Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

New types of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst Re-Ni-Mo/ γ-Al2O3 was prepared
and tested separately with two prepared conventional HDS catalysts (Ni-Mo/ γ-Al2O3
and Co-Mo//γ-Al2O3) by using a pilot plant hydrotreatment unit. Activities of three
prepared hydrodesulfurization catalysts were examined in hydrodesulfurization
(HDS) of atmospheric gas oil at different temperatures 275 to 350 °C and LHSV 1 to
4 h-1
, the reactions conducted under constant pressure 40 bar and H2/HC ratio 500
ml/ml .Moreover, the hydrogenation of aromatic (HAD) in gas oil has been studied.
HDS was much improved by adding promoter Re to the Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. The
results showed that Re-Ni-Mo/ γ-Al2O3 have more activity in desulfurization than NiMo//γ-Al2O3 and Co-Mo/ γ-Al2O3 catalysts. The efficiency of hydrodesulfurization
was markedly reduced over the Co -Mo/ γ-Al2O3.Also the result showed that NiMo//γ-Al2O3 have a minimum aromatic content 15.44 %

The esterification of oleic acid with 2-ethylhexanol in presence of sulfuric acid as
homogeneous catalyst was investigated in this work to produce 2-ethylhexyl oleate
(biodiesel) by using semi batch reactive distillation. The effect of reaction temperature
(100 to 130°C), 2-ethylhexanol:oleic acid molar ratio (1:1 to 1:3) and catalysts
concentration (0.2 to 1wt%) were studied. Higher conversion of 97% was achieved
with operating conditions of reaction temperature of 130°C, molar ratio of free fatty
acid to alcohol of 1:2 and catalyst concentration of 1wt%. A simulation was adopted
from basic principles of the reactive distillation using MATLAB to describe the
process. Good agreement was achieved

The corrosion


distilled water and after
adding three types of oxygen scavengers Hydroquinone, Ascorbic acid and
Monoethanolamine in different concentrations 40,60 and 80 ppm has been
investigated using weight loss method. The carbon steel specimens were immersed in
water containing 8.2 ppm dissolved oxygen (DO) by using autoclave. It was found
that corrosion behavior of carbon steel was greatly influenced by temperature with
high pressure. The corrosion rate decreases, when adding any one of oxygen
scavengers. The best results were obtained at a concentration of 80 ppm of each
scavenger. It was observed that hydroquinone is the best among the other scavengers
in reducing the corrosion rate at the temperatures and pressures of this investigation
and most efficient in the consumption of oxygen especially 80 ppm, it reduces the
concentration of oxygen in water from 8.2 to 0.8 ppm, while the ascorbic acid reduces
the oxygen concentration to 1.4 and monoethanolamine reduces the concentration of
oxygen to 1.9 . It has been observed that hydroquinone reacts with oxygen quickly
and at low temperatures while the other scavengers react slowly with oxygen.

The cathodic deposition of zinc from simulated chloride wastewater was used to
characterize the mass transport properties of a flow-by fixed bed electrochemical
reactor composed of vertical stack of stainless steel nets, operated in batch-recycle
mode. The electrochemical reactor employed potential value in such a way that the
zinc reduction occurred under mass transport control. This potential was determined
by hydrodynamic voltammetry using a borate/chloride solution as supporting
electrolyte on stainless steel rotating disc electrode. The results indicate that mass
transfer coefficient (Km) increases with increasing of flow rate (Q) where

.The electrochemical reactor proved to be efficient in removing zinc and was
able to reduce the levels of this metal to lower than 0.7 ppm starting from initial
concentration of 48.4 mg dm-3
ppm in 120 minutes using ratio of cathode
volume/catholyte volume equal to 0.0075. Sherwood and Reynolds numbers were
correlated to characterize the mass transport properties of the reactor

In many oil fields only the BHC logs (borehole compensated sonic tool) are
available to provide interval transit time (Δtp), the reciprocal of compressional wave
velocity VP.
To calculate the rock elastic or inelastic properties, to detect gas-bearing formations,
the shear wave velocity VS is needed. Also VS is useful in fluid identification and
matrix mineral identification.
Because of the lack of wells with shear wave velocity data, so many empirical
models have been developed to predict the shear wave velocity from compressional
wave velocity. Some are mathematical models others used the multiple regression
method and neural network technique.
In this study a number of empirical models were considered to predict VS from VP.
The models had been correlated and a general equation, based on statistical method,
was established for carbonate rocks.
The proposed equation, then, was examined using log data and good results
observed.

Experimental densities, viscosities η, and refractive indices nD data of the ternary
ethanol+ n-hexane + 3-methyl pentane system have been determined at temperatures
293.15,303.15 and 313.15 K and at atmospheric pressure then these properties were
calculated theoretically by using mixing rules for densities, viscosities and refractive
indices .After that the theoretical data and the experimental data were compared due
to the high relative errors in viscosities an equation of viscosity was proposed to
decrease the relative errors.

The aim of the present work is to develop a new class of natural fillers based
polymer composites with sawdust (S.D) which used two particle sizes (1.2 μm & 2.3
μm) and different weight percentage from sawdust (10%, 15%, and 20%). The
mechanical properties studied include hardness (shore D) for all samples at normal
conditions (N.C). The unsaturated polyester (UPE) and its composites samples were
immersed in water for 30 days to find the effect of particle size of sawdust (S.D) on
the weight gain (Mt %) by water for all the samples, also to find the effect of water on
their hardness. The results show that the composite materials of sawdust (S.D) fillers
which has particle size (1.2 μm) better than (2.3 μm) particle size before & after the
immersion in water. Also the results show a decrease in the values of the hardness for
the UPE and its composites samples after immersion in water. The results show that
the UPE and its composites samples have relatively increased values of weight gain
(Mt %) by water with time of immersion, for sawdust composite samples (1.2 μm)
particle size the samples of (15%) weight percentage have relatively highest values of
weight gain (Mt %) by water but for samples of (2.3 μm) particle size the samples of
(20 %) weight percentage have relatively highest values of weight gain (Mt %).
Finally results show that the value of weight gain (Mt %) increased with increasing of
particle size of sawdust so that the composites samples have highest value of weight
gain (Mt %) than UPE sample

The temperature distributions are to be evaluated for the furnace of Al-Mussaib
power plant. Monte Carlo simulation procedure is used to evaluate the radiation heat
transfer inside the furnace, where the radiative transfer is the most important process
occurring there. Weighted sum of gray-gases model is used to evaluate the radiative
properties of the non gray gas in the enclosure. The energy balance equations are
applied for each gas, and surface zones, and by solving these equations, both the
temperature, and the heat flux are found.
Good degree of accuracy has been obtained, when comparing the results obtained
by the simulation with the data of the designing company, and the data obtained by
the zonal method. In the above work, a code of Monte Carlo method is built, and used
to overcome the mathematical analysis.