Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

We report a method of converting non-conductive plastic surfaces into conductive by
plating either copper electroless or copper electroplating -carbon black containing
bending Agent onto Perspex plastics . Various approaches have been studied in order
to comparing properties of the plated copper for two methods such as scanning
electron microscopy (SEM),thickness, roughness, porosity, tensile Strength and
elongation. The results show that the surface of electroplating was uniform, compact,
and continuous and it had an obvious metallic sheen, while the surface of plated
copper for electroless for it had many pores. Also observed that the coating was
composed of small cells. These cells have been deposited together closely.
Thick copper layer was deposited a(38μm ) electroplating while (5μm) for electroless
plating tensile strength and elongation of copper electroplating became greater
compared with copper electroless, whereas the roughness and Porosity became
smaller.
The electroplating copper deposition process developed in this study may open up a
new route of plating on plastics (POP) for printed circuit boards, electromagnetic
interference shielding, and many other applications.

For desulfurization of naphtha, NaY zeolite was prepared from Dewekhala kaolin
clay (Al-Anbar region). For the prepared zeolite adsorbent, x-ray diffraction, sodium
content, silica to alumina ratio, surface area, bulk density and crushing strength were
determined. From the x-ray diffraction of the prepared NaY zeolite and by a
comparison with the standard NaY zeolite, it was found that the prepared adsorbent in
this work has approximately the same crystal structure as the standard. Adsorption
process was done in a laboratory unit at 25 ᵒC and 4.1 h-1
LHSV. The experimental
results show that the promoted adsorbent gives higher percentage of sulfur removal
(82.15%) after 10 minute and reaching 40.15% after 120 minute. The adsorption
capacity is equal 0.167 mmole "S"/ g after 10 minute while it reached up to 0.77
and 0.98 mmole "S"/g at 50 and 120 minute, respectively

Predicting peterophysical parameters and doing accurate geological
modeling which are an active research area in petroleum industry cannot be done
accurately unless the reservoir formations are classified into sub-groups. Also, getting
core samples from all wells and characterize them by geologists are very expensive
way; therefore, we used the Electro-Facies characterization which is a simple and
cost-effective approach to classify one of Iraqi heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs
using commonly available well logs.
The main goal of this work is to identify the optimum E-Facies units based on
principal components analysis (PCA) and model based cluster analysis(MCA)
depending on available well logs data for four wells from an Iraqi carbonate oil field.
The optimum E-Facies units came from comparing them with geologist classification
units for these four wells. Also, we conclude that the value of permeability is not
important to get the optimum E-Facies units.
Several runs have been tried each with different number of units using the
Electro-Facies approach. The results of the techniques show very good match of the
tops for various units with the actual ones. This application also shows the power
and versatility of electrofacies characterization in improving reservoir
descriptions in complex carbonate reservoirs.

The removal of SO2 from simulated gas stream (SO2 + air) in a fixed bed reactor
using Modified Activated Carbon (MAC) catalysts was investigated. All the
experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure, initial SO2 concentration of
2500 ppm and bed temperature of 90oC. MAC was prepared by loading a series of
nickel and copper oxides 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 wt% on AC. In some of the experimental
runs, the original activated carbon was pretreated with two different concentrations of
nitric acid 10 and 45 wt%. The results showed that the SO2 removal efficiency,
breakthrough time (τ0.05) and sorption capacity increase with increasing metal oxides
loadings up to a value of 7 wt% beyond which the desulfurization performance
decreases. The pretreatment of the original AC with HNO3 enhanced the removal
efficiency of SO2. The copper supported catalysts showed higher flue gas
desulfurization activity as compared to the nickel supported catalysts.

The present investigation deals with experimental study of three-phase direct-contact
heat exchanger, for water-Freon R11 system, where water is the continuous phase
(liquid) and Freon R11 (liquid-gas) is the dispersed phase. The test section consisted
of a cylindrical Perspex column with inner diameter 8cm and 1.2m long, in which,
water was to be confined. Liquid Freon R11 drops were injected into the hot water
filled column, through a special design of distributors at the bottom of the column.
The liquid Freon R11 drops rose on their way up and evaporated into two-phase
bubbles at atmospheric pressure. The study was devoted to express the effect of
process variables such as column height, Freon R11 mass flow rate and initial
temperature of water on the average percentage holdup, heat transfer rate, volumetric
heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness.
The obtained experimental results showed that the average percentage holdup
increased with increasing in the process variables. The heat transfer rate increased
clearly with increasing in mass flow rate of Freon R11 while it increased very little
when column height and initial temperature of water increased, it increased two times
when increase the mass flow rate from 1.8 to 5.4 kg/hr. The volumetric heat transfer
coefficient was found to decrease with increasing in column height and initial
temperature of water, while it was increased with increasing in mass flow rate of
Freon R11. The effectiveness was found to increase (maximum 90%) with increasing
in column height and decreasing in the mass flow rate of Freon R11 and initial
temperature of water. A statistical analysis was performed to get general correlations
for the average percentage holdup, heat transfer rate, volumetric heat transfer
coefficient and effectiveness as a function of the studied parameters.

The present work aims to study the efficiency of coagulation/ flocculation as 1st
stage, natural gravity water filter or microfiltration (MF) as 2nd stage and
nanofiltration (NF) technology as final stage for treatment of water of main outfall
drain (MOD) for injection in Nasiriyah oil field. Effects of operating parameters such
as coagulant dosage, speed and time of slow mixing step and settling time in the 1st
stage were studied. Also feed turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) in the 2nd
stage were studied. Also feed concentration, temperature and operating time, in the
final stage were studied. The results showed that the optimum dosage for alum was
35, 40 and 50 ppm. While, for ferric chloride it was 15, 20 and 30 ppm and for
polyelectrolyte 4, 8 and 10 ppm for 11.8, 30 and 100 NTU initial turbidity
respectively. The optimum speed for the 2nd step was 25 rpm for each of alum 35
ppm, ferric chloride 15 ppm and polyelectrolyte 4 ppm. While the optimum time for
the 2nd step was 30 min for each of alum 35 ppm, ferric chloride 15 ppm and
polyelectrolyte 4 ppm and settling time was 30 min for each of alum 35 ppm, ferric
chloride 15 ppm and polyelectrolyte 4 ppm. It was found that turbidity and TSS
increases by increasing the inlet turbidity and TSS.
Also it was found that salts concentration in product increases by increasing
feed concentration and temperature. Rejection percentages were (94.475 – 95.631 %),
(88.088 – 90.714 %), (83.33 – 93.2 %), (85.116 – 92.727 %) and (65.385 – 72.727 %)
for sulphate, total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+ and Clrespectively and recovery
percentage of product water was (11.429 – 38.143 %) for polyamide membrane
(TFC). In the case of concentrate recirculation, feed concentration, permeate
concentration and volume of permeate increases with increasing in operating time and
12.69 liter of water valid for injection in oil field was recovered from 25 liter feed
after 180 minute

The hydrodynamics of a co-current down flow bubble column has been investigated
with air – water system. A Perspex bubble column of 5cm in diameter and 1.5m
height is used as a test contactor using nozzles of 7, 8 and 9 mm diameter for airwater distributing. The column is provided with three electro-resistivity needle probes
for bubble detection.
Experimental work is carried out with air flow rates from 0.09 to 0.45 m3
/hr and
liquid flow rates from 0.65 to 1.1m3
/hr in order to study the effects of superficial gas
velocity, nozzle diameter and liquid flow rate on the characteristics of hydrodynamic
interactions viz. gas hold up, bubble diameter and bubble velocity by using two
technical methods, direct height measurements for air-water mixture in the column
and resistivity probe techniques.
Gas hold up is found to be progressively increased with increasing superficial gas
velocity and with decreasing liquid flow rate. Lower gas hold up is obtained with
smaller nozzle diameter. However, gas hold up in two-phase zone is considerably
higher than the corresponding value in mixing zone.
The mean bubble velocity is increased with increasing superficial gas velocity, liquid
flow rate and nozzle diameter for both mixing and two phase zones. Experimental
data are found to be fairly fitted with the Drift Flux model of Zuber and Findly.
The bubble diameter is considerably increased with increasing superficial gas velocity
and with decreasing liquid flow rate, whereas it is slightly influenced by nozzle
diameter. However, the bubbles in two-phase zone are relatively bigger than those
observed in mixing zone. Finally, mathematical correlations have been developed
from the experimental data to describe the gas hold up and bubble velocity in the
uniform two-phase zone.

Membrane manufacturing system was operated using dry/wet phase inversion
process. A sample of hollow fiber membrane was prepared using (17% wt PVC)
polyvinyl chloride as membrane material and N, N Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) as
solvent in the first run and the second run was made using (DMAC/Acetone) of ratio
3.4 w/w. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to predict the structure and
dimensions of hollow fiber membranes prepared. The ultrafiltration experiments were
performed using soluble polymeric solute poly ethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular
weight (20000 Dalton) 800 ppm solution 25 °C temperature and 1 bar pressure. The
experimental results show that pure water permeation increased from 25.7 to 32.2
(L/m2
.h.bar) by adding acetone to the dope solution, while rejection decreased from
91.8 to 63.2%.

This research aims to investigate the thermal performance of different thermal
composite insulators, wrapped around a closed-loop copper pipe (CLP). To achieve
this aim a system was designed and manufactured. It is consisted of closed water tank
insulated by Rock Wool, and supplied with two electric heaters, two thermostat, a
flow meter, a water pump, digital temperature scales, and four series of (CLP).
Six insulators were prepared namely; composites of Impregnated Fiberglass with
Elastoclad and foaming Rubber (FER), Impregnated Fiberglass with Elastoclad resin
and Polymeric Membrane (FEM), Impregnated Fiberglass with Polyurethane
thermoset resin and Foaming Rubber (FUR), Impregnated Fiberglass with
Polyurethane thermoset resin and Polymeric Membrane (FUM), Fiberglass woven
tape (F) , and foaming rubber tape (R). Thermal conductivities of all composite
specimens were measured by Lee's Disc device and their thermal performances were
evaluated by measuring inlet and outlet temperature ΔTw at different flow rates. It was
found from all test results that ΔTw decreased as flow rate increased.
The optimum result was obtained for the (FER) insulator at flow rate 8 L/min where
ΔTw = 0.8 oC (efficiency η = 99 %).
Thermal efficiency of the prepared insulators was according to the following
sequence:
FER > FEM > FUR > FUM >R > F