political issues

Climate change has significantly impacted the economy, politics and society over the past decade, and at the same time green policies have emerged as a crucial policy framework for growth and development in developed and developing countries. These policies are seen as a shift in thinking about development and growth that can enhance people's lives and the environment while also promoting environmental and economic sustainability. It is a broad concept that has generated controversy among politicians, economists and environmental scientists.
Accordingly, international green policies, especially towards energy resources, were represented as a tool to improve environmental performance while reducing climate risks. However, these policies face long-term challenges to economic growth and stability. They seek to achieve long-term development through innovation and the use of advanced technologies. However, implementing these policies on the ground is not easy, especially in Arab countries, and the countries of the Arabian Gulf in particular, the subject of the study. Accordingly, the research shed light on the most prominent international green efforts towards the countries of the Arabian Gulf, then addressed two application models, namely Saudi Arabia and Qatar, for the purpose of showing the most prominent indicators of progress in these two countries for our country, Iraq, to benefit from them

Research Summary: The issue of combating terrorism is one of the goals that countries around the world seek to achieve through various means, given the magnitude of the challenge that this phenomenon represents at all levels - security, political, intellectual, economic, legal...etc.
As a result of the above, interest has emerged in combating terrorism by concluding a group of international agreements since the existence of the League of Nations, where a treaty was concluded in 1937, which did not enter into force because a sufficient number of countries did not ratify it. After the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, a treaty was concluded. A group of international agreements that aimed to create an agreement framework to combat specific forms of terrorism included mechanisms to ensure the implementation of the obligations established or adopted by these agreements. However, it is noted that there is a clear difference between the mechanisms adopted by each agreement compared to other agreements at a time when modern forms emerge. For terrorism, such as cyberterrorism, biological terrorism, etc
Thus, we go beyond the stage of forms of terrorism in its traditional or known historical forms, as terrorism is an ancient phenomenon, which requires activating the agreements to combat this dangerous phenomenon that threatens the security of humanity and international peace and security by developing mechanisms for compliance with the obligations established by these agreements, so that we move to the stage of ensuring compliance by creating... Mechanisms of an advanced institutional nature, which is the mechanism resorted to by the Shanghai Agreement concluded in 2001 relating to combating terrorism, extremism and separatist movements when it established a body called the “Center for Regional States Parties to Combat Terrorism in accordance with Article 10”. Among them, while we did not find any resort to such a mechanism in other agreements related to combating various forms of terrorism, as the enforcement mechanisms were limited to emphasizing the necessity of adhering to the aforementioned agreements in application of general and basic legal principles without finding means of compliance of an institutional nature, as these general legal principles were represented The basic principles are the principle of Good Faith, the principle of fulfillment of the covenant (pacta sunt servant), and the general commitment to solidarity. And implementing the principle of cooperation and mutual assistance, implementing the principle of the obligation to extradite or prosecute, taking legislative measures, creating judicial jurisdiction, implementing the principle of reporting and resorting to investigation, and negotiating and arbitration mechanisms, as well as resorting to the International Court of Justice to settle any disputes related to the agreements related to combating terrorism, as well as The Arab Convention to Combat Terrorism concluded in 1998 created media and educational mechanisms that we did not find parallels in most other agreements

Democracy is a process of social and civilizational growth to which countries that try to build their reality rise to it in a sound structure within clear foundations through which the people are given the right to choose the form of the political system that provides an appropriate ground on which to base it and gives them the ability to closely interrelate the components of society . The roots of democracy in Iraq extend to the beginning of The monarchy in 1921 , but there were many military coups that took place and the regime turned into a republic in which any form of democracy was absent .That period ended with a transformation that took place through external military intervention . You cannot consider it natural growth , because there was an external will that imposed the decision with the conviction that there was a will .An internal patriotism seeking a new transformation has interfered with external will that imposed itself on reality , and as a result it is tainted with many problems for which solutions must be found and adherence to the principles of the democratic system in order to achieve a sound democratic transformation

The research deals with the position of the judiciary in political systems and an attempt to understand the relationship between the judiciary and politics through the concept of the political role of the judiciary, which is embodied in the work of constitutional courts in monitoring the constitutionality of legislation and decisions, and supervising elections. The judiciary has recently reflected political manifestations in different locations and occasions in contrast to other authorities, in which it exceeds its original role known for settling disputes and interpreting the law to a role with a growing political impact. In Turkey, the study model, the close relationship between the Constitutional Court and the bureaucratic side of the state emerges, and the fact that judicial decisions in Turkey are of a political and ideological nature. However, within the framework of changes to the political system in Turkey and the transition to the presidential republican system, through the constitutional amendments of 2017, it becomes clear that this role has been reduced, as it included changes closely related to the judiciary. The most important of these is the abolition of the military judiciary with all its courts, and an amendment to the work of the Constitutional Court and the Council of Judges and Prosecutors (HSK), but the controversy continues about the impact of politics on the judiciary in Turkey, and the discussion about its independence and political role is expanding.

Due to the importance of international relations, the escalation of crises, and the intertwining of interests in the international community, and the urgent need to negotiate within a narrow circle surrounded by secrecy and confidentiality in most cases, the concept of shadow diplomacy emerged, which is a relatively modern concept that was used in many American press reports during the rule of US President Donald Trump from 2017 to 2021, where the responsibility of this concept is determined by negotiating to resolve a specific and complex crisis facing the political system within the framework of international relations, such as preventing the outbreak of armed conflict and limiting its spread, or conveying talking points regarding some of the problems surrounding the position of the political system on a specific issue, and this task is often assigned to highly important and professional figures within the National Security Administration, and they are special envoys trusted by their governments to the relevant parties, countries or organizations, in specific and sensitive tasks that are mostly characterized by secrecy and confidentiality, and these tasks carry the characteristic of special and specific importance.

The Belt and Road Initiative, which was announced by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013, represents an economic strategy through which China seeks to strengthen its communication with the different countries of the world and secure its access to all international markets in addition to the political dimensions of the initiative, which enable China to strengthen its position as one of the major powers. To enhance that vision and achieve its goals, China sent an invitation to Latin American countries in 2018 to join the initiative, and they did with the aim to achieve their economic goals, the most important of which are strengthening infrastructure and achieving development requirements. On the other hand, China sought to create influence in the Latin American region and enhance its international standing through the initiative.

Research &think tanks were, and still are, essential contributors of the United States' foreign policy-making process for more than a century. It played an important role in many issues and crises that constituted major turning points in the foreign policy paths of the United States of America. The number of research institutions in the United States of America is estimated nearly two thousand. These institutions generate new ideas for policymaking, assess existing policies, anticipating the future, draw attention to neglected problems, convene experts for discussion, and engage with the media. These research centers also actively participate in supporting decision-makers and public education about their policies. In addition, research & think tanks play the role of mediators in crises and disputes. Much policy outreach by think tanks is done behind the scenes in private, off-the-record briefings that are not touted publicly. Specialists note that policymakers are always looking for the opinions of think tanks that prove the validity of paths that have been previously determined or that have already been taken, rather than questioning them, and they consider this a dangerous turning point that should be taken into account in any discussion regarding the role of research and thinking centers in foreign policy decision-making. There is also the issue of financial support and funding that research and thinking centers receive from various official bodies, raises widespread controversy among researchers and specialists, and reflects different points of view about the accuracy of the consultations and recommendations that these centers provide to decision makers. In this research, we will attempt to study and analyze the emergence and development of U.S. research and think tanks, and their role in American foreign political decision-making, especially Brookings & Carnegie.

The focus on understanding the dimensions of the roles of the promotional powers in changing the structure of the international system and American competition in vital and geopolitical areas continues to have vital importance in the depths of the active thinking of the international powers (the forces of progress - review), by formulating the effective forces of future roles within the framework of the management of the geopolitical conflict. In different regions of the world, especially in Eastern Europe the importance of which has clearly emerged in light of the facts of the Russian-Ukrainian war, as the conflict comes within the framework of current international transformations and conflicts over areas of power, influence and international standing between international powers influencing international issues and affairs. There remains no doubt that the future of managing the geopolitical conflict between international powers is One of the possible foundations for explaining the strategic implications of the Russian-Ukrainian war. As a role emerges of the revisionist forces in playing an effective and important role in influencing the approaches to geopolitical conflict management in Eastern Europe, especially Ukraine, which enjoys an advanced geostrategic position in formulating models of polarization, influence and influence within the framework of the competition equation within the framework of the formation of counter-alliances and the extent of their influence on the effects of geopolitical conflict management Here, the revisionist powers (China and Russia) emerge, which will have important roles in determining the strategic compass and managing the geopolitical conflict in areas of strategic influence, especially Eastern Europe, as part of its quest to prove the elements of its comprehensive power as a basic partner in managing the interactions of the global system and influencing the incomes of its secondary and primaryeffects.

Liberal values as being the intellectual reference of the nation-state, ensure a societal and political environment that encourages individuals to care more about their basic rights, individual identities and differences, as each is preoccupied with his individual privateness and his unencumbered self. Through this approach, communitarians confirm that the continual concentration of liberalism on the unsociological- self significance away from its social ends and value commitments, also ignoring the importance of restraining the self and controlling its evils, in addition to making the common good and those commitments part of the private sphere, not the public sphere, will inevitably lead to dismantle both the relationships of the individual and the society, thus expanding the scope of the crisis of legitimacy instead of building a comprehensive and cohesive national identity that brings together the individual and the society in one place.

Controlling the Middle East and gaining the support of the region's rulers and peoples are among the priorities of American foreign policy. Since diplomacy is considered the most important tool for implementing foreign policy, it is worth paying attention to studying American diplomacy and its activity in this region, and the ways in which the United States employs diplomacy in order to preserve its interests and increase its influence in the region. American foreign policy makers also attach great importance to the economic factor when developing and implementing that policy in light of the integration between the political and economic fields and the difficulty of separating them, as the economy emerges as a means of diplomacy to enhance cooperation between countries, and at other times as a means of pressure on many countries of the world, especially the Middle Eastern countries, to manage political relations between the two parties.

Drug trafficking is a global issue that significantly affects security and stability around the world, requiring effective strategies for international cooperation to combat it. This research reviews international cooperation strategies in combating drug trafficking by analyzing theoretical frameworks, international mechanisms, and challenges facing cooperation between countries. The research also discusses the role of international organizations such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the World Health Organization, in addition to international agreements and security and technical cooperation. The study seeks to identify the main challenges that hinder the effectiveness of international cooperation and provide recommendations to improve coordination and increase the effectiveness of international strategies. In doing so, the research provides valuable insights into how to enhance joint efforts to combat drug trafficking and ensure tangible results at the regional and international levels.

جرت الانتخابات الرئاسية في منطقة الغرب الإفريقي كل من السنغال وموريتانيا التي اتسمت بأجواء ديمقراطية، بالرغم من الاشكاليات التي رافقت العملية الانتخابية قبلها وما بعدها، فضلاً عن الأجواء الإقليمية المضطربة التي اتسمت باحتدام الصراع بين القوى الدولية، إذ تمكن مرشح المعارضة في السنغال(بسيرو جوماي فاي) من الفوز في الجولة الأولى، وهذا الأمر ينطبق أيضاً بفوز (محمد ولد الشيخ الغزواني) من حسم التنافس لصالحه في الانتخابات الرئاسية لولاية الثانية، ويواجه كل البلدين تحديات مشتركة داخلية وخارجية تمثلت بالتحدي الأمني ومحاربة الفساد المستشري في جميع مفاصل الدولة، فضلاً عن الإصلاحات السياسية والاقتصادية التي توعد بها قادة البلدين أثناء الحملة الانتخابية، كما تسعى قادة تلك الدول التحرر من التبعية الفرنسية.

The research explores the intersection between green technology and economic sustainability, specifically analyzing the impact of green innovations on economic sustainability after 2020. It highlights the significant advancements in green technologies, particularly in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower, along with modern technologies that are reshaping industries and creating new economic opportunities while reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
The research concludes that green technologies are crucial for achieving long-term economic sustainability, offering benefits such as increased efficiency, reduced environmental degradation, and the creation of new industries and jobs. However, these benefits are contingent upon strong policy support, investment in innovation, and global cooperation. The transition to a green economy is a complex and multifaceted process that requires collaboration among governments, industries, and consumers.

Throughout its long history, humanity has known many systems and methods through which rulers reach political power in the state, which differ according to historical eras. These methods have varied between the hereditary method used in monarchies, through the authoritarian method represented in the use of force and violence in its various forms, or through allegiance, or the lottery used in direct democracy among the Greeks, up to the election used in many modern systems. However, the Arab political reality indicates the exclusion of the issue of rotation of power, as most Arab countries have not witnessed the real transfer of power in its executive aspect, with the exception of Lebanon and Iraq after 2003. Accordingly, the ordeal of the transfer of power in the Arab world is not the result of a specific circumstance or a single variable, but rather the result of the interaction of a set of historical, political, economic, social and cultural factors and circumstances that created the tyrant and sustained the reasons for him to remain in power.

China's relations with the countries of the region have witnessed development in light of the growing development that relations between China and the countries of the Arabian Gulf region are undergoing within the new global framework. This framework is based on the establishment of a multipolar global system in which participation from emerging countries is necessary and important. Since Iran and Saudi Arabia announced In March 2023, their diplomatic relations severed since 2016 were resumed, after negotiations led by China. Arab and international reactions continued regarding the impact of this agreement and the dimension it carries with regard to China’s relations and influence in the region, as China considered the agreement a “victory for dialogue and a victory for peace,” emphasizing It will continue to play a constructive role in dealing with thorny issues in the world and will demonstrate its responsibility as a major power, which raised the concerns of the United States of America, especially since the mediation came in conjunction with tense relations between Iran and the West due to its nuclear file, and a Saudi desire to take more independent steps regarding its relations with... The United States and its foreign policy after the tension in their relations, especially in the oil and human rights issues.

Libya received the attention of the Soviet Union before it gained independence, and after the establishment of the Libyan Kingdom, relations between the two parties were characterized by Luke warmness due to the Kingdom's orientation towards the West. After its fall in 1969, Soviet-Libyan relations revived and reached advanced levels, but this recovery declined after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. After Putin came to power in Russia, relations were activated again.
After the outbreak of the February 2011 revolution, Russia supported the Western plan in the Security Council, then returned and criticized the NATO-led military intervention there, accusing it of seeking to overthrow the regime instead of protecting civilians. After the success of the revolution, Russia was keen to deepen communication with the new leaders to preserve its interests there. The study concluded that the Wagner Group is the most important tool of Russian influence in Libya

United nations entities have taken great strides to institutionalize the way they relate and work in cooperation with civil society organizations at the global, regional and local levels. This began clearly since its 2004 report on human development, where the united nations relations with civil society were well defined and evaluated in the areas of development, human rights, economic and social affairs, in addition to the fact that it realizes the importance of partnership with civil society because such a partnership helps in promoting the organizations goals. And support its work at the global, regional and local levels.

The rapid development in communications and means of communication has led to the emergence of new communities that have had a significant impact on the domestic and foreign policies of countries. Therefore, it has become necessary to study these communities and their influence on political systems. These communities have become key tools in shaping public opinion and a platform for freely expressing opinions. We can say that virtual communities have become a broader arena for practicing democracy than ever before, and they have both positive and negative impacts on political participation. Thus through this research we will attempt to shed light on these communities and how they affect political system.

Combating terrorism and extremism requires significant efforts from all segments of society, including governments, local communities, and international entities, to ensure sustainable recovery, and in return there is no coordination between the international community to establish a system to confront it effectively and permanently. Steady approaches are being taken, and its devastating effects on lives, facilities and others are no longer hidden, until it comes to the point of threatening the economic, social and political conditions of countries. Among the challenges, developments and rapid and comprehensive events in all aspects of life, like many countries of the world, and among these challenges that have emerged in the past two decades is the phenomenon of terrorism, extremism and intellectual deviation, which is basically a departure from the approach of moderation, moderation and tolerance, and since terrorism has turned into a phenomenon Efforts should be devoted to researching the causes of this dangerous scourge and developing solutions and policies to combat it, confront it by various means, and achieve sustainable recovery from it. This is done by presenting the subject through the following axes. Conceptual rooting of the terms (terrorism, violent extremism and terrorist radicalism) the most important strategies for recovery from terrorism.

The U.S. policy toward the Russian-Ukrainian war is characterized by a strong commitment to supporting Ukraine in the face of Russian aggression. Since the beginning of the conflict, the United States has provided significant military aid, including advanced weapons and air defense systems, as well as financial support to help the Ukrainian government maintain its economic stability. Washington has imposed strict economic sanctions on Russia, targeting vital sectors such as energy and finance, aimed at reducing Moscow's ability to fund the war.
Additionally, the United States has strengthened its alliances with European countries and NATO to coordinate joint efforts in supporting Ukraine. Diplomatically, the U.S. has repeatedly emphasized the importance of maintaining Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, rejecting any attempts by Russia to undermine this sovereignty. Despite rising tensions, the U.S. has continued some forms of communication with Russia, focusing on achieving a balance between deterrence and diplomacy. This policy aims to bolster Ukraine's position and create conditions for stability in the region.

Turkey has activated its smart power in the Middle East region within an integrated strategy that works to combine hard and soft power to fill the gaps resulting from the use of one of them individually to choose the appropriate method to direct the appropriate sources of power to achieve the goal ، as a result of the transformations that affected the structure of the Middle Eastern regional system that were produced by the Arab Spring revolutions in it، which was clearly manifested through the partnerships it has concluded with some to push them to adopt the model it has exported، such as in Egypt، for example، the changes witnessed by the Middle East region in the difference in the distribution of power have made security concerns a major determinant of Turkish foreign policy tools in the region ،in the midst of what has become a threat to Turkish national security and its strategic interests ،especially with the danger of the spread of cross- border crime networks، weapons، irregular migration and terrorism problems، which were considered a test of Davutoglus principles of zero problems with neighbors، which Turkey has adopted since the Justice and Development Party took power in it ،and because of its certainty that soft power alone is incapable of achieving its desired goals، it has deliberately used force in its rough side and even worked to combine different types of power، according to the doctrine of the Blue Homeland "Mavi Vatan" which was considered the strategy by which Turkiye Under it، whether militarily or diplomatically، to enhance Turkeys position as a prominent and influential regional power in the region .moves the Middle East.

يتناول هذا البحث تحليلًا معمقًا للنظم الانتخابية وآليات توزيع المقاعد، مستعرضًا تأثيرها في تحقيق العدالة التمثيلية واستقرار الأنظمة الديمقراطية. يركز البحث على تعريف النظم الانتخابية باعتبارها الأطر القانونية والمؤسسية التي تنظم عملية اختيار الممثلين، مع بيان دورها في تحديد التوجهات السياسية وبناء التوازنات داخل المؤسسات التشريعية.
يتضمن البحث مناقشة شاملة لأنواع النظم الانتخابية، مثل نظام التمثيل النسبي ونظام الأغلبية، مع تحليل آليات تحويل أصوات الناخبين إلى مقاعد برلمانية. كما يتطرق إلى الأساليب المختلفة لتوزيع المقاعد، مثل القاسم الانتخابي المتغير والثابت، مع إبراز التأثيرات التي تتركها هذه الآليات على نتائج الانتخابات ومدى تحقيقها للعدالة في تمثيل مختلف القوى السياسية والاجتماعية.
يُسلط البحث الضوء على التحديات التي تواجه النظم الانتخابية، بما في ذلك تعقيدات توزيع المقاعد وأثرها على الاستقرار السياسي. كما يقدم دراسة نقدية لمدى تحقيق هذه النظم للأهداف الديمقراطية من خلال تحقيق التوازن بين عدالة التمثيل وفعالية الحكم، مما يعكس الأهمية المتزايدة لدراسة النظم الانتخابية في ظل التغيرات السياسية المتسارعة.

This research aims to clarify the general concepts of human rights in contemporary Islamic political thought without delving into their detailed jurisprudential dimensions, as the primary goal is to explore the intellectual aspects. It relies on thinkers regardless of their sectarian or partisan affiliations, focusing on the doctrinal dimension from which the thinker derives their analytical vision regarding the dimensions of human rights in Islam.
The aim of Islam is to establish an ideal moral system grounded in society, were Islamic doctrine includes universal principles that are meant to be eternal and applicable in all times and places, supported by a just and sound legal framework governing human behavior in various actions and dealings, concerning oneself and in relation to one’s family and society, as well as with other communities and nations. It is important to note that the fundamental goal of Islam is to reform the individual aspect of a person. Undoubtedly, a significant portion of Islamic principles For example establishing borders, can only be implemented through interpersonal interactions and collective efforts, resulting in the proper application of Islamic principles and benefiting from them in the best possible way.

Since the early modern era, political philosophers have been discussing the relationship between the state and the conditions in which it finds itself, according to the vitality of its role in clarifying phenomena and the forms of their effectiveness and changing patterns. This leads to the change and multiplicity of functions of international powers. These phenomena, with their frequency,have remained interchangeable and controlled by overlapping elements of influence and impact. Similarly, different interests, and justifiable aspirations for strategic actions are sometimes extreme and organize others to come up with renewed patterns of strategic performance that have consequences on the overall interactions of the global system. In addition, the actual exchange of positions, and the parallel performance of responding to threats, push for a change in the global strategic balance.

The formation of Modern State of Iraq after the first world war and the division of the Arab Mashreq by Britain and France, has omitted or hindered the development of a viable and stable Iraqi Nation.
The most serious problems were, National identity , Democracy , Oil and the Kurdish National Issue.
This research deals with the structural defects that hindered the development of Iraq , and look for possible complexity of the issue, and the interplay of internal factors with that of regional and international one.

This research examines the concept of moral superiority in contemporary Zionist discourse, through which Israel is presented as a democratic state committed to the values of human rights in a conflict-ridden region. The research seeks to analyze and critique this claim by comparing it with Torahic thought and actual Israeli policies, especially towards the Palestinians, where stark contradictions appear between official discourse and practices on the ground. The research problem revolves around analyzing the claim of moral superiority in Zionist discourse, tracing its roots in Torahic interpretations, and comparing this claim with Israeli policies. The research seeks to answer a fundamental question: Is this claim a continuation of original religious thought or a modern ideological construct developed to serve a specific political project?. The research is necessary because it needs to critically analyze Zionist discourse, understand the relationship between religion and politics in the Israeli context, and deconstruct the legitimacy tools used by the occupation to justify its policies. The research aims to analyze the religious backgrounds of the idea of moral superiority, explore the development of Zionist discourse, compare discourse with practice, and reveal the tools of Zionist discourse in constructing Israel's image as a morally superior entity. The research relies on a comparative critical analytical methodology, including the analysis of Torahic texts, Zionist discourse, and Israeli policies, focusing on issues such as settlements, the Gaza blockade, wars, and human rights violations. The research reviews previous studies on the relationship between religious texts and Israeli politics. It compares them with the current study, which focuses on moral superiority in contemporary Zionist discourse.