Athar al-rafedain

After analyzing the names of of the Assyrian queens , Iaba queen of Tukulti-āpil -Ešarra (III) (744-727 B.C.), and Baniti ,queen of Šulmanu-ašared (V) (726-722 B.C.), Atala , queen of Šarru-Ukin(II) (721-705 B.C.) , who were discovered in a beaked brick tomb under the floor of the service of wing of room 49 of the palace of Assur-nāṣir-apli (II) (881-869 B.C.) in the city of Kalhu/ Nimrud. It was found that their names of Arabic origin in term of structure and formulation. The similarity with the name of other Arab queens and kings who were contemporaries and whose named mentioned in contemporary Assyrian historical records ,such as Iapa’, Iati’ and Assyrian official Iarapa of Arabic origin. Those queens must have a relation with the Arab queens Zabibi, Shamsi , Iati’ and Adia etc.. who challenged Tukulti-āpil -Ešarra (III) and his sons Šulmanu-ašared(V) and Šarru-Ukin(II). This refute the opinions of those who tried to attribute them once to the Arameans and another time to Jews. Also the names of Ra’imâ, first queen of Šarru-Ukin(II) and Zakutu/ Naqia , the second queen of Sin – Ahhā- eriba , both of them from Arabic origin. The marriage of the Assyrian kings to these Arabic princesses and others was one of the methods of political marriages in foreign relations. This type of marriage dated back to the Middle -Assyrian period , and extended to the Neo-Assyrian period. They also married their daughters to foreign kings to gain allies and strengthen their influence over kinks and rulers outside the borders of the motherland of Assyria and to avoid further military campaigns

The name appears in the Sumerian texts in the form (SU_NIR) and its equivalent in the Akkadian language is the form (Surinnu). It is also known as a living being or a mouse thing. Custom is honored by being a symbol of a specific meaning of the gods. The symbol is concrete and replaces the abstract. The symbols of the gods are many and numerous and have been embodied in the form of animals or other things. They are acquired with the gods together in art to give a specific nature, function or characteristic. With a specific god. Some animals were considered by the ancient Iraqis as a symbolic function only for specific gods linked to their attributes. Animals were not worshiped, or in other words, animals were not merged with the gods and were not worshiped, but were sanctified only according to standards and indications of verses about the gods. The ancient Iraqis placed a number of symbols for each. Tips; Such as tools, symbols of the gods in the body, material things that were related to the life of the Iraqi individual.

The research deals with an applied scientific study to clean and strengthen a relief stored in the warehouse of the Beni Suef Antiquities Museum, which dates back to the Pharaonic eras, the era of the Old Kingdom, and it is a limestone panel for the so-called “Thana” and his wife offering offerings of different shapes and colors. The painting dates back to the Old Kingdom. It has a maximum length of 83 cm and a maximum width of 49 cm.
Also study the warehouse environment in terms of temperature and humidity variations, and periodic follow-up.
As well as examining and analyzing antiquities, materials and testing the most appropriate methods for cleaning and strengthening and applying them to the selected artifacts.

Cuneiform signs overburdened (decorated) with gunû elements , It is one of the types of complex signs that were derived from simple shapes after adding vertical, horizontal, or inclined cuneiform elements inside or outside the body of the sign.
Two types of these signs have been distinguished. The first type is secondary signs in which the elements of gunû may appear or disappear, and they do not in any way affect the meaning or sound of the sign, and the second type is the main signs in which the elements of gun appear constantly and are considered independent signs and retain symbolic and phonetic values often associated with the simple sign from which they are derived.
This research included providing a brief definition of the term gunû , and the first beginnings of the use of signs laden with gunû elements , as well as explaining the purpose of forming these signs , dividing their types in terms of adding gunû elements to them into secondary signs , and main signs , some of which were described in dictionaries as gunû , as for the other section , it was distinguished by the form of gunû added to the sign , and we concluded everything that came in this research with the most important results that we reached.

Archaeological sites are currently considered one of the most important drivers of the tourism industry, so they need a new management and development framework. The city of Nineveh is one of the most famous archaeological sites, in which tourism can be active, as the city is distinguished by its urban heritage, which is represented by important cultural and urban landmarks, and it also possesses archaeological resources Cultural and natural are the main pillars of archaeological tourism. The aim of the research is to study the actual state of the archaeological monuments of the city of Nineveh, and to determine what it needs from restoration work and to preserve the remaining traces of it. It combines protection and valuation, while preserving the cultural heritage, which is an asset for sustainable development by defining Techniques that include multiple aspects to transform the site into a tourist destination that competes with other archaeological sites.

Algeria has a legal arsenal covering all aspects of cultural heritage protection, and is considered one of the first countries to sign the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention in 1972, which was considered an important start in the protection of cultural heritage. This was followed by another step no less important than the first, embodying the implementation of this convention, which is the issuance of the National Cultural Heritage Protection Law, under which the provisions of Order No. 281-67 dated December 20, 1976, related to the research and preservation of historical and natural sites and monuments, which had been in effect for 37 years, were cancelled. Under this new law, the concept of cultural heritage has undergone a significant expansion, as it includes many types of cultural heritage, between tangible and intangible. At first, the focus was more on tangible heritage, so it was provided with various implementing texts for the articles of the aforementioned law. At the beginning of 2003, Algeria signed the Convention for the Protection of Intangible Heritage. Through this research paper, we will try to answer the following question: What is the status of intangible heritage in Algeria? What are the strategies adopted to preserve its most important elements in the face of challenges?

The Arabic seripts contained some various, artistic, scientific things. This happens from the early beginng of the craft of paper and the act of photocopying. One of the most important thing is the Arabic script and how it contained the most important things in the act of Calligraphy. In this respect the caring of the Arabic Calligraphy started and how inspecting about the origin of that.
So, I started to ask about the problem of the research., Does the inspection of the script talk about the analysis and studying the letters and the develpment of each letter? Here lies the importance of the research in restricting the the scripts which talk about the Arabic Calligraphy. It sheds light on the shapes and picutres of the pencil of the Thuluth and how it developed according to how limiting its shapes, especially the present script of the research.
The research is divided into Four chapters. The first one talks about the origin of the Thuluth and how it developed. The scond chapter discusses the artistic study for the Arabic seripts, whereas the third chapter focusses on the artistic shapes of each letter in the present research. The fourth chapter some analytic study of the letters in the present research itself, that is to say, The Thuluth and copmaring it with other scripts.
Finally, the findings and appendix are also shown and discusses, I mean what is related to the letters of Al-Thuluth.

Engagement has a number of provisions, whether in the old Iraqi laws, or in the modern law (the Iraqi Personal Status Law), even if these laws differ from each other in whether they include this ruling or that, and to learn about the provisions contained in these laws that are similar to each other. Some or they differ, we will discuss their explanation, after explaining the definition of engagement in language and terminology.

The concepts, functions, and uses of the circular shape varied, and through the concepts carried by different societies, the symbolism of the circular shape varied throughout the ages. The circle was a symbol of continuity and movement coordination, and among them were the planets and stars depicted on the walls of caves, so it began to reflect the religious thought of the gods that were formed in their imagination. As for functionally, it was The application of this shape in various aspects. From it, man took his first residence, and from it the idea of the wheel appeared, which changed the course of industry throughout history. In the field of coins, the circular shape, or close to the circle, was the most useful and acceptable shape on the first molds that man took at the beginning of the manufacture of coins in their molds. The first proud clay statue was commissioned by the Assyrian King Sennacherib (705 - 681 BC). This acceptance of the use of this shape continues to the present day. This acceptance was agreed upon by all nations without prior warning. The acceptance of the circular shape was spontaneous, dictated by necessity and the utilitarian sense in Manufacturing process and use.

Animal and human puppets are among the most important features that characterized the civilization of Mesopotamia, and they reflect the progress of the Mesopotamian artist in the field of making these puppets in the technical and artistic field, and their impact on human life at the intellectual, religious and social leve. By looking at the records of the five excavation seasons of Tell Abu Antak, a group of unstudied animal and human dolls was observed that deserves to become a research in which the shapes are analyzed artistically and studied in a scientific way that sheds light on the methods of making these dolls and their uses and describing them in an accurate scientific way and studying the technical characteristics that The art in the ancient Babylonian era was distinguished from the previous and subsequent eras and the extent of the influence of the era in those periods

In this short article I show how Neo-Assyrian scribes in most cases wrote the nominative and accusative singular forms of dēnu as de-e-nu, but only rarely inserted an -e- when the same word in the genitive singular case was followed by the possessive suffix -šu, normally writing ina de-ni-šú. From this I deduce that the addition of the suffix placed stress on the preceding syllable, without making the i a long vowel as it would be if the form was plural, and removed stress from the ē, without making it a short vowel. This draws attention to the matter of stress, as opposed to vowel length, in Akkadian, and as an Appendix I have included a survey of how the macron as an indication of vowel length is used by Assyriologists.

This article presents a door socket found in the Šara temple of Umma during the excavations conducted by the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities from 1999 to 2002, under the supervision of Dr. Nawala Al-Mutawalli and Mr. Hamza Al-Harbi. These door sockets found in situ provide important information concerning the identification of the site, the temple, and the main god of Umma.