Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

In this work, corrosion parameters were evaluated using potentiodynamic
polarization curves. In order to determine corrosion parameters of potential and
current density of the interesting metal, carbon steel, environmental conditions of
external corrosion of buried carbon steel pipeline in Iraqi soil were prepared in the
laboratory using simulated prepared conditions. Solutions of sodium chloride at
different concentrations (300, 1100, 1900, 2700, and 3500 ppm) were used. pH of
solution were acidic at pH =5, and alkaline at pH = 9. Laboratory conditions were
similar to those of Iraqi soil where the pipelines were buried. Temperature was
constant at 20 °C. Potentiodynamic polarization curves, of potential vs. log current
density, were obtained using M Lab Multi-Channel Potentiostat/Galvanostat. The
carbon steel coupon (ASTM A179-84A) was used as the studied metal. The results of
this work reveal the behavior of carbon steel in external corrosion conditions under
Iraqi soil. The rate of corrosion, of carbon steel, increases with the increase in
chloride concentration in solution. As pH changes from acidic to alkaline medium, the
rate of corrosion decreases.

The present work concerns with simulating unsteady state equilibrium model for
production of methyl oleate (biodiesel) from reaction of oleic acid with methanol
using sulfuric acid as a catalyst in batch reactive distillation. MESHR equations of
equilibrium model were solved using MATLAB (R2010a). The validity of simulation
model was tested by comparing the simulation results with a data available in
literature. UNIQUAC liquid phase activity coefficient model is the most appropriate
model to describe the non-ideality of OLAC-MEOH-MEOL-H2O system. The
chemical reactions rates results from EQ model indicating the rates are controlled by
chemical kinetics. Several variables was studied such as molar ratio of methanol to
oleic acid 4:1, 6:1 and 8:1, amount of catalyst 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 g sulfuric acid/g oleic
acid, reaction time 36, 57 and 75 minutes, and reaction temperature 100, 120 and
130oC. Taguchi method based on signal to noise ratio was used to determine the best
operating conditions for biodiesel production.

Intrinsic viscosities have been studied for polyethylene oxide in water which has wide
industrial applications. The polyethylene oxide samples had two different structures,
the first one was linear and covers a wide range of molecular weight of 1, 3, 10, 20,
35, 99, 370, 1100, 4600, and 8000 kg/mol and the second one was branched and had
molecular weights of 0.55 and 40 kg/mol.
Intrinsic viscosities and Huggins constants have been determined for all types and
molecular weights mentioned above at 25ºC using a capillary viscometer. The values
of Mark-Houwink parameters (K and a) were equal to 0.0068 ml/g and 0.67
respectively, and have not been published for this range of molecular weight in as yet.

The preparation of activated carbon (AC) from date stones by using microwave
assisted K2CO3 activation was investigated in this paper. The influence of radiation
time, radiation power, and impregnation ratio on the yield and methylene blue (MB)
uptake of such carbon were studied. Based on Box-Wilson central composite design,
two second order polynomial models were developed to correlate the process
variables to the two responses. From the analysis of variance the significant variables
on each response were identified. Optimum coditions of 8 min radiation time, 660 W
radiation power and 1.5 g/g impregnation ratio gave 460.123 mg/g MB uptake and
19.99 % yield. The characteristics of the AC were examined by pore structure
analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The BET surface area and total
pore volume were indentified to be 1144.25 m²/g and 0.656 m³/g, respectively.

Permeability data has major importance work that should be handled in all reservoir
simulation studies. The importance of permeability data increases in mature oil and
gas fields due to its sensitivity for the requirements of some specific improved
recoveries. However, the industry has a huge source of data of air permeability
measurements against little number of liquid permeability values. This is due to the
relatively high cost of special core analysis.
The current study suggests a correlation to convert air permeability data that are
conventionally measured during laboratory core analysis into liquid permeability.
This correlation introduces a feasible estimation in cases of data loose and poorly
consolidated formations, or in case of the unavailability of old cores to carry out
liquid permeability. Moreover, the conversion formula offers a better use of the large
amount of old air permeability data obtained through routine core analysis for the
further uses in reservoir and geological modeling studies.
The comparison analysis shows high accuracy and more consistent results over a wide
range of permeability values for the suggested conversion formula.

Accurate and simple techniques for measurement of fluid rheological properties are
important for field operations in the oil industry. Marsh Funnels are popular qualitycontrol tools used in the field for drilling fluids and they offer a simple, practical
alternative to viscosity measurement. In the normal measurements, a single point
(drainage time) is used to determine an average viscosity; little additional information
is extracted regarding the non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid.
Here, a new model is developed and used to determine the rheological properties of
drilling muds and other non-Newtonian fluids using data of fluid density and drainage
time collected from a Marsh Funnel as a function of viscosity. The funnel results for
viscosity compare favorably to the values obtained from a commonly-used Fann 35
viscometer. Different quantities of bentonite, barite and other additives which have
been used to prepare many samples. Empirical equations are obtained
µapp. = ρ (t – 28) and µapp. = -0.0118t2 + 1.6175t - 32.168,
where apparent viscosity (µapp.) in (cp), Marsh funnel time (t) in seconds and the
density (ρ) in gm/cm3.

Horizontal wells are of great interest to the petroleum industry today because they
provide an attractive means for improving both production rate and recovery
efficiency. The great improvements in drilling technology make it possible to drill
horizontal wells with complex trajectories and extended for significant depths.
The aim of this paper is to present the design aspects of horizontal well. Well design
aspects include selection of bit and casing sizes, detection of setting depths and
drilling fluid density, casing, hydraulics, well profile, and construction of drillstring
simulator. An Iraqi oil field (Ajeel field) is selected for designing horizontal well to
increase the productivity. Short radius horizontal well is suggested for the developing
the field since many drilled vertical wells are exists
A soft string model was programmed to predict the imposed loads on suggested
drillstring. Six operating conditions of drillstring includes rotating off bottom, pick
up without rotation, slack off without rotation, pick up with rotation, slack off with
rotation, and sliding ,were considered. Also, two buckling modes of drill string were
estimated. According to drillstring simulator results, short radius well of build rate 90
deg/100 ft could be implemented without exceeding the strength limits of the
suggested drillstring.

Adsorption techniques are widely used to remove certain classes of pollutants from
waters, especially those that are not easily biodegradable. Dyes represent one of the
problematic groups. The removal of methyl green from waste water using bamboo
was studied in batch and continuous system. In batch system equilibrium time and
adsorption isotherm was studied at different concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30
ppm) and 50 mg weight of adsorbent.
Langmuir and Freundlich equations were applied for adsorption isotherm data.
Langmiur equation was fitted better than Freundlich equation (R2
=0.984 for Langmuir
equation).The maximum percentage dye removal obtained 79.4% and adsorption
capacity was 15.5 mg/g. For continuous system the breakthrough curve was studied at
different bed depths (1, 2 and 4 cm), different concentrations (5 and 10 ppm), and
different flow rates (5 and 10 ml/min).

A variety of oxides were examined as additives to a V2O5/Al2O3 catalyst in order to
enhance the catalytic performance for the vapor phase oxidation of toluene to benzoic
acid. It was found that the modification with MoO3 greatly promoted the little reaction
leading to improve catalyst performance in terms of toluene conversion and benzoic
acid selectivity. The effect of catalyst surface area, catalyst promoters, reaction
temperature, O2/toluene, steam/toluene, space velocity, and catalyst composition to
catalyst performance were examined in order to increase the benzoic acid selectivity
and yield.