Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

In this work, studying the effect of ethylenediamine as a corrosion inhibitor was
investigated for carbon steel in aerated HCl solution in range of 0.1-1N under
dynamic conditions, i.e., rotational velocity of 400–1200 rpm in the temperature range
35 – 65 ºC. Weight loss method was employed in absence and presence of the
inhibitor as an adsorption type in concentration range 1000 – 5000 ppm using rotating
cylinder specimens. The experimental results showed that corrosion rate in absence
and presence of inhibitor is increased with increasing temperature, rotational velocity
and concentration of acid. It is decreased with increasing inhibitor concentration for
the whole range of temperature, rotational velocity and concentration of acid solution.
Under these conditions maximum inhibition efficiency obtained was 86% while
minimum inhibition efficiency was 36%. The adsorption of this inhibitor on carbon
steel surface is found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Nano γ-Al2O3 support was prepared by co-precipitation method by using
different calcination temperatures (550, 600, and 750) oC. Then nano NiMo/γ-Al2O3
catalyst was prepared by impregnation method were nickel carbonate (source of Ni)
and ammonium paramolybdate (source of Mo) on the best prepared nano γ-Al2O3
support at calcination temperature 550 oC. Make the characterizations for prepared
nano γ-Al2O3 support at different temperatures and for nano NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst
like X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescent, AFM, SEM, BET surface area, and pore
volume.
The Ni and Mo percentages in the prepared nano NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst
determined by X-ray fluorescence were 2.924 wt % and 12.9 wt %, respectively. SEM
of prepared nano γ-Al2O3 support at calcination temperature 550 oC. The average
particles diameter of prepared γ-Al2O3 support determined by AFM at calcination
temperatures 550, 600, and 750 oC and for prepared nano NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst at
calcination temperature 550 oC.

The present work deals with an experimental investigation of charging and
discharging processes in thermal storage system using a phase change material PCM.
Paraffin wax was used as the PCM which is formed in spherical capsules and packed
in a cylindrical packed column which acted as an energy storage system. Air was used
as the heat transfer fluid HTF in thermal storage unit. The effect of flow rate and inlet
temperature of HTF on the time of charging and discharging process were studied.
The results showed that the faster storage of thermal energy can be made by high flow
rate of heat transfer fluid HTF and high inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid. It was
found that at 65°C HTF inlet temperature, the melting and solidification processes
accelerated by 27.9% and 57.14% respectively, when the flow rate was increased
from 9 to 24 L/s. Also, when the HTF inlet temperature changed from 65°C to 80°C,
the time needed to complete melting process decreased by 38.8%.

In this work, electrodialysis (ED) has been demonstrated to be appropriate
technique for reducing the electrical conductivity of real wastewater from fuel
washing unit, which has been previously treated by other electrochemical technology
(electrocoagulation and electrooxidation). A five cell electrodialysis stack, with an
active membrane area of 60 cm2
per cell was employed. During a batch recirculation
mode ED system, the effects of parameters such as electrical potential applied (6-18
V) and flow rate of streams (0.5-1.7 L/min.) on the performance of the total dissolved
solids (TDS) separation and specific power consumption (SPC) were studied. The
results indicate that the process of ED under potential (15 V) and flow rate (1.4
L/min) are recommended as operation conditions. The removal of TDS achieved was
about 95% throughout (80 min.) time of electrodialysis and (1.72 kWh/m3
) of SPC.
Moreover, SPC increased with an increase in the applied potential of ED stack, while
it was not intensely responsive to the change in the flow rate

Indirect electrochemical oxidation of phenol and its derivatives was investigated by
using MnO2 rotating cylinder electrode. Taguchi experimental design method was
employed to find the best conditions for the removal efficiency of phenol and its
derivatives generated during the process. Two main parameters were investigated,
current density (C.D.) and electrolysis time. The removal efficiency was considered as
a response for the phenol and other organics removal. An orthogonal array L16, the
signal to noise (S/N) ratio, and the analysis of variance were used to test the effect of
designated process factors and their levels on the performance of phenol and other
organics removal efficiency. The results showed that the current density has the
higher influence on performance of organics removal while the electrolysis time has
the lower impact on the removal performance. Multiple regressions was utilized to
acquire the equation that describes the process and the predicted equation has a
correlation coefficient (R2
) equal to 98.77%. The best conditions were found to get
higher removal efficiency. Removal efficiency higher than 95% can be obtained in the
range of C.D. of 96-100 mA/cm2
and electrolysis time of 3.2 to 5 h. The behavior of
the chemical oxygen demand (COD) mineralization denotes to a zero order reaction
and the rate of reaction controlled by active chlorine reaction not by mass transfer of
phenol towards the anode.

Experiments were conducted to study the behavior of the solid particles (proppant)
inside the hydraulic fracture during the formation stimulation, and study the effect of
the proppant concentration on the hydraulic fracturing process, which lead to bridge
and screen-out conditions inside the fractures across the fracture width that restricts
fracturing fluid to flow into the hydraulic fracture. The research also studies the effect
of the ratio between the fracture size and the average particles diameter “proppant",
on fracture bridging. In this study two ratios were considered β= 2 and 3 ,where β=Dt
/ Dp where: Dt= hydraulic fracture size (width) and Dp=Average particles
diameter.
This work presents experimental work to study the behavior of these particles
(proppant) inside the hydraulic fractures by measuring the plugging time for different
particles concentration for different conditions. The experimental data recorded for
different particle concentration and one flowing forces (gravity) inside the hydraulic
fracture. Most recorded experimental data obtained were analyzed by using SPSS
software.

The present work aims to study the treatment of oily wastewater by means of
forward osmosis membrane bioreactor process. Side stream (external) configuration
and submerged (internal) configuration of osmotic membrane bioreactor were
performed and investigated. The experimental work for each configuration was
carried out continuously over 21 days. The flux behavior of forward osmosis
membrane in an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) was investigated, using NaCl
as the draw solution and CTA as FO membrane. The effect of mixed liquor suspended
solids (MLSS) concentration and TDS accumulation of bioreactor on water flux and
membrane fouling behaviors was detected. The accumulation and rejection of
nutrients in the bioreactor (Nitrate, COD, and Phosphate) were investigated over the
days of the experiment. Water flux and membrane fouling were not significantly
affected by MLSS concentration at low level and this effect increase with increasing
MLSS concentration (4000–10000 mg/L). Besides, water flux was severely affected
by elevated salinity of the aeration tank. OMBR showed high removal of COD (96%)
and FO membrane revealed high retention of phosphate (97%) but retention for nitrate
was relatively low (72%). The sparingly soluble salts in the influent, bioreactor, draw
solution, and RO effluent were detected through the experiment. The results showed
flux decline with time to about 47% from the initial flux and two osmotic
backwashing were applied at day 7 and 14 during the operation and the flux restored
approximately 30% of its loss. Side stream and submerged configurations revealed
nearly similar response over the experiments while side stream module showed better
water flux (7.0 LMH) than submerged (6.1 LMH). The results showed that the
concentration of inorganic ions is below the limits that may cause severe scaling

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of binary solvent for
regeneration of spent lubricating oil by extraction-flocculation process. The
regeneration was investigated by bench scale experiments by using locally provided
solvents (Heavy Naphtha, n-Butanol, and iso-Butanol). Solvents to used oil, mixing
time, mixing speed and temperatures were studied as operating parameters. The
performance on three estimated depended key parameters, namely the percentage of
base oil recovered (Yield), percent of oil loss (POL), and the percent of sludge
removal (PSR) were used to evaluate the efficiency of the employed binary solvent on
extraction process. The best solvent to solvent ratio for binary system were 30:70 for
Heavy Naphtha : n-Butanol (N:n-But) and Heavy Naphtha : iso-Butanol (N:iso-But).
The optimum solvent to oil ratio or critical clarifying ratio (CCR) were 3.4, and 3.8
for N : n-But, and N : iso-But respectively. The optimized operating mixing time,
mixing speed, and temperature which result in, maximum recovered base oil (87.75%
and 88.88%), minimum oil losses (8.46% and 3.62%), and maximum sludge removal
(5.63% and 6.12%), were (45 min, 700 rpm, 35 oC), and (30 min, 700 rpm, 35 oC ) for
N:n-But, and N:Iso-But respectively.

Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method for treatment of different types of
wastewater whereby sacrificial anodes corrode to release active coagulant (usually
aluminium or iron cations) into solution, while simultaneous evolution of hydrogen at
the cathode allows for pollutant removal by flotation or settling. The Taguchi method
was applied as an experimental design and to determine the best conditions for
chromium (VI) removal from wastewater. Various parameters in a batch stirred tank
by iron metal electrodes: pH, initial chromium concentration, current density, distance
between electrodes and KCl concentration were investigated, and the results have
been analyzed using signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. It was found that the removal
efficiency of chromium increased with increasing current density and KCl
concentration, and decreases with increasing initial chromium concentration and
distance between electrodes, while pH shows peak performance curve. Experimental
work have been performed for synthetic solutions and real industrial effluent. The
results showed that the removal efficiency of synthetic solution is higher than
industrial wastewater, the maximum removal for prepared solution is 91.72 %, while
it was 73.54 % for industrial wastewater for the same conditions.

An experimental analysis was included to study and investigate the mass
transport behavior of cupric ions reduction as the main reaction in the presence of
0.5M H2SO4 by weight difference technique (WDT). The experiments were carried
out by electrochemical cell with a rotating cylinder electrode as cathode. The impacts
of different operating conditions on mass transfer coefficient were analyzed such as
rotation speeds 100-500 rpm, electrolyte temperatures 30-60 , and cupric ions
concentration 250-750 ppm. The order of copper reduction reaction was investigated
and it shows a first order reaction behavior. The mass transfer coefficient for the
described system was correlated with the aid of dimensionless groups as follows:
Sh = 3.77 4075 < Re < 34088

Understanding of in-situ stress profiles and orientations plays a vital role in designing
a successful hydraulic fracturing treatment. This paper is an attempet to examine the
effect of lithology and in situ stress on geometery of hydraulic fractures. A hydraulic
fracturing design simulator software called FracproPT with various capabilities for
designing most of hydraulic fracture was used for simulate and optimize the
hydraulic fracturing. For studying purpose, three different cases of stress gradient
contrast between different formations are considered in this study (0.4, 0.5 and 0.75
psi/ft). The results obtained from the simulator showed that lithologies surrounding
the pay zone have an effect on the fracture’s height, width, and length. Also,
Maximum height is achieved when the stress contrast between the pay zone and the
surrounding layers is very small.

ndustrial wastewater containing nickel, lead, and copper can be produced by
many industries. The reverse osmosis (RO) membrane technologies are very efficient
for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing nickel, lead, and copper ions to
reduce water consumption and preserving the environment. Synthetic industrial
wastewater samples containing Ni(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) ions at various
concentrations (50 to 200 ppm), pressures (1 to 4 bar), temperatures (10 to 40 oC), pH
(2 to 5.5), and flow rates (10 to 40 L/hr), were prepared and subjected to treatment by
RO system in the laboratory. The results showed that high removal efficiency of the
heavy metals could be achieved by RO process (98.5%, 97.5% and 96% for Ni(II),
Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions respectively). The permeate flux for all H.M ions was ranged
between (10 to 56 L/m2
.hr). The low level of the heavy metals concentration in the
permeate implies that water with good quality could be reclaimed for further reuse.
The RO membrane is characterized by very high efficiency as the H.M. ions removal
of up to (97%) with good productivity and medium pressure that means a medium
cost of the RO system