Political Sciences Journal

The results of the historical review of social facts in general and political facts in particular show that the practical motives and procedural applications of social engineering as a specific activity primarily related to (designing and producing = manufacturing) the social and political characteristics of the human being and society, appeared in modern Western societies before they appeared in other societies. These results also show that the emergence of those practical motives and their applications in the West also preceded the emergence of modern theoretical foundations for them there, which seems to be the prevailing and usual context everywhere and in most areas of life, if not all of them. Since the social and political dimensions overlap in human life and are completely, comprehensively and permanently intertwined, interest in this engineering appeared in the West at an early time, in the form of interest in social engineering of the individual and society more than it appeared in the form of interest in political engineering.

Each country that makes up the international community and is active in international and regional relations has specific components and tools, and the roles of these countries vary according to these components and tools, as there are countries that play an influential and effective international role, and others play an influential and effective regional role. In order for the international or regional role to be effective and influential, it must be based on a set of conditions that give it a degree of credibility and achieve the goals of the role. The state influences the decisions of other countries by virtue of its ability

Islamic thought still suffers from the problems raised by Western thought in the modern era, especially after the establishment of the modern Arab state, and its replacement of the intellectual reference that was prevalent at that time, represented by Islamic thought, with another intellectual reference represented by Western thought. Since that time, thinkers, innovators, reformers, and intellectuals among the Islamists have been trying to get out of these many and varied problems, after the character of that thought and that reference was imposed with all its consequences. Among these problems that Islamic thought still suffers from is that dual problem that some academics raised as the title of a symposium called (Islam and Modernity). This problem is still renewed with the passage of time, and the consequences of adopting the Western reference continue to raise it from time to time.

The rise of political Islam movements is among the most prominent phenomena of the popular uprisings witnessed by the Arab world. However, this rise and the rise of some movements to power raised many problems for the theses of political Islam, especially those linked to the theses of Islamic ideologues and their slogan (implementing Sharia) as the supreme reference and source of legitimacy and authority given its divine origin. They said that it should be applied to achieve the Islamic solution, and thus the state became, in the theses of some Islamists, a tool for implementing Sharia and thus preserving religion.

Since the end of World War II, the United States of America began to look at the Arab Gulf States and Iraq as a result of their possession of huge quantities of oil, after American oil began to run out in order to tighten its control over the oil of these countries. It adopted various means, political and military, within the framework of its global strategy, until it was able to achieve this control, which focused on controlling production and prices, because of its conviction that whoever controls oil imposes his control over the political decision of the countries of the world as a whole.

The US invasion of Iraq in 2003 unleashed the suppressed national aspirations of the Kurdish people. After the colonial powers, especially Britain, failed to establish a homeland for the Kurds scattered across Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Iran, the Kurds of Iraq were able to establish a semi-independent state in the north of the country in a move they consider a reward for their decades-long struggle against the central authority in Baghdad in protest against what they call the forced integration of the Kurds into the Iraqi state, and to obtain more rights and privileges as partners in this homeland.

The Russian foreign policy in the post-Cold War era faced dilemmas in light of the international and regional data represented by the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the formation of the new unipolar international system led by the United States of America. Therefore, the Russian foreign policy decision-making circle was divided over the nature of the foreign policy that should be followed and that is supposed to achieve Russian goals, especially since the goals of Russian foreign policy were determined within the framework of trying to restore the status and the leading role, in addition to establishing some fundamental changes so that they are consistent with the new international situation in the post-September 11, 2001 era. Therefore, the Russian Federation relied within the scope of its foreign policy on multiple circles in order to ensure the possibility of achieving its political-economic stability, as each of these circles seeks to achieve its goals that serve the side of achieving the basic goal, which is strengthening the comprehensive strategy of the Russian Federation. Hence, the Arabian Gulf region has been characterized by a special importance in the Russian foreign policy system, especially after the British withdrawal from East of Suez. This Russian awareness was reinforced after the American war on Afghanistan in 2001, as Russia lost a new bet (the Afghan bet) and thus the ability to make Afghanistan an arena of political-economic influence for Russia was lost after they lost it in the strategic sense more than two decades ago, on the one hand. On the other hand, after the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, we see that the Russians lost what remained of their bets in the Arabian Gulf region (the Iraqi bet).

The phenomenon of social movements has occupied researchers, based on the scope of their influence on political events, the nature of the broad role they play, and their distinct ability to influence, through their diverse and multiple activities and events. They practiced their activities through new and unconventional peaceful means, through clear slogans and specific goals. They were able to mobilize activists from different classes, categories and social segments of the Iraqi people. The demands focused on freedoms, rights, dignity, and social justice.

The entire world, and the Arab world in particular, which is an important part of this international system, is experiencing a radical transformation phase at all levels. This mosaic of political, economic, social and military relations and alliances, whether based on the private interests of major countries or on mutual interests that linked countries with major economies, has undergone conflicting social, economic, political and military transformations. These transformations still carry more surprises at all levels. Nothing remains constant, everything is changing. Relations have changed, alliances have shifted, loyalties have fallen, principles and values ​​have changed, and the dazzling imperialist economies have collapsed. Nothing remains constant except the will of the masses.

The contemporary nation-state, by virtue of its institutional nature, is divided into political and non-political institutions, according to the jurisdiction of each of them. It is natural that non-political institutions, in performing their functions, are subject to the control of the political institution, for two reasons: the first is that the political institution is distinguished by its decisions being public, and the second is ensuring the achievement of cooperation, harmony and integration between these institutions, despite their differences, in the service of the stability and continuity of society and the achievement of its higher goals.

The systems of government in Europe are distinguished by being ancient democratic systems, which have grown and developed over a long history of political conflicts that have emerged from a social reality that feeds them and receives the resulting influences. It is an achievement that has been obtained after great sacrifices and efforts in formulating models of good governance through which it seeks to achieve the aspirations of its people. The democratic system operates within a balanced mechanism represented by two competing parties to manage and direct the work of the government and parliament. The parties that achieve the majority in the elections carry out the tasks of the government, supported in this by their parliamentary base that belongs to one party or a group of parties that are united within a common intellectual and ideological approach, while the parties that have not achieved victory take the position of the opposition in parliament, each according to the programs and plans that seek to be correct in managing the state and what it deems appropriate in legislating laws and exercising the tasks of the government

Security expresses a continuous and complex movement that keeps pace with international and societal needs and developments, in all their dimensions, interactions and levels. To constitute a comprehensive requirement for all, countries, societies and individuals. The issue of security constitutes one of the most important motives and incentives that control behavior, and even the goals of those societies and countries, as those groups or individuals have always sought to search for what spares them fear and harm, and what provides them with stability, security and reassurance. In light of this, security studies are considered among the important fields of study in the field of international and strategic relations, as the field has witnessed many theoretical efforts, starting from the traditional perspective that limited understanding to specific dimensions, through the renaissance of this field in the Cold War era, which reconsidered some of its basic assumptions