Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

The inhibitive action of a blend of sodium nitrite/sodium hexametaphosphate
(SN+SHMP) on corrosion of carbon steel in simulated cooling water systems (CWS)
has been investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization technique. The
effect of temperature, velocity, and salts concentrations on corrosion of carbon steel
were studied in the absence and presence of mixed inhibiting blend. Also the effect of
inhibitors blend concentrations (SN+SHMP), temperatures, and rotational velocity,
i.e., Reynolds number (Re) on corrosion rate of carbon steel were investigated using
Second-order Rotatable Design (Box-Wilson Design) in performing weight loss and
corrosion potential approach. Electrochemical polarization measurements were used
to study the behavior of carbon steel in different salts concentrations of (CWS) with
pH = 7.5 in absence and presence of the inhibiting blend. The results show that the
regression model (Box-Wilson Design) that has been developed using experimental
data was used to verify that the interaction term of temperature with inhibitors blend
and the square term of inhibitors blend are significant for corrosion rate in 0.05 N
NaCl solution while the main variables are not pronounced. Also, it is found that the
corrosion rate of carbon steel is increased with increasing temperature, rotational
velocity, and NaCl salts concentration in uninhibited and inhibited solutions.
Inhibition performance of NaNO2+ Na(PO3)6 was found to increase with its
concentration up to 800 ppm inhibitors blend, and the corrosion potential is shifted to
more positive direction with increasing rotational velocity, and inhibitor blend
concentration.

The performance of a batch undivided electrochemical reactor with a rotating
cylinder electrode of woven-wire (60 mesh size), stainless steel 316, is examined for
the removal of copper from synthetic solution of o.5 M sodium chloride containing
125 ppm at pH ≈ 3.5. The effect of total applied current, rotation speed on the figures
of merit of the reactor is analyzed. For an applied current of 300 mA at 100 rpm, the
copper concentration decreased from 125 to mg l-1
after 60 min of electrolysis
with a specific energy consumption of 1.75 kWh kg-1
and a normalized space velocity
of 1.62 h-1
. The change in concentration was higher when the total applied currents
were increased because of the turbulence-promoting action of the hydrogen evolution.
The results suggest that the applied current must represent a compromise between the
increase in space time yield or normalized space velocity and the increase in the
specific energy consumption.

Pyrolysis of virgin polyethylene plastics was studied in order to produce
hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The pyrolysis process carried out for low and high-density
polyethylene plastics in open system batch reactor in temperature range of 370 to
450°C.
Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the virgin plastics showed that the degradation
ranges were between 326 and 495 °C. The results showed that the optimum
temperature range of pyrolysis of polyethylene plastics that gives highest liquid yield
(with specific gravity between 0.7844 and 0.7865) was 390 to 410 °C with reaction
time of about 35 minutes. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy gave a quite
evidence that the produced hydrocarbon liquid fuel consisted mainly alkanes and the
x-ray diffraction showed no sulfur in the produced hydrocarbon liquids.

Oxidation of sulfur compounds in fuel followed by an adsorption process were
studied using two modes of operation, batch mode and continuous mode (fixed bed).
In batch experiment oxidation process of kerosene with sulfur content 2360 ppm was
achieved to study the effect of amount of hydrogen peroxide(2.5, 4, 6 and 10) ml at
different temperature(40, 60 and 70)°C. Also the effect of amount acetic acid was
studied at the optimal conditions of the oxidation step(4ml H2O2 and 60 °C).Besides,
the role of acetic acid different temperatures(40, 60, 70) °C and 4ml H2O2, effect of
reaction time(5, 30, 60, 120, 300) minutes at temperatures(40,60) °C, 4ml H2O2 and 1
mlHAC) and effect of reaction temperature were studied.
The results showed that the percentage removal of sulfur compounds increases with
the increasing amount of hydrogen peroxide and amount of acetic acid also the
percentage removal of sulfur compounds increases by addition acetic acid, reaction
time up to 300 minutes and reaction temperature.
In the fixed bed adsorption process, the oxidized kerosene having sulfur content
being reduced to 939.28 ppm, was let to flow through a bed of 10Ni/????-Al2O3. The
results showed that a sulfur removal of 95.38 % was obtained. By this the total
sulfur removal of 98.38 % was obtained from the two consecutive processes. The
resultant fuel had only 43.47 ppm. Also a study of the capability of the same bed to
desulfurize raw feed of kerosene of 2360 ppm of sulfur compounds was investigated.
43.3% removal of sulfur compounds was achieved which reflects the catalytic
properties of the adsorbent which could act as an oxidative adsorptive material. The
results showed that by increasing feed flow rate, the breakthrough curve becomes
steeper. Also the maximum removal of sulfur compounds was obtained in the case of
bed height 20 cm and flow rate 0.3 l/h.

The present work is devoted to investigate the performance of a homemade Y-shape
catalytic microreactor for degradation of dibenzothiophene (DBT), as a model of
sulphur compounds including in gas oil, utilizing solar incident energy. The
microchannel was coated with TiO2 nanoparticles which were used as a
photocatalyst. Performance of the microreactor was investigated using different
conditions (e.g., DBT concentration, LHSV, operating temperature, and (H2O2/DBT)
ratio). Our experiments show that, in the absence of UV light, no reaction takes place.
The results revealed that outlet concentration of DBT decreases as the mean residence
time in the microreactor increases. Also, it was noted that operating temperature
showed a positive impact on the degradation rate of DBT while LHSV showed a
different image. The results reported an optimum (H2O2/DBT) ratio which gave
maximum conversion of DBT which vary with initial concentration. Kinetic study
was carried out which confirmed that desulfurization of DBT followed a pseudo-first
order reaction at 30 and 50oC, respectively. However deviation from linearity was
observed at 60oC. Comparison between microreactor´s performance and performance
of batch reactors from published literature were illustrated. The Comparison
confirmed the unique characteristics of the microreactor.

The present work is devoted to investigate the performance of a homemade Y-shape
catalytic microreactor for degradation of dibenzothiophene (DBT), as a model of
sulphur compounds including in gas oil, utilizing solar incident energy. The
microchannel was coated with TiO2 nanoparticles which were used as a
photocatalyst. Performance of the microreactor was investigated using different
conditions (e.g., DBT concentration, LHSV, operating temperature, and (H2O2/DBT)
ratio). Our experiments show that, in the absence of UV light, no reaction takes place.
The results revealed that outlet concentration of DBT decreases as the mean residence
time in the microreactor increases. Also, it was noted that operating temperature
showed a positive impact on the degradation rate of DBT while LHSV showed a
different image. The results reported an optimum (H2O2/DBT) ratio which gave
maximum conversion of DBT which vary with initial concentration. Kinetic study
was carried out which confirmed that desulfurization of DBT followed a pseudo-first
order reaction at 30 and 50oC, respectively. However deviation from linearity was
observed at 60oC. Comparison between microreactor´s performance and performance
of batch reactors from published literature were illustrated. The Comparison
confirmed the unique characteristics of the microreactor.

Rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) is used . in weight loss technique , the salinity is
200000 p.p.m, temperatures are (30,5060,7080Co) . the velocity of (RCE) are
(500,1500,3000 r.p.m). the water cut (30% , 50%). The corrosion rate of carbon steel
increase with increasing rotating cylinder velocity. In single phase flow, an increase
im rotational velocity from 500 to 1500 r.p.m, the corrosion rate increase from
6.88258 mm/y to 10.11563 mm/y respectively.
In multiphase flow, an increase in (RCE) from 500 to 1500 r.p.m leads to increase
in corrosion rate from 0.786153 to 0.910327 mm/y respectively. Increasing brine
concentration leads to increase in corrosion rate at water cut 30%.

The unconventional techniques called “the quick look techniques”, have been
developed to present well log data calculations, so that they may be scanned easily to
identify the zones that warrant a more detailed analysis, these techniques have been
generated by service companies at the well site which are among the useful, they
provide the elements of information needed for making decisions quickly when time
is of essence. The techniques used in this paper are:
 Apparent resistivity Rwa technique.
 Rxo /Rt method.
The above two methods had been used to evaluate Nasiriyah oil field formations
(well-NS-3) to discover the hydrocarbon bearing formations. A computer program
had used to represent CPI results for the two mentioned methods, the results of
interpretation indicate to hydrocarbon zones in.

An investigation was conducted effect of addition co- solvent on solvent extraction
process for two types of a lubricating oil fraction (spindle) and (SAE-30) obtained
from vacuum distillation unit of lube oil plant of Daura Refinery. In this study two
types of co-solvents ( formamide and N-methyl, 2, pyrrolidone) were blended with
furfural to extract aromatic hydrocarbons which are the undesirable materials in raw
lubricating oil, in order to improve the viscosity index, viscosity and yield of
produced lubricating oil. The studied operating condition are extraction temperature
range from 70 to 110 °C for formamide and 80 to 120 °C for N-methyl, 2,
pyrrolidone, solvent to oil ratio range from 1:1 to 2:1 (wt./wt.) for furfural with
formamide extraction and 1:1 to 3:1 (wt./wt.) for furfural with NMP extraction. The
results of the investigation show that the viscosity index of lubricating oil fraction
increases while viscosity and percentage yield of raffinate decreases with increasing
extraction temperature, the solvent to oil ratio and co-solvent to furfural ratio. For
formamide the best temperature were 90 °C, furfural to co-solvent ratio (60:40) and
solvent to lube oil ratio (1.5:1) to get best value of viscosity index 102, viscosity 3.01
cst and 69.23 % yield. While for NMP co-solvent 110 °C extraction temperature,
(2:1) solvent to lube oil ratio and (60:40) furfural to co-solvent ratio, to produce lube
oil with 96 viscosity index, 9.10 cst viscosity and 68.50 yield.

The present study deals with the application of an a bundant low cost biosorbent
sunflower shell for metal ions removal. Lead, Cadmium and Zinc were chosen as
model sorbates. The influences of initial pH, sorbent dosage, contact time,
temperature and initial metal ions concentration on the removal efficiency were
examined. The single ion equilibrium sorption data were fitted to the non-competitive
Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Freundlich model represents the
equilibrium data better than the Langmuir model. In single, binary and ternary
component systems,Pb+2 ions was the most favorable component rather than Cd+2 and
Zn+2 ions. The biosorption kinetics for the three metal ions followed the pseudosecond order kinetics indicating that the chemical sorption was the rate-limiting step.
The thermodynamic parameters including free energy ( G
0
), enthalpy and entropy
changes for Pb2+,Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions indicated that the sorption process was
feasible,spontaneous,and endothermic in the temperature range 20-50 0 C .Desorption
of the three metals ions from the biosorbent was effectively achieved in a 0.2 mol L-1
HCl solution.