Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Previously, many empirical models have been used to predict corrosion rates under
different CO2 corrosion parameters conditions. Most of these models did not predict
the corrosion rate exactly, besides it determined effects of variables by holding some
variables constant and changing the values of other variables to obtain the regression
model. As a result the experiments will be large and cost too much. In this paper
response surface methodology (RSM) was proposed to optimize the experiments and
reduce the experimental running. The experiments studied effects of temperature (40
– 60 °C), pH (3-5), acetic acid (HAc) concentration (1000-3000 ppm) and rotation
speed (1000-1500 rpm) on CO2 corrosion performance of the regression model
calculated by RSM. The experiments were conducted in saturated solution of CO2
with 3.5 % NaCl solution. STATISTICA program version 10 was used for data
analysis. In conclusion a quadratic model is proposed to predict the effect of
mentioned variables in CO2 environment.

Furfural is one of the one of pollutants in refinery industrial wastewaters. In this
study advanced oxidation process using UV/H2O2 was investigated for furfural
degradation in synthetic wastewater. The results from the experimental work showed
that the degradation of furfural decreases as its concentration increases, reaching
100% at 50mg/l furfural concentration and increasing the concentration of H2O2 from
250 to 500 mg/l increased furfural removal from 40 to 60%.The degradation of
furfural reached 100% after 90 min exposure time using two UV lamps, where it
reached 60% using one lamp after 240 min exposure time. The rate of furfural
degradation k increased at the pH and initial concentration of furfural decreased, but
different H2O2concentrations indicated no significant effects on the reaction rate.
UV/H2O2 process is effective for furfural degradation in wastewater at neutral pH
where the disposal of such effluents will be within the environmental limitations.

Iraqi kaolin was used for the preparation and characterization of NaY zeolite for
biodiesel production via esterification reaction. Oleic acid was used usually as a
typical simulated feedstock of high acid number for the esterification reaction.
The chemical composition for the prepared Nay zeolite is as following:
(Ca2.6Na1.K0.1)(Al6.3Si17.7)O48.16H2O, the silica to alumina ratio in the prepared
catalyst was found equal to 2.6 and Na2O content was 12.26 wt. %, with relative
crystallinity equal to 147.4 % obtained by the X-ray diffraction. The surface area
result shows that the prepared catalyst has 330 m2
/g. While, the measured pore
volume by nitrogen adsorption was equal to 0.35 cm3
/ g. SEM images show notable
differences between the kaolin crystal and prepared NaY crystal.
The effect of NaY zeolite, as a loaded catalyst in the esterification of oleic acid
reaction did not show any significant change of oleic acid conversion for catalyst load
more than 5 wt. %. The reused NaY zeolite is loses 31 % of its activity because of that
the pores are filled with water and other organic molecules and that may cause
poisoning the catalyst.

The effect of three ionic liquids viz., 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium
tetrafluoroborate (ILE), 1-hexyl-3-metylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (ILF) and
1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (ILG) when used as surfactants on the
performance of dissolved air floatation (DAF) was investigated.
Experiments were conducted at a temperature of 30-35 ºC, 10ppm ferric chloride as
coagulant, 50% recycle ratio, pH 8, and 10 minutes treatment time to find oil and
grease (OG) and turbidity removal efficiencies at saturation pressure (2-6) bar.
ILs were used at concentration of 50 µl/liter of treated water in two positions in DAF
system; the saturation vessel and the treatment tank. The performance using ILs in the
saturation vessel were better than that in treatment tank because ILs reduced the
surface tension of water, which lead to an increase in the solubility of air in water and
eventually increase the microbubble formation. The OG removal efficiency using
ILG as an efficient surfactant in saturation vessel was higher than that in the treatment
tank and higher than other ILs (ILG>ILF>ILE). The removal efficiency reached about
90% at a saturation pressure of 5 bar, and 85% at 3 bar, which reduces the operation
costs. The treated water oil concentration at 3bar was 9.5 ppm, which meets the Iraqi
pre-disposal regulatory limit.

Noor Oil Field is one of Iraqi oil fields located in Missan province / Amarah city.
This field is not subjected to licensing rounds, but depends on the national effort of
Missan Oil Company. The first two wells in the field were drilled in seventies and
were not opened to production until 2009. The aim of this study is to study the
possibility of using the method of gas lift to increase the productivity of this field .
PROSPER software was used to design the continuous gas lift by using maximum
production rate in the design.
The design was made after comparing the measured pressure with the calculated
pressure, this comparison show that the method of Beggs-Brill and Petroleum
Expert2 gave the best results; therefore, these correlations have been adopted in the
design of gas lift.
The point of gas injection had been selected; the optimum gas injection rate, the
maximum oil production rate, the number of valves required for gas injection and
their depth, the pressure required to open and close each valve were calculated. The
effect of water-cut, change the amount of ratio of gas to oil and decline reservoir
pressure in natural flow case and gas lift method case were studied. The results of
gas lift design show that the maximum oil production rate is (1000) STB/Day and the
optimum gas injection rate (2.65) MM Scf/Day at using operating pressure of (0011)
psi available at casing head and the minimum bottom hole following pressure is
(1501.5) psi.

This article includes the preparation of luminescence materials from rare earth (Eu )
ion doping Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) 70% and SiO2 25% and study the characteristics of
phosphors for ultraviolet to visible conversion. The phosphor materials have been
synthesized by two steps: Preparing the powder by solid state method using Y2O3,
SiO2 and Eu2O3 with doping materials concentration (70%, 25% and 5%) respectively
and different calcination temperature (1000, 1200 and 1400 oC).
The second step is to prepare the colloid solution by dispersing the produced
powder in a polyvinyl alcohol solution (4%) .
Powder preparation is achieved by mixing the powder according to weight
percentage, milling by a ball mill using yttrium stabilized zirconia with the aid of
propanol for homogenization then calcination the mixture at the above temperatures.
The produced powder was characterized by X-Ray diffraction.
Colloid preparation is achieved by dissolving the PVA in water (4%) then
dispersing the powder into the solution by using the hot plate magnetic stirrer and
ultrasonic bath. The produced powder was characterized by using Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) and Photoluminescence spectra (PL).
The results of photoluminescence spectra show that samples were emitting red color
with wave length of 612nm. The intensity of emission was increased with increasing
calcination temperature.

One of the most important and common problems in petroleum engineering;
reservoir, and production engineering is coning; either water or gas coning. Almost
75% of the drilled wells worldwide contains this problem, and in Iraq water coning
problem is much wider than the gas coning problem thus in this paper we try to clarify
most of the reasons causing water coning and some of applicable solutions to avoid it
using the simulation program (CMG Builder) to build a single well model considering
an Iraqi well in north of Iraq black oil field with a bottom water drive, Coning was
decreased by 57% by dividing into sub-layers (8) layers rather than (4) layers, also it
was decreased (Coning) by 45% when perforation numbers and positions was
changed.

Drag reduction (DR) techniques are used to improve the flow by spare the flow
energy. The applications of DR are conduits in oil pipelines, oil well operations and
flood water disposal, many techniques for drag reduction are used. One of these
techniques is microbubbles. In this work, reduce of drag percent occurs by using a
small bubbles of air pumped in the fluid transported. Gasoil is used as liquid
transporting in the pipelines and air pumped as microbubbles. This study shows that
the maximum value of drag reduction is 25.11%