Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

In the present work, zeolite Y has been synthesized successfully by sol-gel
method.Zeolite was synthesized by crystallization of the final gel which consist from
seeding and feed stock gels at 85 oC. HY zeolite was prepared by an ion exchange
process with ammonium chloride solution and then loaded with different percentages
of platinum and titanium by the wet - impregnation method.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Florescence (XRF), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), BET surface area and, Crushing strength were used to
characterize the synthesized and prepared catalysts . Results showed high crystallinity
90% with silica to alumina ratio 5 for HY, high surface area of 600 m2
/g and pore
volume of 0.38 cm3
/g.
The activity of the prepared zeolite was investigated using a pilot plant unit for
the catalytic reforming of Iraqi heavy naphtha. All prepared catalysts were
investigated at temperatures of 490,500 and 510oC ,pressure of 20 bar, H2 /HC ratio 3
and LHSV 1.4.hr-1
.
Reformate was produced with 86 RON and 94% yield at 510ºC and 20 bar
using 0.13 wt.% Pt - 0.75 wt.% Ti loaded on synthesized HY.

Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics in an inert atmosphere has
been regarded as a creative method, since pyrolysis can convert plastics waste into
hydrocarbons that can be used either as fuels or as a source of chemicals.
Natural Iraqi kaolin clay was used to synthesis the NaX nano- zeolite by
hydrothermal conditions with average particle size equal to 77.63nm.Thermal
decomposition kinetics of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in the absence and
presence of catalysts nano NaX Zeolite was investigated. Thermal and catalytic
degradation of HDPE was performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer in nitrogen
atmosphere under non-isothermal conditions 4, 7 and 10 °C/min heating rates were
employed in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments.
First-order decomposition reaction was assumed, and for the kinetic analysis
Coats and Redfern (CR) method was used. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was
evaluated. Results showed that the NaX nano-zeolite decreases the activation energy
(Ea) of HDPE pyrolysis further than the thermal pyrolysis.

Enhanced oil recovery is used in many mature oil reservoirs to increase the oil
recovery factor. Surfactant flooding has recently gained interest again. To create
micro emulsions at the interface between crude oil and water, surfactant flooding is
the injection of surfactants (and co-surfactants) into the reservoir, thus achieving very
low interfacial tension, which consequently assists mobilize the trapped oil.
In this study a flooding system, which has been manufactured and described at
high pressure. The flooding processes included oil, water and surfactants. 15 core
holders has been prepared at first stage of the experiment and filled with washed sand
grains 80-500 m and then packing the sand to obtain sand packs samples for
experiment. It was found that the best rate for water injection was 1.2 PV.
Productively, while the optimum injection rate was 1.0 PV economically.
The study observed that the cost of water injection in secondary recovery
increased 700% when PV injected increased from 1.0 PV to 8.0 PV, while the
recovery increased only about 8% (58.77 – 66.7%).
The effects of concentration, salinity and temperature is also explored by
examined many values of each parameter according to surface tension by using
capillary rise method. It was found that the optimum conditions for surfactant
flooding for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 0.01 molar for concentration, 5500 P.P.M
for salinity and 70 C for temperatures. These conditions was used to all kinds of
surfactants that have been used in this study.
The study results indicated that the best surfactant in both productively and
economically was SDS with maximum recovery about 90% for each secondary and
tertiary recovery and the optimum injection volume for all surfactants 1.2 PV .
Another 12 Core holders with fixed pore volume were prepared for the second
stage of the experiment. At this stage the pore volume was approximately constant
and the variation included different values of SDS concentrations (0.1 and 0.001
Molar) and different values of salinity (1000 P.P.M and 3000 P.P.M) and temperature
equal to 90 C. Each value for concentration was experimented with the two values
of salinity which in result obtaining four flooding conditions. Each condition was
flooded by three injection rates (50, 120, 200 %). The results proved the results
obtained from the first stage

The Geological modeling has been constructed by using Petrel E&P software to
incorporate data, for improved Three-dimensional models of porosity model, water
saturation, permeability estimated from core data, well log interpretation, and fault
analysis modeling.
Three-dimensional geological models attributed with physical properties constructed
from primary geological data. The reservoir contains a huge hydrocarbon
accumulation, a unique geological model characterization with faults, high
heterogeneity, and a very complex field in nature.
The results of this study show that the Three-dimensional geological model of Khasib
reservoir, to build the reservoir model starting with evaluation of reservoir to
interpretation of well log by using IP software for 14 wells, defining and divided the
layers based on the GR Log and Resistivity log to nine layers and then maintained the
fault model for a divided central area to four regions. Compared porosity log with
porosity core to estimate correction porosity and enter this value to predict the
permeability value for each layer by using FZI, and RQI method. The model
Containing faults, horizons, zones, and layers depending on this data to make gridding
by using pillar gridding.
This paper presents a geological modeling and an uncertainty analysis for stock-tank
original oil in place. The distribution of the faults is also discussed

In this study, aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membranes were used to
remove zinc ions from electroplating wastewater. Influence of different operating
conditions such as time, zinc concentration and pressure on reverse osmosis process
efficiency was studied. The experimental results showed, concentration of zinc in
permeate increase with increases of time from 0 to 70 min, and flux of water through
membrane decline with time. While, the concentrations of zinc in permeate increase
with the increase in feed zinc concentration (10–300 mg/l), flux decrease with the
increment of feed concentration. The raise of pressure from 1 to 4 bar, the zinc
concentration decreases and the flux increase. The highest recovery percentage was
found is 54.56% for reverse osmosis element, and the highest rejection of zinc was
found is 99.49%. Experimental results showed that the concentrations of zinc ion in
permeate was lower than the permissible limits (i.e. ˂ 10 ppm). A mathematical
model describing the process was investigated and solved by using MATLAB
PROGRAM. Theoretical results were consistent with the experimental results
approximately 90%

Noor oil field is one of smallest fields in Missan province. Twelve well penetrates the
Mishrif Formation in Noor field and eight of them were selected for this study.
Mishrif formation is one of the most important reservoirs in Noor field and it consists
of one anticline dome and bounded by the Khasib formation at the top and the
Rumaila formation at the bottom. The reservoir was divided into eight units separated
by isolated units according to partition taken by a rounding fields.
In this paper histograms frequency distribution of the porosity, permeability, and
water saturation were plotted for MA unit of Mishrif formation in Noor field, and then
transformed to the normal distribution by applying the Box-Cox transformation
algorithm. The spatial correlation of the transformed parameters were estimated and
modeled in appropriate equation, and then the spatial distribution of the reservoir
parameters were specified through Geostatistical methods.

This study focuses on the use of an optimum amount of Sodium Polyacrylate (SP) for
designing cement slurry with the high performance of rheological properties and
displacement efficiency. A laboratory study has been carried out on the cement slurry
which prepared with SP as superabsorbent polymer. SP has been providing an internal
water source that helps in the hydration process, and curing and ultimately increases
the cement strength. Also improves the cement performance by improving the cement
stability. Several batches were prepared to determine the proper amount of SP to add
it in the cement slurry. Also, we studied its effect on cement density, amount of free
water in order to observe the rheological properties, and thickening time. Results
indicate that the designed cement rheological properties are directly influenced by the
shear rate and shear stress on the mix and pump of the cement with the increase of the
SP concentration for the rheological improvement. Laboratory data are presented to
highlight Polyacrylate’s positive effect on compressive strength, fluid loss control,
and free water.

In this work, thermodynamic efficiency of individual cell and stack of cells
(two cells) has been computed by studying the variation of voltage produced during
an operation time of 30 min as a result of the affected parameters:- stoichiometric feed
ratio, flow field design on single cell and feed distribution on stack of cells. The
experiments were carried out by using two cells, one with serpentine flow field and
the other with spiral flow field. These cells were fed with hydrogen and oxygen at low
volumetric flow rates from 1 to 2 ml/sec and stoichiometric ratios of fuel (H2) to
oxidant (O2) as 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 respectively. The results showed that the highest
voltage and efficiency can be obtained for the stoichiometric ratio of 1:2, while the
ratio of 2:1 produced the lowest voltage and efficiency. Also the best results were
obtained with the serpentine flow pattern after comparing with the spiral flow pattern
in a single cell. Likewise it was proved that the voltage and efficiency are maximized
when using the stoichiometry of 1:2, besides that the parallel feed connection of the
stack of cells produced much power than the series connection.

Adsorption experiments were carried out using two different low-cost sorbent
materials, date seeds and olive seeds. These sorbents used as a single phase (not as
mixture) to remove cadmium ions from simulated wastewater by adsorption process.
The equilibrium time was found at 2 hr. The experiments include different parameters
such sorbent type and weight and contact time. It was found that both of olive seed
and date seed have approximately the same adsorption capacity (qm) with 15.644
mg/g and 15.2112 mg/g, respectively. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetic studies have
been carried out. Langmuir isotherm model better fits the experimental data compared
with the Freundlich isotherm for olive seed, while Freundlich isotherm fits for date
seed .A pseudo-second order kinetic model was appropriate to the experimental data
for both seeds. It can be concluded that the olive seed and date seed could be a good
sorbent for the removal of cadmium ions from wastewater

This investigation deals with the use of orange peel (OP) waste as adsorbent for
removal of nitrate (NO3) from simulated wastewater. Orange peel prepared in two
conditions dried at 60C° (OPD) and burning at 500 °C (OPB). The effect of pH: 2-10,
contact time: 30- 180 min, sorbent weight: 0.5- 3.0 g were considered. The optimal
pH value for NO3 adsorption was found to be 2.0 for both adsorbents. The equilibrium
data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Freundlich
model was found to fit the equilibrium data very well with high-correlation coefficient
(R2
). The adsorption kinetics was found to follow pseudo-second-order rate kinetic
model, with a good correlation (R2
> 0.95 and 0.94) for the orange peel adsorbent at
500 °C (OPB) and at 60 °C (OPD), respectively. The results showed that the orange
peel was found to be an attractive low cost adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater.

Morphologies of ceramic hollow fiber membranes prepared by a combined
phase-inversion and sintering method were studied. The organic binder spinning
solution containing suspended Al₂O₃ powders was spun to a hollow fiber precursor,
which was then sintered at elevated temperatures( 300 ˚C, 1400 ˚C, 25 ˚C) in order to
obtain the Al₂O₃ hollow fiber membranes. The spinning solution consisted of
polyether sulfone (PES), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which were used as
polymer binder, solvent, respectively. The prepared Al₂O₃ hollow fiber membranes
were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is believed that
finger-like void formation in asymmetric ceramic membranes is initiated by
hydrodynamically unstable viscous fingering developed when a less viscous fluid
(non-solvent) is in contact with a higher viscosity fluid (ceramic suspension
containing invertible polymer binder). The effects of the air-gap (0 cm, 2 cm, 15 cm)
on fibre morphology have been studied and it has been determined that viscosity due
to change in air-gap is the dominating factor for ceramic systems