Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

This work deals with preparation of zeolite 5A from Dewekhala kaolin clay in AlAnbar region for drying and desulphurization of liquefied petroleum gas. The
preparation of zeolite 5A includes treating kaolin clay with dilute hydrochloric acid
1N, treating metakaolin with NaOH solution to prepare 4A zeolite, ion exchange, and
formation. For preparation of zeolite 4A, metakaolin treated at different temperatures
(40, 60, 80, 90, and 100 °C) with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide
solution (1, 2, 3, and 4 N) for 2 hours. The zeolite samples give the best relative
crystallinity of zeolite prepared at 80 °C with NaOH concentration 3N (199%), and at
90 and 100°C with NaOH concentration solution 2N (184% and 189%, respectively).
Zeolite 5A was prepared by ion exchange of zeolite 4A prepared at 90°C and 2N
NaOH concentration with 1.5 N calcium chloride solution at 90 °C and 5 hours, the
ion exchange percentage was 66.6%. The formation experiments included mixing the
prepared powder of 5A zeolite with different percentages of kaolin clay, citric acid
and tartaric acid to form an irregular shape of zeolite granules. Tartaric acid binder
gives higher bulk crushing strength than that obtained by using citric acid binder with
no significant difference in the surface area. 7.5 weight% tartaric acid binder has the
higher bulk crushing strength 206 newton with surface area 267.4 m2
/g. Kaolin clay
binder with 15 weight% gives the highest surface area 356 m2
/g with bulk crushing
strength 123 newton, it was chose as the best binder for zeolite 5A. The prepared
granules of 5A zeolite were used for the adsorption experiments of H2O, and H2S
contaminants from LPG. Different flow rates of LPG (3, 4, and 5 liter/minute) were
studied. It was found that H2O is the strongly adsorbed component and H2S is the
weakly adsorbed component. The best flow rate in this work for H2O, and H2S
adsorption is 5 liter/minute of LPG. The adsorption capacity for H2O was 7.547 g/g
and for H2S was 1.734 g/g.

Corrosion- induced damage in reinforced concrete structure such as bridges, parking
garages, and buildings, and the related cost for maintaining them in a serviceable
condition, is a source of major concern for the owners of these structures.
Fly ash produced from south Baghdad power plant with different concentrations
(20, 25 and 30) % by weight from the cement ratio were used as a corrosion inhibitor
as a weight ratio from the cement content.
The concrete batch ratio under study was (1:1.5:3) cement, sand and gravel
respectively which is used in Iraq. All the raw materials used were locally
manufactured.
Concrete slabs (250x250x70) mm dimensions were casted, using Poly-wood molds.
Two steel bars were embedded in the central position of each slab at the mid- height
(about 35 mm), with a space of 100 mm between each other.
A 16 concrete slabs were prepared (0, 20, 25 and 30) wt. % of fly ash. The
specimens were partially immersed in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution in order to predict the
corrosion.
Half-cell potential test technique was used to estimate the corrosion rate which is
occurred in the steel bar due to the migration of chloride ions through the concrete,
depending on the ASTM C876-08.
The result shows that the potential values of steel in concrete were shifts to the
positive direction with increasing the percentage of fly ash, because the reduction of
porosity by the addition of fly ash which fill the pores and inhibit the chloride ions to
reach to steel.
The results also show that the further increase of fly ash (30%) the possibility of
carbonation is increased which result in reduction its alkalinity, thereby permitting
corrosion of embedded steel.

Iraq has a huge network of pipelines, transport crude oil and final hydrocarbon
products as well as portable water. These networks are exposed to extensive damage
due to the underground corrosion processes unless suitable protection techniques are
used. In this paper we collect the information of cathodic protection for pipeline in
practical fields (Oil Group in Al Doura), to obtain data base to understand and
optimize the design which is made by simulation for the environmental factors and
cathodic protection variables also soil resistivity using wenner four terminal methods
for survey sites; and soil pH investigations were recorded for these selected fields
were within 7-8, and recording the anodes voltage and its related currents for the
protection of underground pipelines.
Modeling enables the designer to build cathodic protection for buried structure and
predicting the places of anodes sites and its operating voltages and currents under
various operational conditions, and comparing it with those in practices. In this work
we compared between the field and simulation results which include, anode numbers,
rectifier voltage, rectifier current and anode resistance. The most economical design
for the first pipeline was at station no. 2 which need 2.5 A for protection of the
pipeline for that specific length and for second pipeline station no. 4 which need 12 A
for protection of the pipeline for that specific length.

An experimental study was conducted to determine the performance of a solar electric
refrigeration system. The system contained flat photovoltaic solar panel which
absorbs the solar energy and convert it to electrical energy, used to run the
refrigeration cycle. Two refrigeration cycles with electrical solar panel were used over
a period of 12 months, the first one with classical parts known in refrigeration cycle,
while the second one introduced heat exchanger which improves the coefficient of
performance by saving the consumed energy. The coefficient of performance of these
refrigeration cycles with compressor efficiency 85% are 2.102 and 2.57 respectively.
The overall efficiency of the two systems are 18.9% and 23.13%.

The fouling depositions of crude oil stream were studied theoretically in a shell and
tube heat exchanger to investigate the effect of depositions on the heat transfer
process. The employed heat exchanger was with steam flowing in the inner tubes and
crude oil in the shell at different velocities and bulk temperatures. It is assumed that
fouling occurs only on the heated stream side (crude oil). The analysis was carried out
for turbulent flow heat transfer conditions with wide range of Reynolds number, bulk
temperature and time. Many previously proposed models for fouling resistance were
employed to estimate a new model for fouling rate. It is found that the fouling rate
and consequently the heat transfer coefficient were affected by Reynolds number,
Prandtls number, film temperature, activation energy, and time.
The results obtained showed that fouling resistance decreased with the increasing of
Reynolds number and Prandtls number, and increased with the increasing of film
temperature and time. The analyses of results were compared with some experimental
work and a reasonable agreement is attained.