Journal of Education for Humanities

The aim of the research is to: Know the effect of the stile of self-assertion in developing psychological immunity among students of the College of Education for Human Sciences. (24) male and female students were diagnosed as having a low level of psychological immunity, and the researcher chose first-grade students from the Department of Geography at the College of Education for Human Sciences at the University of Mosul, after rewarding them in several variables, and distributing them into two equal groups, the experimental group was exposed to (15) A guiding session in the style of self-assertion included the following strategies (role-playing, free expression of opinion, social reinforcement, modeling, expressing feelings, positive self-talk, feedback, discussion, homework), and the control group was not exposed to any guidance, and the researcher used Statistical means, including (Pearson correlation coefficient, Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test), and the results came with a significant impact of the method of self-assertion in developing psychological immunity, and in light of the research results, the researcher came out with a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

The Noble Qur’an is the first source of legislation that governs rights and obligations. From here, we wanted to apply a modern linguistic approach that deals with linguistic use and its relationship to context during the process of communication. Speech can be accomplished simply by uttering it as a right or obligation depending on the circumstances and circumstances of the speech. This approach is the so-called (pragmatic approach), which sees in the theory of speech acts one of the most important foundations on which pragmatism is based.
Debt is one of the most prevalent transactions in daily dealings as it is one of the obligations of rights and obligations, and it needs participants who represent the parties to the commitment and a specific content. For the right towards the other. The wording is one of the pillars of the debt contract as an affirmation and acceptance, so the wording is considered in establishing the right, rather it is the main pillar in it.
Each research must have questions, which we tried to ask and answer them through our research:
- What is the impact of studying the pragmatic approach on understanding the Qur’anic discourse?
- How can the theory of verbal verbs be applied to the texts of the Noble Qur’an?
- How was the Qur’anic discourse formed to perform the action by saying, and what are the means it took to influence the forum and modify its behavior related to money.
Determining the main accomplishment act and the accomplishment actions surrounding it that contribute to supporting or modifying the accomplishment power.

This research aims to highlight the semantic aesthetics found in the structures of declarative sentences through the emphasis tools mentioned in the verses of Surah Ghafir in the most eloquent and striking manner. These tools are presented in harmonized expressions that leave a profound impact on the soul. The study attempts to examine the emphasis tools found in the verses of Surah Ghafir, whether they are tools specific to nouns, verbs, or applicable to both. It seeks to showcase the contextual semantic aesthetics of these tools, which play a pivotal role in clarifying and affirming doctrinal matters while persuading obstinate disbelievers.

The methodology employed in this research is the descriptive-analytical approach, used both in interpreting and analyzing the verses of Surah Ghafir and in examining the linguistic phenomena present in each text containing emphasis tools.

This study aims to show that criticism has its eloquence, just as poetry has its eloquence, and this eloquence comes from the aesthetics of the critical language that the critic acquired after long experience, and this experience is what gave critical study its poeticism, elegance, and amazing magic.
Certainly, the critic has a language that distinguishes him from others, and this language is what brings him closer to the sensitivity of the poet, in terms of eloquence, value, and convincing aesthetic impact in every critical discoverer, or critical vision. This means that the true critic possesses the highest rhetorical values in his revelation of phenomena and treatment of them in his unique language. Which belongs to him alone and no one else.
This means that the critic's high critical competence comes only from aesthetic experience in composition, not to mention the creative talent, language, and special voice that distinguishes him from other critics.
Thus we say: The literature of criticism is represented in everything that makes critical practice aesthetic value in revelation, adventure, and eloquence of conclusion.
In this study, we aim to examine the critical writings issued by ancient critics, which carry eloquence in their language that approaches the poet’s creativity on the one hand and discovers what is implicit and hidden in the text on the other hand.

تناول البحث موضوع السياق بمعناه في المعاجم بوصفها مادة لغوية مستعمله في النظام اللغوي العربي بعامة، والسياق بمعناه الاصطلاحي ومفهومه في الدرس النحوي المعاصر، بمختلف اشكاله، في محاولة لتقريب المعنى اللغوي بالمعنى الاصطلاحي، والكشف عن العلاقة بينهما، ثم تطرق إلى عقد مقارنه بين الدرس النحوي القديم عند سيبويه وابن جني وغيرهما من النحاة الأوائل، وبين النحو المعاصر والحديث أمثال تمام حسان، كمال بشر، ومحمود السعران، يهدف من خلالها إلى سبر معرفة تطور النظرية السياقية، والكيفية التي تجلت من خلالها النظرية، والاختلاف بين الدرس النحوي القديم والمعاصر، فضلا عن إبراز تأثير المدرسة السياقية الغربية على البحث النحوي، ومما ظهر من خلال المطالعة والبحث إلى إدراك السياق ومعرفته بكافة تفريعاته لدى القدماء، وتأثيره على بناء الأحكام اللغوية من قبيل إعمال بعض الأدوات أو إهمالها إذا اقتضى السياق ذلك، أما الدرس اللغوي الحديث فقد تأثر بالدراسات الاجتماعية، والمدرسة السياقية لفيرث.

The Companions of the Noble Messenger (peace be upon him) are our role models whom we must imitate in all our dealings in this life. They are those whom God Almighty chose for His Noble Prophet to be a support and help in spreading the Islamic message, even after his death, as they united Muslims and stood against the temptations that appeared to raise the word of Islam, and he was Al-Walid. Ibn Al-Walid Ibn Al-Mughira is one of the prominent figures who had a major role in Islam. His brother Khaled Ibn Al-Walid converted to Islam, whom the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) called “the drawn sword of God” for his courage and daring, as he is the pride of Islam, Al-Walid grew up in a family known for its sovereignty in Mecca. He was from the Banu Makhzum, which had sovereignty, as they were among the rich. His lineage met the lineage of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in his sixth grandfather, and this increased his honor. Al-Waleed ibn Al-Walid knew how to read and write before he entered Islam, so he was a help to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). In order to write letters and books to kings and leaders to call them to Islam, he sacrificed himself in order to save the oppressed in Mecca. He died in Medina asking the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to obtain his blessing and intercession. He asked to be shrouded in the Prophet’s garment so that he could attain Paradise through the intercession of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

This research explores the secondary meanings of imperative forms in the hadiths of Sunan al-Tirmidhi, discussing their eloquence and significations, presenting a scientific perspective on this style.
The researcher was drawn to the nature of prophetic hadiths as the secondary source of Islamic legislation, especially in Sunan al-Tirmidhi, which focus on building the Muslim individual, preserving their rights, self-respect, and dignity. This nature aligns with the research hypothesis: the imperative style must be a fundamental element of prophetic discourse in Sunan al-Tirmidhi, and the structures it contains are among the most important components of prophetic hadith topics.
The research begins by defining the imperative in language, terminology, and the forms it takes. It then examines the meanings of the imperative form, the imperative with "so that," and the imperative with the verb form "li" (so that). The study analyzes the imperative style according to its formulation, highlighting secondary meanings and rhetorical nuances, as well as discussing the occurrences of the imperative style as a structure through which commands are presented.
In conclusion, the researcher arrived at several findings, notably that the study of this phenomenon revealed some of the artistic secrets and rhetorical nuances for which the imperative exists, being one of the important rhetorical methods discussed by scholars of rhetoric and interpretation. It possesses the ability to convey those meanings to the reader in a clearer manner. Furthermore, the research aimed to establish the uniqueness of prophetic hadiths with a set of imperative meanings, reinforcing strong roots of prophetic eloquence in rhetorical studies, reflecting that the prophetic hadith is an eloquent and articulate text in a way that affects souls and touches hearts, using rhetorical methods that enhance the ability to have an emotional and psychological impact.

This research deals with utterances of comic Ironic and mockery in the Holly Quraan . These ulttrnaces have been exposed to Know its original meaning (dictionary meaning) and its relations in The holly Qurran , the variety and similarity of The semantic inter pretation in each text. The texts that have The utterance in one context . This research also deals with the difference in naming in every single utterance in the Quraanic context and the other context . these three terms are different generally, as the comic is the teast and the I ronic is the stronge one . the most using among these utterances that used with The hypoerites or the unbelievers from the reward side but not how they were and (Allah) God pays who commit this sin homeopathically .

This research is based n the limits of the linguistic studies in its discourse and evincive dimension. It depends on a controlled approach which makes use of the discourse specialists and linguistic philosophers' procedures, specifically Crice in his theory of Conversational Implicature, in addition to those of the specialists of evincive philosophy like Ducrot and Anscomber. They aim to investigate the the procedures of analysis and production of discourse. Also this study attempts to prove the possibility of employing the evincive techniques in the givens of the conversational implicature theory. This study hypothesizes that the evinces represents the technique of manipulation on the base of activating the conversation after breaking down the conversational system and change the meaning to many dimensions. This is because the conversational contradiction occurs obviously.
Although it is pre-supposed that there is conversational cooperative between the partners of the conversational process (cooperative principle). This contradiction leads to objection and interrogative and then evinces. This aims at achieving the explicitness and getting rid the ambiguity occurred because of the non-observance resulted of the breaking down one of the Crician conversational maxims which the research views them as evincive bases and breaking down them leads to conversational implicature . This convinced the researcher that the evincive philosophy is basically discourse connection under the stimuli-effect act of speech and conversation. In addition to the usefulness of the discourse connectors mechanism in which the conversational implicature takes another evincive direction connected with the context of the linguistic use and this can be obvious through the practical application on examples selected from poetry of Arabic.

The term poetic sentence is one of the terms that appeared in the modern -Our knowledge according to-era, and it has not received widespread attention Malaika mentioned on page (101) -in critical lesson, or textual analysis; Nazik Aland the following of her book Issues of Contemporary Poetry the weight that accompanies the part with five or nine objects, and she justified this by avoiding this writing style for the Arab taste in receiving poetry, and she did not address the poetic sentence. Because the criterion then depends on the poetic line, and the idea of interconnection between poetic lines to produce a poetic sentence that later becomes the nucleus upon which free poetry is based was not discussed.
However, Ezzedine Ismail pays attention to this term, in his book Contemporary Arabic Poetry (its Artistic and Moral Issues), and mentions a title on page (108) (The Music of the Poetic Sentence), in which he defines the concept of the poetic sentence, and explains its nature using poetic models, but he did not study the effect of the sentence. Poetics in the formation of rhythm, especially when the poem borrows dialogue or narration from other arts; hree axesTherefore, this study came to reveal this effect within t:
1- The rhythmic path of the poetic sentence in light of meter
2- Rhythm movement between dialogue and poetic sentence
3- The interplay between the narrative and the poetic sentence

The current research aims to identify the level of cyberchondria among professors at Cihan University-Duhok and its relationship to the following variables: A - Gender (males - females) B - Age variable according to the age groups (25-35), (36-45), (46-55), and (56–65). The research sample consisted of (36) male and female teachers who were selected according to the variables (gender and age) from the research population for the academic year (2023-2024) at Cihan University-Dohuk. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the cyberchondria scale (Sahn, 2021), which consists of (27 items), and for each item, there are five alternatives. Its reliability was extracted by the test-retest method, which was (0.91), and by Cronbach’s alpha method, which was (0.89). The researcher applied the tool to the main research sample, and the data was treated statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), including (a t-test for one sample, a one-sample analysis of variance, a Pearson correlation coefficient, a t-test for two independent samples, and an alpha coefficient for internal consistency). The researcher reached the following results: a decrease in the level of cyberchondria among the sample members. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) depending on the gender variable, and there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) depending on the age variable. According to the findings, the researcher presented the necessary recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aimed at identifying the effect of a training program in creative drama in reducing aggressive behaviors among a sample of kindergarten children. The research sample consisted of (30) male and female kindergarten children in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and it was a purposive sample. The research used the semi-experimental approach. The Aggressive Behavior Scale of the Kindergarten Child was used, prepared by the researcher). Its validity and reliability were confirmed. In addition, a program in creative drama was prepared for kindergarten children, and the suitability of the content of the training program and its validity for administering. The research found out that there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the treatment group in the pre-post administration of the Aggressive Behavior Scale as a whole and its dimensions in favor of the post-administration in reducing aggressive behavior. Moreover, the results indicated that there are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the treatment group in the post- and follow-up administration of the Aggressive Behavior Scale. The research recommended the need to train children on creative drama to reduce aggressive behavior and to include creative drama in the curricula prescribed for kindergarten children.

The aim of the current research is to build a program based on emotional intelligence skills to reduce the symptoms of alexithymia among students at the University of Mosul. The research sample consisted of (60) male and female students distributed into two experimental and control groups. The research aimed to identify the effect of the program based on emotional intelligence skills in reducing alexithymia among students. Students at the University of Mosul. The researcher prepared a measure for alexithymia and built a program based on Bar-On’s theory of emotional intelligence. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to extract structural validity and reliability, and the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient was used to extract reliability. And the Kuder-Richardson equation (Kuder-Richardson21 Coefficient), the Guttman equation, the t-test for the correlation coefficient, the Wilcoxon test for the significance of the differences between the average ranks of the experimental group in the pre- and post-measurements of reducing alexithymia, and the Mann-Whitney test for the significance of the differences between the average ranks of the experimental group and the group. control in the post-test of the alexithymia scale, and the results indicated that there are no statistically significant differences between the average ranks of the experimental group between the pre- and post-tests. This means that the program has a statistically significant effect in reducing the level of alexithymia among university students. Likewise, there are no statistically significant differences between the average The experimental group was arranged between the pre- and post-tests according to the dimensions of the scale. The differences are statistically significant in favor of the post-test for the experimental group and for the five dimensions. This confirms that all dimensions were affected by the program and the dimensions’ scores decreased in the post-test. The researcher presented some recommendations and proposals that should be taken into account in the future.

Educational land uses and services are considered essential public services that must be provided to all members of society. Semel city has witnessed a significant development in terms of size, area, and population increase, which has greatly contributed to the imbalance in the efficiency and distribution of educational services. This study aims to evaluate the educational land uses for according to the criteria of time and distance in the year 2023. The study identified the impact zones for educational services using spatial analysis methods within the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment, including Network Analysis and Service Area methods, in addition to determine the served housing units using Location Allocation method. The study found a decrease in the number of educational institutions according to planning standards, due to the lack in the distribution pattern of educational institutions in the study area, as well the accessibility to them by the residents of the area.

The research aims to examine the mediating role of academic boredom in the relationship between internet addiction and coping with time pressure among (254) female students at Umm Al-Qura University. After applying the research tools to the sample, the results revealed that the relationship between boredom from lectures and internet addiction components differs statistically from the relationship between boredom from lectures and coping with time pressure components among university students. In addition, there are differences between the relationship between boredom from studying and internet addiction components and the relationship between boredom from studying and coping with time pressure components among university students. This indicates the presence of direct and indirect effects of independent variables on the dependent variable through academic boredom as a mediator. It was found that wasting time has a direct positive effect on both planning and meeting deadlines, as well as accepting support from others. Additionally, there is a positive indirect effect of wasting time on determining the appropriate time for task performance and accepting support from others to cope with time pressure. It also became evident that weak family relationships have a direct positive effect on boredom from lectures and self-confidence in speed and accuracy of performance, as well as a direct negative effect on planning and meeting deadlines. There is also an indirect positive effect of weak family relationships on boredom from studying. On the other hand, the results revealed a direct positive effect of internet engagement on both boredom from lectures and boredom from studying, as well as an indirect positive effect of internet engagement on boredom from studying. It also became evident that boredom from lectures has a direct negative effect on self-confidence in speed and accuracy of performance. There is also a positive indirect effect of boredom from lectures on accepting support from others to cope with time pressure. In addition, there is a direct positive effect of boredom from studying on self-confidence in speed and accuracy of performance, determining the appropriate time for task performance, and accepting support from others to cope with time pressure. It also became evident that there is a positive indirect effect of boredom from studying on accepting support from others to cope with time pressure. The significance of these effects was interpreted in light of the results of previous studies.

Faith and knowledge are of great importance in the life of the individual and society, as they form a fundamental basis for thinking, behavior, and decision-making. Faith provides individuals with spiritual stability and inner strength to face challenges and difficulties, while knowledge serves as the primary tool for understanding the world around us and achieving progress and development in society. This study aims to explore and analyze the impact of faith and knowledge on the life of the individual and society through a descriptive-analytical approach. The study showed that faith plays a vital role in enhancing the psychological and social well-being of individuals, while knowledge is crucial in supporting progress and prosperity in society through innovation and industrial development. The study concluded that faith and knowledge are essential elements in the building and development of individuals and society, and they should be continuously promoted and supported to achieve sustainable development and social peace.

The present study aims to discover the impact of using the SWOM strategy in developing mental alertness of seventh-grade female students in social studies lessons. To achieve the aim of the study, three null hypotheses were formulated based on the use of the experimental method and choosing the design of two equal groups with a pre- and post-test in Akhtar Basic School which is affiliated with Erbil Central Education Directorate in the first semester of the academic year 2023-2024. The school was chosen intentionally from among the schools in the research community. As for the research sample, 58 female students were chosen randomly, with 29 female students in the experimental group who were taught according to the SWOM strategy, and 29 female students in the control group who were taught in the traditional method. The researchers established equivalence relationships between the following variables measured among female students (chronological age, the students’ grade in history for the previous academic year, intelligence test, parents’ academic achievement, and mental alertness scale), and were also keen to control extraneous variables so that they would not have an effect on the experiment.
With regard to the research tool, the researchers used the mental alertness scale prepared by (Aboud Al-Shamsi, 2013) for the seventh grade, which consists of 35 items. Its validity was confirmed and verified by presenting it to a group of experts and specialists in the field of education and psychology, and then calculating the reliability via the scale which was measured by retesting based on the Pearson correlation equation, where the reliability coefficient reached 0.93, which is a good reliability coefficient.
After the end of the experiment, which lasted 12 weeks, the research tool was applied to the two groups. After that, the answer sheets were collected, marked, analyzed, and processed statistically using the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. In light of the research results, the researchers came up with some conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions that serve aims of the present study and its hypotheses.

The paper in hand deals with the repetition and its effectiveness in the Quranic text by Al-Suyuti in his book (peer review of the miracle of the Qur'an), in an attempt to identify its patterns, contents, and its types because repetition has a significant influence on identifying the style and its artistic status. It is one of the significant semantic phenomena that established a stylistic characteristic that has drawn the attention of researchers from both ancient and modern times.
Repetition is one of the miracles in Quraan. Imam Al-Suyuti has discussed it under three terms: (suspects - verbal confirmation - refining). He (911 AH) is one of the famous figures, who assumed a prominent position among the late scholars, and have numerous reference along with indexes. As for his book (peer review of the miracle of the Qur'an), it is considered as one of the key recourses, where he basically concentrated on the study of the Quranic miracle.
In his book, he adopted the opinions of previous scholars. The book contains thirty-five chapters, all of which were devoted to the reflection upon the Quranic miracles, where he explained precisely everything in detail with reference to samples suitable with each topic.

Education is one of the important topics, because it gives a complete picture of the history of any Iraqi city, which will lead us to get to know the political, economic, and social reality of that city as a mirror reflecting those aspects. This study came to shed light on the study of primary education in Kirkuk district, at an important stage in the history of Iraq, formally independent from Britain, which is distinguished by being the real beginning of the development of education in Iraq in general, and Kirkuk district in particular, after the Iraqis took over knowledge affairs away from British advice in 1946. Their serious attempts to develop primary education, which is the basic building block for other educational stages, through the administrative formations of the Ministry of Education in the Iraqi brigades, and through direct supervision of the progress of the educational process and identifying the dilemmas that hinder it. It was not limited to the scientific aspect only, but also paid special attention to the health aspects by establishing clinics in the Iraqi brigades, which were known as (Knowledge Correctness) to spread health awareness among students, believing that building a strong state can only be achieved through building an educated society.The study was based on the annual reports that were issued by the Ministry of Education, which is known as (the annual report on the progress of knowledge), which was one of the important documents that dealt with all aspects of educational institutions in terms of school buildings, the budget allocated to the Ministry of Education.

What is meant by the stylistic structure present in the poem in particular and the discourse in general is the study of the creative text in terms of the compositional, constructional and semantic structures in addition to the stylistic structures consisting of three aspects. The first is the choice, the second is the composition, and the third is the deviation. These aspects are relied upon in addition to the dualities in the poem, and how the poet will employ them to serve the poetic purpose, which is to offer condolences to Sayf Al-Dawla Al-Hamdani on the death of his Turkish slave, Yamak. Studying this poem based on the search for stylistic characteristics represented by these various aspects makes the text and discourse influential and expressive, as it arouses emotions and stirs feelings in the souls of readers and listeners. These characteristics are not patterns whose function is only secondary or non-essential. Rather, these stylistic characteristics are essential and strike at the heart of the discourse and show high values in it.
The compositional structure in Al-Mutanabbi’s poetic discourse consists of studying sentences, phrasesnd constructional methods, and explaining the significance of each type and its effect in serving the overall text and poetic purpose, which contribute to the effectiveness of the discourse and give it expressive features and stylistic characteristics on the semantic level.

This research examines the impact of Saah al-Din al-Ayyubi’s personality on poetry in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Hegira. During these centuries, poets addressed the events faced by the Islamic nation, particularly the crusader occupation of holy places and Islamic territories, They reflected on this period until Allah prepared for the nation someone who would restore its dignity, honor, and glory, namely the jihadist leader Sultan Salah al-Din.
The research focuses on two main axes:
The first axis discusses the braver, Jihad, and heroism embodied by this hero and manifested in practical reality with sincerity and integrity.
The second axis examines justice, generosity and munificence, forgiveness, and tolerance, even towards enemies, and fluffing commitments even with adversaries.
Hence, it imperative to delve into the remarkable character of Salah al-Din for his sacrifices and rare heroism, which poets immortalized in their poetry, praising his achievements and endeavors on the battlefield in defense of Islam and its sons without fear or hesitation.

Research Summary :
The research aims to identify the effect of using Thelin’s model on the achievement of sixth-grade literary students in history. To achieve this goal, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis. The research community consisted of all sixth-grade literary students in public schools in the city of Kirkuk for the academic year (2022-2023). As for the research sample, it was chosen intentionally from the research community from his school (Al-Nidal Secondary School for Boys), and consisted of (61) students from the sixth literary grade, distributed in a simple random manner into two equal groups in a number of variables (chronological age, previous information, and history grade for the grade). The fifth was literary, the degree of intelligence, tribal thinking, and the educational level of the parents. The first was experimental and was chosen from Division (A) and included (27) students who studied the subject according to Thelin’s model. The second was control, and was chosen from Division (B) and included (34) students from the same group. The school (Al-Nidal Secondary School for Boys) taught the same subject according to the usual method. In order to achieve the goal of the research and implement his experiment, the researcher prepared a number of study plans for the experimental and control groups, and to test his hypotheses, this required an achievement test tool prepared by the researcher, and in its final form it consisted of (32) paragraphs, including (26) objective paragraphs of the multiple-choice type, four alternatives and the others (6). ) Specific-answer essay paragraphs (performative) and according to Bloom’s classification for the cognitive domain of the levels: (remembering, understanding, and applying). The researcher verified its validity, psychometric properties, and reliability. After that, the researcher carried out his experiment himself at the beginning of the first semester on (10/12/2022), and it ended. On (12/21/2022), he then applied the two research tools to the sample members, then collected data from members of the experimental and control groups, and analyzed statistically using two t-tests for two independent and correlated samples and reached the following result:
First: There is no statistically significant difference between the average achievement scores of individuals in the experimental and control groups for geography, in favor of the experimental group.
In light of the results, the researcher came up with a number of conclusions, including: the possibility of applying Thelen’s model in teaching history, and its effectiveness in the literary achievement of sixth-grade students. He also made a number of recommendations to those responsible for education in the Ministries of Education and Higher Education regarding the need for male and female teachers to teach history according to this model, in addition to students in the colleges of education and basic education. Finally, it was suggested that similar and complementary studies be conducted in other classrooms, and in cognitive, skill, and affective dependent variables

The main Balak River basin is located at an altitude of 543 m-3619 m, in the northeast of Erbil Governorate. Within the Zagros-Taurus geological part, according to Jassim Goff and (2006) division of Iraq. The basin extends within zones of: high folds, Imbricated and thrust faults. The quantification of geomorphological indices, which are widely used to evaluate tectonic activity, has been chosen with the help and development of digital elevation data analysis within GIS, thus, providing more efficient processing in geomorphological data management. Emergence of interest in the influence of faults and deformations on fold growth and the evolution of drainage basins. And surface runoff. The results of the I_AT index showed that the main Balak Basin falls into the very high activity category. With the variation in categories between its secondary basins, between the second category, which is the category of high tectonic activity, such as the Derband, Haji Omran, Sukran, Qasri, Akoyan, Razanuk basins, and Doula Tora basin. Because it is located along the thrust and normal faults extending in the eastern, northeastern, and southeastern sides of the study area. The third category is the moderate activity category for the Nawanda, Khelan and Rusty basins. The presence of neotectonic movements in the study area is also evident from the high values of S_L, the formation of asymmetric basins, valleys deviated from the center line of their basins, low values of V_F, and thus the formation of narrow and deep valleys in the shape of a V, due to the high rates of uplift and deep vertical incision of the currents, due to the dominance of tectonic activity. On corrosion processes. And the integration of Hypsometric maturity for the study area and its basins.

“This study investigates the efficacy of integrating short stories into the curriculum of sixth-grade English classes to enhance English language proficiency among students in the Basra Governorate Center. It also explores the challenges encountered by teachers in teaching short stories. Eighty-nine experienced English language teachers participated in the study, responding to a questionnaire comprising ten questions, including seven closed questions and three open ones. Findings reveal that short stories significantly contribute to vocabulary expansion, language skill development, and critical thinking enhancement among students. Nevertheless, teachers face challenges such as time constraints, curriculum density, students' low proficiency levels, creativity deficiency, and inadequate lesson preparation, culminating in psychological and physical strain on teachers. These challenges have a negative relationship with each other, each one amplifying the effect of the other, culminating in an escalated negative effect on both the teacher and student. Based on the study results, the study suggests providing communication and cooperation between teachers and providing training courses for teachers on time management and allocating time effectively for teaching subjects.

This rhetorical study explores the intricate process of translating English broken heart quotes into Arabic, with a focus on capturing the emotional essence and rhetorical nuances of the original text. It aims to investigate the challenges and strategies involved in conveying the intended sentiments while maintaining cultural relevance and linguistic aesthetics during the translation process. Due to the disparities between English and Arabic, it is hypothesized that speaking one’s mind is dissimilar. To establish this point, One hundred heartbreak quotes are selected and analyzed based on the quantitative method. Among them, Ten quotes are translated into Arabic by three instructors at the Department of Translation, College of Arts, University of Tikreet (2023/2024), and analyzed according to the qualitative method, and Newmark’s (1988) Translation model.
The conclusions of this study are expected to contribute to the fields of translation studies, rhetoric, and cross-cultural communication.