parts, where the first part dealt with the theoretical framework of the concepts and models used, while the second part dealt with the scientific framework and the standard concepts used in the analysis, represented by the type of data, methods for testing the variables, and the standard models used. A description of the study sample and the nature of the variables used with the education variable that was used was also clarified. It is represented by the average years of education weighted by the return on the educational year and the growth of the gross domestic product as an explanatory variable, and the employment variable is represented by the ratio of employed people to the working-age population as a dependent variable, as the results showed the existence of a long-term relationship between education and employment through the cointegration test. The research also found that In the long term, the effect of education on employment is positive and significant, and the research concludes with many conclusions and recommendations

The researcher conducted his study entitled (Foreign investment and its impact on the banking sector in Iraq after the year 2003), which aimed to identify and know what changes and developments occurred in the Iraqi banking sector after the year 2003, and the extent to which foreign investment contributed to these changes. The researcher used the method Descriptive, as he looked at the literature and sources that dealt with this topic, and after taking into account most of its intellectual and realistic aspects by identifying the contribution rate of foreign investment and what its motives are. Also, what are the symptoms that may prevent such types of investment? The researcher drew several conclusions, including: The laws and economic measures that Iraq takes to remove complications and raise barriers to flows are one of the attraction factors. According to these conclusions, the researcher recommended several recommendations, including: Work and focus on stability. The security situation in Iraq in order to attract foreign direct investment.

The research aims to determine the relationship between the exchange rate system and the general index of stock prices in the Iraq Stock Exchange based on the joint integration method (ARDL) and the error correction model, after testing the stability of the series under study using the approved tests based on monthly data during the period (2017-2024). The research reached several conclusions confirming the existence of an equilibrium relationship between the studied variables. Using the joint integration technique, it became clear that in the long term, when the exchange rate increases by (1%), it contributes to the rise of (3.945467) of the general index of stock prices. The estimated error correction coefficient indicates that for any deviation in this relationship in the short term from the equilibrium in the long term, the error correction model will restore the balance quickly by (1.8%) in the short term.

The manuscript aims to study the reality of trade policy in Iraq and its future consistency with the requirements of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the event of accession to it. Despite the fact that Iraq has taken a number of measures related to the foreign trade sector after 2003, joining the world organization requires a number of commitments related to its trade policy, thus determining the conformity of that policy and its procedures with the policies of the organization. As well as ensuring the achievement of an effective trade policy requires the adoption of economic policies, especially policies of economic diversification and support for the private sector to optimize the benefits of joining (WTO).

In Iraq, cash and pledged credits are crucial components of the financial system, playing a significant role in supporting various economic sectors and financing investments necessary for sustainable growth. This study employs a comprehensive analytical approach, utilizing financial and economic data from the Central Bank of Iraq to formulate recommendations for credit policies that enhance long-term financial and monetary stability. The research aims to guide monetary and banking policies towards a more effective use of credit instruments. It highlights the impact of credit policies on strengthening both the public and private sectors, offering a detailed analytical framework to identify opportunities and challenges associated with credits, pledges, and liquidity. The analysis indicates that credit policies explain approximately (83%) of the variance in monetary policy performance, reflecting their significant influence on Iraq's financial and monetary markets during the study period. Furthermore, bank credits account for about (87%) of the changes in private sector economic growth, emphasizing the critical role of banking credit in fostering private sector expansion. Overall, banking credit is shown to be a key driver of economic growth in both the public and private sectors in Iraq.

In Iraq, cash and pledged credits are crucial components of the financial system, playing a significant role in supporting various economic sectors and financing investments necessary for sustainable growth. This study employs a comprehensive analytical approach, utilizing financial and economic data from the Central Bank of Iraq to formulate recommendations for credit policies that enhance long-term financial and monetary stability. The research aims to guide monetary and banking policies towards a more effective use of credit instruments. It highlights the impact of credit policies on strengthening both the public and private sectors, offering a detailed analytical framework to identify opportunities and challenges associated with credits, pledges, and liquidity. The analysis indicates that credit policies explain approximately (83%) of the variance in monetary policy performance, reflecting their significant influence on Iraq's financial and monetary markets during the study period. Furthermore, bank credits account for about (87%) of the changes in private sector economic growth, emphasizing the critical role of banking credit in fostering private sector expansion. Overall, banking credit is shown to be a key driver of economic growth in both the public and private sectors in Iraq.