Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Single long spiral tube column pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit, 25 mm
diameter, and 6 m length was constructed to study the separation of water from
ethanol at azeotropic concentration of 95 wt%. The first three meters of the column
length acted as a vaporizer and the remaining length acted as an adsorber filled by
commercial 3A zeolite. The effect of pressure, temperature and feed flow rate on the
product ethanol purity, process recovery and productivity were studied. The results
showed that ethanol purity increased with temperature and pressure and decreased
with feed flow rate. The purity decreased with increasing productivity. The purity
range was 98.9 % to 99.6 %, the recovery range was 0.82 to 0.92 and the productivity
range was 0.3 to 1.05 kg ethanol/kg zeolite.h.

Two oil wells were tested to find the abnormal pressure zones using sonic log
technique. We found that well Abu-Jir-3 and Abu-Jir-5 had an abnormal pressure
zones from depth 4340 to 4520 feet and 4200 to 4600 feet, respectively. The
maximum difference between obtained results and the field measured results did not
exceed 2.4%.
In this paper, the formation pressures were expressed in terms of pressure gradient
which sometimes reached up to twice the normal pressure gradient.
Drilling and developing such formations were dangerous and expensive.
The plotted figures showed a clear derivation from the normal trend which
confirmed the existence of abnormal pressure zones.

The present study dealt with the removal of methylene blue from wastewater by using
peanut hulls (PNH) as adsorbent. Two modes of operation were used in the present
work, batch mode and inverse fluidized bed mode. In batch experiment, the effect of
peanut hulls doses 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 g, with constant initial pH =5.6, concentration
20 mg/L and particle size 2-3.35 mm were studied. The results showed that the
percent removal of methylene blue increased with the increase of peanut hulls dose.
Batch kinetics experiments showed that equilibrium time was about 3 hours, isotherm
models (Langmuir and Freundlich) were used to correlate these results. The results
showed that the (Freundlich) model gave the best fitting for adsorption capacity.
Different size ranges of peanut hulls (PNH) were fluidized by a downward flow of an
methylene blue dye dissolved in water in an inverse fluidization mode. In the inverse
fluidized bed experiments, the hydrodynamics characteristics, the effect of initial
methylene blue concentration Co 5, 10 and 20 mg/L, particle size 1.18-2, 2-3.35 and
3.35-4 mm, mass of adsorbent 25, 60 and 80 g, superficial fluid velocity 0.016, 0.019
and 0.027 m/s and effect of chemical modification were studied. The optimum
conditions of adsorption in inverse fluidized bed were initial concentration was
5 mg/L, particle size was 1.18-2 mm size, mass of PNH is 80 g and superficial fluid
velocity was 0.019 m/s. Also the adsorption capacity of PNH increased after
modification by Nitric acid. UV-Spectrophotometer was used to determine the
methylene blue concentration.

This study focused on the improvement of the quality of gasoline and enhancing its
octane number by the reduction of n-paraffins using zeolite 5A. This study was made
using batch and continuous mode. The parameters which affected the n-paraffin
removal efficiency for each mode were studied. Temperature (30 and 40 ˚C) and
mixing time up to 120 min for different amounts of zeolite ranging (10-60 g) were
investigated in a batch mode. A maximum removal efficiency of 64% was obtained
using 60 g of zeolite at 30 ˚C after a mixing time 120 min. The effect of feed flow rate
(0.3-0.8 l/hr) and bed height (10-20 cm) were also studied in a continuous mode. The
equilibrium isotherm study was made using different amounts of zeolite (2-20 g) and
then simulated for n-hexane and n- heptane using Langmuir, Freundlich isotherms.
Kinetic of the adsorption of n-hexane and n-heptane was investigated using pseudo
first order, pseudo second order and intra particle model. The Research octane number
(RON) for some selected samples was measured to show the effect of the removal on
the quality improvement of gasoline. Results showed an increase of 5.5 units in RON
using 40 g zeolite at 40 ˚C and after 120 ˚C min. also an increase in 7 units was
obtained in the continuous mode after 30 min using flow rate of o.3 l/hr and bed
height of 10cm. Experimental data for n-hexane and n-heptane was found to fit
Langmuir isotherm with correlation coefficient of 92.7% and 88.8% for n-C7 and
n-C6, respectively. Adsorption of n-hexane and n-heptane was found to follow
second order kinetics with correlation coefficient of 99.9% and 99.8% for n-C7and nC6 respectively. This study revealed a favorable adsorption of n-paraffins on zeolite
5A as indicated by the separating factor of 0.6 and 0.44 for n-C7and n-C6,
respectively.

This work studied the facilitation of the transportation of Sharqi Baghdad heavy
crude oil characterized with high viscosity 51.6 cSt at 40 °C, low API 18.8, and high
asphaltenes content 7.1 wt.%, by reducing its viscosity from break down asphaltene
agglomerates using different types of hydrocarbon and oxygenated polar solvents
such as toluene, methanol, mix xylenes, and reformate. The best results are obtained
by using methanol because it owns a high efficiency to reduce viscosity of crude oil to
21.1 cSt at 40 °C. Toluene, xylenes and reformate decreased viscosity to 25.3, 27.5
and 28,4 cSt at 40 °C, respectively. Asphaltenes content decreased to 4.2 wt. % by
using toluene at 110 °C. And best improvement in API of the heavy crude oil is 26.1
at 40 °C by using xylenes

Rheological instrument is one of the basic analytical measurements for diagnosing the
properties of polymers fluids to be used in any industry. In this research
polycarbonate was chosen because of its importance in many areas and possesses
several distinct properties.
Two kinds of rheometers devices were used at different range of temperatures from
220 ˚C-300 ˚C to characterize the rheological technique of melted polycarbonate
(Makrolon 2805) by a combination of different investigating techniques. We
compared the results of the linear (oscillatory) method with the non-linear (steadystate) method; the former method provided the storage and the loss modulus of melted
polycarbonate, and presented the Cox-Merz model as well. One of the major problems
in measuring the viscosity of polycarbonate at high shear rates, especially at the
extremes of temperatures, was that during the use of the capillary rheometer, long
molecule chains led to high viscosity

Significant advances in horizontal well drilling technology have been made in
recent years. The conventional productivity equations for single phase flowing at
steady state conditions have been used and solved using Microsoft Excel for various
reservoir properties and different horizontal well lengths.
The deviation between the actual field data, and that obtained by the software based
on conventional equations have been adjusted to introduce some parameters inserted
in the conventional equation.
The new formula for calculating flow efficiency was derived and applied with the
best proposed values of coefficients ψ=0.7 and ω= 1.4. The simulated results fitted the
field data.
Various reservoir and field parameters including lateral horizontal length of the
horizontal well (L), Skin factor (S), ratio of the vertical to horizontal permeability of
the formation (KV/KH), and the vertical thickness of the productive zone (h) were
studied and verified to generalize the suggested equation to estimate the horizontal
well productivity indices for various reservoir kinds. This led to creating a new
formula of flow efficiency equation that could be applied in AHDEB field.

A liquid membrane process of Alkaloids extraction from Datura Innoxia solution
was studied applying pertraction process in rotating discs contactor (RDC). Decane as
a liquid membrane and dilute sulphuric acid as stripping solution were used. The
effect of the fundamental parameters influencing the transport process, e.g. type of
solvent used, effect of disks speed, amount of liquid membrane and effect of pH for
feed and strip solution. The transport of alkaloids was analysed on the basis of kinetic
laws of two consecutive irreversible first order reactions. Thus, the kinetic parameters
(k1, k1,
, tmax,
and
) for the transport of alkaloids were determined. The
effect of organic membrane type on percentage of Alkaloids transport was found to be
in the order (n-decane> n-heptane> n-hexane> ethyl ether). The results showed that
the highest alkaloids extraction was obtained when using two stages, (10 rpm) discs
speed, (pH=9.5) of feed solution and (pH=2) of acceptor solution in n-decane.
Observation showed that the membrane entrance rate constant k1 and percentage of
alkaloids transported in strip phase increased with increasing numbers of stages but
the exit rate constant k2 decreased. The alkaloids extraction ratio increased with
increasing the disks speed from 5 to 10 rpm but decreased at 15 rpm and decreased
when increasing the volume of membrane. Also pH of feed and strip solution affected
the extraction ratio and rate constants.