Journal of Historical studies

Pledge of allegiance to the Umayyad Muslim caliph Othman Ibn-Affan, 35 hijri, was held in the hijri year 23 as he's one of the six chosen by the second Rashidi caliph Omer Ibn-Alkhatab, 23 hijri, after the latter was stapped to death. Abd Arrahman Ibn-Awf who was weighting in the consultation pledged allegiance to him in 32 hijri.
The Umayyad Marwan Ibn-Alhakam Ibn-Abilas' role stood out in 65 hijri after he had been returned to Medina with his father by Othman when he took over as a caliph. Meanwhile, the prophet Muhammad (pbuh) had exiled the Umayyad Alhakam Ibn-Abila's, 31 hijri, Othman's uncle, with his son Marwan because of spying on the prophet and hurting him.
In his first years, Othman approached his ancestors. Not letting Marwan build his influence established leaving his ancestral's policy in the subsequent years at the time the caliphate went through political and economic developments where Othman was incapable in front of his recent courtiers and Walis to compromise between that approach and these developments especially with Ala'msar's escalating power in Egypt, Kufa, and Basra and the policy of Othman's Walis considering Ala'msar an orchard to Quraish.
Othman's courtiers and relatives took advantage of his weakness, specifically Marwan Ibn-Alhakam, as Othman became an old man full of gentleness and modesty. Being keen to please his relatives, he allocates his uncle Alhakam and Alhakam's son Marwan with plenty of money. He removed Omer's Walis and employees and employed his relatives instead of them. Marwan became his private writer and first consultant till Marwan held in with the recent Walis and courtiers who did things without Othman knowing and without taking Othman's opinion into consideration.
It's reported about Othman that he kept away from his ancestral environment which infuriated the old companions and Mothers of the Believers and Marwan incited them against him. While Othman was depending on his virtues and precedency, for being the prophet's son-in-law and for being a strong donor, it didn't benefit him in the Medina's reality of weak status and symbolism which was no more the home of men, war, sustenance, or trophy.
Othman became a victim of his courtiers and Walis especially when Marwan forged a paper stamped with the caliph's name to Ala'msar's walis ordering him to murder the rebels' leader. As a result, the coup of Ala'msar, which was full of rabble, occurred against him. While his wails were late to help him and Medina was divided into the indignant and the powerless, he was blockaded in his house. With Marwan provoking who blockaded him, some went too far creeping into Othman's house murdering him hideously. This affected the overall, subsequent developments, which settled in the Marwani's house until the ending of Umayyad period, that Marwan harvested some of its seeds as he became the prince of Medina most of Muawiya's regime then became the caliph all by himself a few years later.

Muslims used to set up their tents and temporary homes (fustats) while marching towards their battlefields in the conquests of Persia, and during passage between the countryside and the desert, or during the expansion of the regions. Among them are permanent fustats such as Basra and Kufa, which are few in number, and others that are temporary and do not stay in them for long.
This study refers to the circumstances that led to the emergence of the first Fustats in Basra and Kufa, and their role in mobilization, human and material support, and border control. It reveals the development of the role of the Fustats during the succession of conquests, as they became centers in which the Muslims’ burdens were gathered, including horses, camels, sheep, cows, and inanimate objects. The Caliph sends it from Medina in the form of provisions for the army, tents, and equipment, and some of it was part of the spoils or tribute and taxes from the villages and villages in the countryside of the Land of Sawad and the Land of Ahvaz, and among these burdens were the descendants of fighters and commanders and their wives.
The ranks were concerned with the manifestations of the army’s alignment during battle, its components and sections, the locations of the armies’ commanders, those who came to the rescue, the brave ones, the people of the regiments, the owners of the banners, the location of the commander-in-chief of the army, his advisors, his entourage, and the people of opinion, and the places of weariness and burdens, including animals such as camels, sheep, and horses, and inanimate objects such as Military equipment, tents, food, and humanity such as offspring, women, captives, treatment crews, burial places for the dead, and the spoils of battle were collected in the robes of the battlefields.

During the fourth century AH, Andalusia, especially during the rule of Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir and his son al-Hakam al-Mustansir in the period extending between the years (316-366 AH/912-976 AD), witnessed great prosperity at all levels, especially cultural and scientific, as it witnessed great cultural and scientific activity no less than cultural and scientific activity. In other Islamic capitals, such as Baghdad and Cairo, and even Cordoba surpassed those capitals in this activity thanks to the great support that scholars, jurists, and scholars received from the Andalusian rulers, led by the caliphs Al-Nasir and Al-Mustansir, who made great efforts to encourage the cultural and scientific movement through the expansion of building mosques and scientific centers. Establishing libraries and supplying them with thousands of valuable books brought from various Islamic regions and attracting scholars, as Cordoba, especially during the reign of Al-Mustansir, became a destination for all men of knowledge and knowledge who traveled there due to the appreciation and great status that scholars enjoyed in the court of the Umayyad caliphs in Andalusia. He became famous in During the rule of Al-Nasir and Al-Mustansir, Andalusia had many scholars in various scientific and cognitive fields, including religious sciences such as jurisprudence, hadith, and rational and experimental sciences, such as medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and history. The writings of some of these became scientific references that were relied upon for many centuries.

The issue of minorities is one of the titles that have attracted the attention of researchers in the field of international relations and the focus of attention of major powers throughout the ages and an arena for international conflict and internal conflicts, most of which are between minorities, as a result of cultural and ethnic diversity among the ethnicities and ethnic groups in one country. Therefore, our choice of the topic (The Conditions of the Muslim Turks) Under the Communist Party in Bulgaria 1944-1989) in order to shed light on an important era in the history of minorities in Bulgaria, especially under communist rule and the policy of exclusion and displacement that the latter followed with these minorities. We have tried through the research to explain how the Turks were present in Bulgaria through The Ottoman Empire’s control over the Balkan countries, including Bulgaria, as well as the change that occurred whether in Bulgaria through independence or in Turkey after the fall of the empire and the establishment of modern Turkey and the end of communist rule in Bulgaria and the policy it followed towards minorities, especially the Turks, until the end of 1989.

الإعالة بين النص القرآني والموروث الروائي (دراسة مقارنة)
قراءة في دور السيدة خديجة في مسيرة الدعوة الاسلامية
أ.م.د أحمد فاضل عجيمي
جامعة ذي قار - كلية الآثار
الملخص
البحث هو قراءة لدور السيدة خديجة بنت خويلد في مسيرة الدعوة الاسلامية بين النص القرآني والموروث من خلال مفردة الإعالة، إذ تعتبر السيدة خديجة من شخصيات السيرة النبوية العطرة التي لم تجد اهتماماً كافياً لابراز دورها على الرغم من كونها محطة مفصلية في مسيرة الدعوة الاسلامية، حيث إن لها ادواراً عديدة إذ كانت اول الناس ايماناً بالدعوة، واستقبلت نبأ نزول النبي بثبات ويقين فكان (صلى الله عليه واله وسلم) يلجأ اليها فيجد صدراً حانياً ونفساً معطاة وروحاً محفزة في تبليغ رسالته وتحمل مشاق ذلك، ولعل من المحطات المهمة المؤثرة في الدعوة الاسلامية هو زواجها من النبي (صلى الله عليه واله وسلم) وهي من اغنياء مكة واعيانها، ومؤازرتها له في حله وترحاله بقوافلها التجارية ورعايتها له، إذ شكلت البيئة الأسرية الأمنة المساندة التي يحتاجها الفرد في تحقيق أهدافه وآماله الحياتية، وهذا ما ظهر جلياً في الانتصار الذي حققه النبي (صلى الله عليه واله وسلم) في كل احداث السيرة النبوية منذ بدايتها الى فتح مكة.
والبحث يتتبع ذلك الدور من خلال قراءة النص القرآني وصولاً للمعنى الحقيقي لمفردة (الإعالة) في القرآن الكريم ومدى الزخم القرآني للمفردة ودلالاتها اللفظية ومعناها اللغوي والاصطلاحي ، وهل الاعالة مادية ام معنوية وهل هناك تدخل الهي في ذلك الدور كما يتبين من ظاهر الآية القرآنية إذ كان فعل الاعانة والاغناء مورد تمجيد الله سبحانه وتعالى وتم نسب الفعل اليه بقوله في سورة الضحى: { وَوَجَدَكَ عَائِلاً فَأَغْنَى} ، مع قراءة المفردة من خلال ما ورد بالموروث الروائي من احداث وروايات عززت النشاط الاقتصادي للسيدة خديجة ومصادر اموالها وطرق انفاقها .





Sustenance between the Qur’anic Text and the Narrative Heritage (Comparative Study( A Reading of the Role of Lady Khadija in the Journey of the Islamic Call
Asst Prof. Dr. Ahmed Fadhel Ajami
University of Thi Qar - College of Archaeology
Abstract
The research is a reading of the role of Mrs. Khadija bint Khuwaylid in the process of the Islamic call between the Qur’anic text and the inherited through the term “support”, as Mrs. Khadija is considered one of the figures of the fragrant biography of the Prophet who did not find sufficient attention to highlight her role despite being a pivotal station in the process of the Islamic call as she has She played many roles, as she was the first people to believe in the call and to receive the news of the Prophet’s descent with steadfastness and certainty. He (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) used to turn to her and find a compassionate heart, a generous soul, and a motivating spirit in conveying his message and enduring the hardships of that. Perhaps one of the important milestones that influenced the Islamic call was her marriage to the Prophet (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) and she was one of the rich and notable people of Mecca, and her support of him in his departure and travel with her commercial caravans and care for him, as she formed the safe and supportive family environment that the individual needs in achieving his goals and life hopes, and this What became clear was the victory achieved by the Prophet (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) in all the events of the Prophet’s biography from its beginning to the conquest of Mecca.
The research traces that role by reading the Qur’anic text, arriving at the true meaning of the word (support) in the Holy Qur’an, the extent of the Qur’anic emphasis on the word, its verbal connotations, its linguistic and conventional meaning, and whether the support is material or moral, and is there divine intervention in that role, as is evident from the apparent meaning of the Qur’anic verse, if it was a verb? Helping and enriching is a source of glorification of God Almighty, and the action was attributed to him by saying in Surat Ad-Duha: {And He found you to be a supporter and enriched Him}, with the word being read through what was mentioned in the narrative heritage of events and narratives that enhanced the economic activity of Mrs. Khadija, the sources of her money, and the ways of spending it.

Verifying manuscripts is a difficult and long process that requires effort and patience on the part of researchers and those interested in verifying manuscripts. The goal of this is to spread the Islamic heritage and introduce researchers and those interested in investigating through the rules and foundations of investigation and modern techniques that enter as an auxiliary element to the investigator in the investigation process. In this research, we have dealt with the concept of science. Manuscripts, investigation and its importance, and the most important steps adopted in the investigation.
We have demonstrated the employment of the role of artificial intelligence in serving the investigation of manuscripts through modern tools that are used in the investigation process. In fact, they are not considered an essential element in the investigation, but rather they are an auxiliary element to the investigator who may familiarize him with some things. We have shown the most important advantages and disadvantages of these tools involved in the investigation process. In addition, we have shown the most important obstacles and challenges facing the investigator when using artificial intelligence. We have shed light on such a topic for the purpose of knowing the role of modern technologies in serving the Islamic heritage. To facilitate the process of investigating and publishing obscure texts that may disappear due to various factors and become lost, this aspect is therefore fertile for all researchers and those interested in the Islamic manuscript heritage .

The sheikhs of Bani Sasra contributed to supporting scientific life in the city of Damascus during the centuries (5-9 AH/11-15 AD), as hadith scholars, jurists, and writers emerged from among them, as well as historians. They also taught these sciences to their students and wrote about them. They had a prominent role in administrative life, as they held important positions such as the judiciary, military judiciary, Hisbah, treasury supervisor, office supervisor, and others. The study seeks to achieve several Objectives, including: proving that the scientific family has an important role in building a cohesive civilized society, as well as identifying this family and investigating the contributions of its sheikhs in the scientific and administrative fields in Damascus.
As for the study plan, it was organized into three topics, the first of which dealt with the lineage, origin, and fame of the Banu Sasra. The second requirement was concerned with presenting the biography of the men of Beni Sasra and diagnosing their scientific and administrative contributions in Damascus, while the third requirement was concerned with the biography of the women of Beni Sasra and explaining their scientific role during the period intended for the research. Then the study concluded with a conclusion that included the results it reached, in addition to an appendix included at the end of the research, which specialized in presenting the family tree of the Banu Sasra.

Iranian relations in its regional surroundings were and still are the subject of widespread controversy in political circles, especially Western ones. One of those relations and their development between the Republics of Iran and Azerbaijan during the two terms of Iranian President Mohammad Khatami, as the two countries faced limitations, obstacles and challenges. At times, the relationship between them developed, and at other times it witnessed a tangible decline. Despite Iran's efforts to diversify relations, both at the diplomatic, economic and cultural levels, taking into account the historical and civilizational ties between them. But the two countries have reached a stage that prevents them from clashing in various fields, specifically because of the problem of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict over Nagonor-Karabakh, as well as Azerbaijan’s Western tendencies, which intersect with Iranian tendencies, but it has not reached the stage of estrangement. Relations remained intermittent.

The importance of the research lies in knowing the founding of the Dutch-British Royal Dutch Shell Company, how its founding was concealed, and how it grew and developed. Despite the presence of major companies competing with it in oil issues, whether in production or export, it was able to grow and develop and became one of the largest major oil companies in the world. The world. This company was able to obtain oil concessions, especially in Qatar and Oman, after other oil companies gave up oil concessions in areas of Qatar. Royal Dutch Shell won this concession and succeeded in obtaining oil in commercial quantities. As for Oman, the American, British and French oil companies abandoned this concession after they felt that it was not possible to find oil in commercial quantities there. However, Royal Dutch Shell continued to work and was able to find oil in commercial quantities in Oman.

The College of Law is one of the most prominent academic sites that were opened in Iraq at the end of the Ottoman era by Iraqis with experience in the field of the judiciary and their awareness of the actual need for judicial cadres capable of advancing the judicial reality in Iraq by supplying the judicial departments, courts, and judicial institutions with graduates who can be employed in Judicial institutions to work in and complete the mission of maintaining order and security during that time period. However, this institution was closed due to World War I 1914-1918 and was reopened after the British occupiers organized themselves and felt the importance of this institution to play its role in revitalizing judicial work in Iraq in its various aspects.
King Faisal I was crowned King of Iraq on August 23,1921. He gave clear attention to science in all its branches, especially university education. He referred to this in the speeches he delivered on various occasions. In implementation of his directives, committees of specialists were formed to follow up on the affairs of the School of Law. After diligent work, the committee recommended that qualified cadres be allowed to follow up on the lessons they received and understand them easily. If the applicant did not obtain a secondary school certificate, he should be subjected to tests that would qualify him to enter the School of Law. In 1922, the basic system of the school was issued and its work was organized. It continued to be used until 1932 and after, ant it became known as the College of Law.

Writing about the Hebrew Schools gains historical importance because of the prominent role it played in supporting the Zionist project in Palestine. This school represents the product of the Hebrew educational system with racist political ideas. Since its inception in 1868, it has been used as a policy tool to change reality in its various aspects and ensure scientific superiority over the Palestinian Arabs. The researcher is keen to reconstruct the Jewish personality and shape it in a racist manner saturated with spiritual meanings stemming from the Jewish religion. This tradition developed clear political content and principles in its educational curricula, presenting the Jews as a political nation seeking national independence and rebuilding their desired state. It has an impact in creating common national features for the Jews that contributed effectively to support the goal of the World Zionist Organization in an attempt to establish their usurping entity on the land of Palestine, which they achieved in 1948.

The economic factor has been a major factor in shaping historical events throughout the ages. Although the world has witnessed several issues and events, with different causes and results, accurate readings and neutral analyses often lead to linking these events to economic factors, especially major events, including the global economic crisis (1929-1933) and the international crises and events that followed. Accordingly, studying the economic aspects and influences, and linking them to the variables witnessed by the world, is of great importance to reach a large part of the historical facts by studying the influential figures in dealing with these crises, especially the British economist John Maynard Keynes, who played a prominent and important role in finding solutions and clarifying effective proposals to get out of the crisis with the least possible losses for his country.

The research highlights an important era of Egypt's history. which is the era following World War. When Egypt was under British military control. So the Egyptian national forces strived to ridding Egypt of British control and achieving independence. And the right time is come for this when the reconciliation conference was held in Paris 1919; to establish a new international order world be depend on the provisions by Us president Wilson an important role in it.
One of the most important of this items is that the right of self _determination of peoples who were subject to the colonialism. Then comes the turn of the Egyptian Prime minister Hussein Rushdie in preparing the conditions of the information of Egyptian delegation to Paris to demand Egyptian's legitimate rights.
In addition to that it was Rushdie's position which represent in his insistence on resigning and then he joining the popular movement in 1918 an important factor in the revolution of 1919.

This research deals with the role of the representatives of the Jaff tribe in the Iraqi (1958- 1925) that the Parliament witnessed during the time period under study, which dealt with many political, economic and social topics. The topics of the representatives of the Jaff tribe were characterized by activity and vitality in most of the sessions. The Parliament, as they were keen in their comments and opinions on discussions that concern the life of the citizen in Iraqi Kurdistan because of their direct relationship to his daily affairs, especially in the villages and districts that are predominantly local in nature, as they represent their electoral areas, which they were honored to represent in parliament, based on the fact that these areas need Treatment and repair at the public services level.
The research aims to know the role of the Jaff tribe in the Parliament (1925_1959), indicating their most prominent interventions and proposals in the aspects that they emphasized in the Council’s discussions. The importance of the research lies in the fact that it that are related to the life of the citizen Kurdish, and the research in its sources relied mainly on the minutes of the Iraqi Parliament during the period. (1925-1958)

Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, started from the purely Islamic project in their ideas and sciences, as they derived them from the Holy Qur’an and the Noble Prophet’s Sunnah in all aspects of their lives, and they began to educate and teach the Islamic nation about it, whether in their contemporary time or looking forward to the following eras, and they were not satisfied with the Islamic nation, but rather it was Their knowledge benefits the entire world, as everyone can benefit from their knowledge and learn the highest aspects of humanity from them.
In this study, we allocated a type of human aspects that were evident in the thought of the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, under the title Social Communication in the Thought of the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, connection with family ties as a model. This title talks about the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt about communicating with the people of society and their theoretical and practical applications in this aspect. To create interest among those communicating in this world and the hereafter.

The research dealt with the problem of lands in the Amara district during the era of Abdul Karim Qasim 1958-1963 through the issuance of Agrarian Reform Law No. (30) of 1958, as that period witnessed the elimination of the monarchy, the declaration of the republic, and the elimination of feudalism, which controlled about (90%). of agricultural land by specifying land ownership not to exceed (1.000) dunums of land that is irrigated by Siha and (2.000) dunums of land that is irrigated by Dime. The law specified a period of five years to complete the process of seizure and distribution, but the law faced several problems that led to delay. In applying the law in Iraq in general and in the district in particular, including the lack of land demarcations, the lack of employees, and the difficulty of movement to reach the lands in order to inspect them and seize what increased the maximum ownership limit, but this did not discourage the government from implementing the law, so a settlement was reached during the reign of Abdul Karim. He divided a number of districts in the districts and districts of the district, and this indicates the government’s seriousness in eliminating feudalism and proceeding with the distribution of lands to farmers in order to achieve justice, which has always been a dream of the Iraqi farmer.

India is a well-known country for its social, cultural, economic, and religious diversity, making it a valuable topic for history academics. India has also produced multiple reformers who have made a major contribution to society. The Indian Subcontinent has produced numerous notable individuals who have used their diverse abilities to benefit their communities. Ram Mohan Roy was the most notable of these people. Ram Mohan Roy provided a breath of liberation from disgusting inhuman beliefs and outdated traditions, paving the way for renaissance, progress, and modernity at a time when ignorance, superstition, illiteracy, and backwardness enveloped India.

The Safavid state witnessed great weakness during the first period of Shah Safi’s rule, because Shah Safi spent all his years before assuming the throne in the harem, and this matter led to Shah Safi’s lack of experience and his inability to manage crises in the Safavid state, especially since the Safavid court was located there. Many influential figures influenced the formulation of Safavid policy, in addition to the power struggle between the Tajiks and Turkmen on the one hand and the Georgians on the other. This matter disturbed Shah Safi, who followed a violent policy against these figures, so he killed anyone who doubted their loyalty. This violent policy included the harem in The palace wanted to get rid of the constant harem conspiracies that aimed to get rid of Shah Safi. As for the situation in the regions, it took advantage of the death of Shah Abbas and the arrival of Shah Safi, who was young and inexperienced, so it launched rebellions. The first rebellion was in Kilan in 1629, in Ardalan in 1630, in Kandahar in 1631, in Qazvin in 1632, and in Qarbagh in 1633. Each rebellion had different reasons, in addition to the rebellions, and Imam Qali was killed. Khan, ruler of Persia, is one of the most notable events during the reign of Shah Safi.

The research deals with the position of the United States of America on the Hungarian attempts to exit World War II, and conclude a truce with the Allies, after the Hungarian government saw the victories achieved by the Allied armies over the Axis armies on various fronts, which means that the war will inevitably end in favor of the Allies. The American administration decided not to respond to these efforts at first for two reasons: First, the lack of seriousness on the Hungarian side, as American officials believed that Hungary was still fighting alongside Germany at that time, and second was its fear of provoking the Soviet Union, which had become a difficult figure in the war after its efforts to defeat the German forces. The American administration saw that conducting negotiations with Hungary would push Stalin to conclude a separate peace with Hitler, and this would lead to the collapse of the Allied alliance that the United States was seeking. The United States of America wanted to keep it as long as possible. However, the American administration agreed to the Hungarians’ request to begin negotiations in preparation for concluding an armistice and exiting the war, but the Germans had a different opinion when they invaded Hungary in March 1944, beginning a new phase represented by the activity of many Hungarian diplomats and cooperation with some Hungarian parties opposed to the German presence in He made diligent efforts to conclude a truce, followed by the entry of Soviet forces into Hungarian territory, the formation of a temporary national government, and the approval of the Allies led by the United States of America to send a Hungarian delegation to Moscow for the purpose of concluding a truce and stopping the war between the two sides.