Basrah Journal For Date Palm Research

The current study was conducted at the Date Palm Research Center – University of Basrah
from 25/1/2018 to 3/2/2019. It aims at examining the effect of Adenine Sulphates and
Sucrose on the rooting of the vegetative buds of date palm cv. Barhi that are Produced in
vitro. Four concentrations of Adenine Sulphates were used 30, 60, 90, 120 mg l-1 and two
concentrations of Sucrose (30,45) g l-1 with the existence of 0.5 mg l-1 IBA. The nutrient
medium of MS salts was used together with activated charcoal 250 mg l-1.
The results showed a significant increase of the concentration 120 mg l-1 of Adenine
Sulphates in the studied characters (the percentage of rooting buds and the numbers,
lengths, and diameters of roots) which were scored as 87.5%, 2.5, 6.65 cm and 0.25 mm
respectively.
The concentrations 45 g l-1 showed a significant increase than the concentrations 30 in the
percentage of the rooting buds as well as the number and length of the roots whose values
were 83.6%, 2.25 and 5.32 cm respectively. The concentrations 30 g l-1 showed a
significant increase than the concentrations 40 in the diameter of roots whose average was
0.20 mm.
The results of the interaction showed a significant in cease in the interaction of (120 mg l-1
of Adenine Sulphates with 40 g l-1 of Sucrose) in the percentage of rooted vegetative buds,
the number, and lengths of the other interactions whose values were 88.5%, 3 roots, and
6.8 cm respectively. In addition, the interaction of the same concentrations of Adenine
Sulphates with 30 g l-1 sucrose showed a significant increase compared with the other
interactions in the diameter of roots which was 0.25 mm.

The study was conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture / University of Thi-Qar during (2017-2018), the primary objective of this project was to study the effect of sodium chloride, salicylic acid and their interaction on some chemical properties of date palm leaves Phoenix dactylifera L. c.v. Nabout Saif produced from tissue culture. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) using three concentrations of sodium chloride (75, 150 and 225 mM) and two concentrations of salicylic acid (50 and 100 mg.L-1) in addition to the control treatment , and the results were expressed as means for three measurements. Sodium chloride had a significant effect on the studied parameters, the treatment of sodium chloride at a concentration of (225 mM) showed a significant increase in the concentrations of ( proline amino acid, sodium and chloride elements), and resulted in a significant decrease in the concentrations of (potassium and the ratio of potassium /sodium).The salicylic acid spraying treatments had a significant effect and the salicylic acid treatment at (100 mg . l -1) concentration significantly decreased the concentrations of (Sodium and chloride elements ) and a significant increase in potassium concentration , In addition, the treatment with salicylic acid at 50 mg. l-1 appeared at the highest concentration levels of (Proline amino acid). While no significant effects of salicylic acid treatments on the Ratio of Potassium / Sodium. The effect of the interaction between sodium chloride and salicylic acid treatments showed a significant effect on some of the studied parameters, where the interaction between sodium chloride at 150 mM concentration and salicylic acid at a concentration of 50 mg. L-1 significantly increased in the concentration of proline . While the interaction treatment between sodium chloride at 75 mM concentration and salicylic acid at a concentration of 50 mg. L-1 showed the lowest average concentration of sodium element. The treatment of the interaction between sodium chloride (mM 0) and salicylic acid (100 mg. L-1) appeared the lowest average of chloride concentration and the highest average of the potassium concentration and potassium to sodium ratio , While the interaction treatment between sodium chloride at 75 mM concentration and salicylic acid at a concentration of 0 mg. L-1 showed the lowest average of the potassium concentration and potassium / sodium ratio.

This study was carried out in one the private orchards in Al- Haritha area – Al- Meshab area , 25 Km away from Basrah Governorate center during the 2017 and 2018 seasons , in order to determine the effect of spraying on the antioxidants ( ascorbic acid and tocopherol) and the Silicon element in the concentration of some plant pigments , chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids , soluble protein , carbohydrates and amino acid proline in date palm offshoots leaves cv. Barhi under salt stress . The results showed a higher concentration of 450mg. L-1 of ascorbic acid effectiveness significant in concentration of ( chlorophyll a , b , total chlorophyll, Carotenoids , soluble protein, and Total soluble carbohydrates in both seasons, with the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a , b , total chlorophyll , and carotenoids ( 6.33 , 7.55 ) , ( 3.87 , 3.62 ) , ( 10.21 , 11.18 ), ( 0.049 , 0.145 ) mg . 100 g-1 , and recorded values ( 4.12 , 5.06 ) , ( 46.18 , 47.36 ) mg . g-1 soluble protein and Total soluble carbohydrates . While the control treatment recorded the lowest values ( 5.02 , 4.93 ) , ( 2.21, 2.35 ) , ( 7.24 , 7.26 ) , ( 0.026 , 0.026 ) , mg . 100 g-1 and ( 2.76 , 2.76 ) , ( 29.82 , 29.83 ) mg. g-1 for chlorophyll a , b , total , soluble protein , and Total soluble carbohydrates respectively . The spray treatment with tocopherol was measured at a concentration of 450 mg. L-1 a significant reduction in the concentration of the amino acid proline in the leaves in both seasons amounted to 18.25, 17.03 μg .g-1, compared with the control treatment with the highest values of 32.42, 32.49 μg .g-1. The effect of the number of sprinklers had a significant effect on the studied traits, and the bilateral interaction showed a significant effect on the traits studied.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of liquid (University fertilizer ) and Trichoderma harzianum in the growth Parameters of date palm Seedling Barhee cultivar . The results of the experiment showed that the addition of liquid fertilizer or T.harzianum resulted in a significant increase in growth characteristics (length of vegetative, fresh and dry weight). The results showed that the superiority of the interference treatment of the liquid fertilizer with T.harzianum resulted in an increase in vegetative height and root length compared to other treatments. The same treatment gave the highest rate of vegetative height and root length of 28.56 and 24.25 cm respectively, while the control treatment (without addition) gave the lowest rate of vegetative height and the root length of the root, recording 15.22 and 10.37 cm, respectively, Interference treatment gave the highest rate of light weight of the vegetative and root of 1.81 and 1.50 g respectively, while the control treatment gave the lowest average weight of the vegetative and root of 0.21 and 0.26 g respectively. Interaction treatment gave the highest dry weight ratio of the vegetative and root of 0.95 and 0.84 g respectively, while the control treatment gave the lowest dry weight of the vegetative and root of 0.23 and 0.12 g respectively.

The effect of the pollen variety( Ghannamy Ahmer, Ghannamy Akhder, Samasmi, Khikri ) on the effectiveness of the enzymes of the maturity (invertase, cellulase, and polyphenols oxidase) was studied for date palm fruit cultivars grown in the Fayhaa-Shatt al-Arab region for the 2011 growth season. The results showed that the pollen significant effect on reaction of maturity enzyme , while enzyme reaction differenced owing to pollen cultivar . As the results showed that the pollen Varity ( Ghannamy Ahmer ) significantly in increase invertase and cellulase enzyme at Hababok stage and significant superiority than ether cultevar, the Ghannamy Akhder and Khikri significant effect in increase invertase enzyme reaction at end Kimri stage (12th after pollination) . As for, Samasmi cultivar showed maximum enzyme reaction of tow stage from growth and development at start Kimri and Rutab stage , as results showed the four cultivar from pollen grain high enzyme activity for cellulase enzyme at Kimri stage (8th after pollination ) . As for ppo enzyme record high enzymatic reaction at start Kimri stage for fruits pollination of pollen grain Samasmi , Khikri and Ghannamy Akhder ,as for the fruits pollination of pollen grain Ghannamy Ahmer appeared high action at end Kimri stage . The conclusion from the study that the pollen cultivars effected in behavior and activity of maturity enzyme. The result s indicate significantly for Ghannamy Akhder cultivar in ripening ratio to reached 42.98% ,this increase correlated with the greatest increases in invertase enzyme activity. While the Khikri cultivar showed a decrease in maturity compared to the other that reached 20.37%

The present study has been conducted at the labrotary of Date palm Research Center –University of Basrah to evaluates the efficiency of growth regulater hormon ,Salicylic acid and some Chimecal insecticides to control the White Scales Insect Paralatoria blanchardi L. as one of the most important Date palm pests.Resuls indicated that all examined concentrations of SA were very effective against all stages of the pest after 7days of treatements which were38.12, 40.24 ,42.64and 46.56% as mortality perant at concentration of 0.5,0.7 , 0.8 and 1mM, respectively. Obtained results revealed that Thiamethaxam application resulted in a good level of control to pest which was 66.78% after 7 days of treatment , while the result of Methidathion and Dichlovos were 61.65 and 58.33% respectively at the same time . Foliar spray of infected leaves with white scales insect with Salicylic acid significantly increased on the leaves content of total chlorophyll ,carotenoid and phenolic compound compard with infected leaves only.

The study has been conducted during the growth season 2017 at Shatt al-Arab district AL- Basrah province. The study evaluate the effect of spraying the red male tree with boron and calcium with different concentrations in develop pollen grain and their effects in fruit ripening two cultivars of date palms phoenix dactylifera L Hillawi and Sayer .The experiment included five factorial treatments, control, two concentrations of boron 750, 1500 mg.L-1in from boric acid H2Bo3 and two concentrations of calcium1250, 2500 mg. L-1 in from calcium nitrate Ca (No3) 2. The male trees were sprayed twice the first spray treatment on 10 January and the second after 15 days from the first, the factorial experiment and the design is (R.C.B.D. ) with three replications . The results showed that spraying by boron and calcium caused significant increase in all the studied characteristics. The male trees of sprying with calcium 2500 mg . L-1 gave high yield components ( fruit weight, mesocarp fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, bunch weight, total yield were( 9.35g ,8.35g, 3.62cm,1.83cm,7.10kg ,43.15kg in comparative with Boron treatment 1500 mg . L-1gave high chemical characteristics values (TSS), reduced sugars, total sugars, protein which were ( 38.37, 34.73,43.86) % , 58.82gm.kg-1.

Iraq is one of the highest dates producers of the world; the total production of dates was estimated 37.556 tons in Basra province at the season of 2016-2017; however, a significant reduction of dates due to heavily disease incidence of fungal pathogens is expected. Protection of date palm from fungal pathogens including Serenomyces phoenicis and Mauginiella scattae is a crucial factor in reducing losses. During the season of 2016-2017, an extensive program of chemical control was applied in date palm orchards to protect date palm trees form the diseases by using fungicides Swift®, Othello TopTM and Brik®.
Results showed the efficiency of Swift® in disease control of leaf blight pathogen (S. phoenicis); the disease incidence was reduced from 23.4 and 6.3% at the North and South of Basra to 6.8 and 1.9%, respectively after 14 days of fungicide treatment; respectively. The disease severity was 18 and 12.7% at the North and South of Basra; respectively and reduced significantly up to 4.7 and 4.3% in Swift® treatment. Followed by Othello TopTM and Brik® fungicides.
Similar trend of results was observed with inflorescence rot disease, the fungicide Swift® showed the best activity in decrease both disease incidence and severity at the North and South of Basra date palm orchards.