Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences

The current study's objective was to assess the impact of etching titanium with various surface treatments in order to increase the surface roughness value. Materials and methods: -cylindrical shaped samples composed of metal wereprepared by CAD/CAM milling technique, total 42 sampleswith different surface treatment, 6 groups each group7samples according to surface treatment. A universal testingmachine was used to determine the surface roughness value.One- way ANOVA test (analysis of variance) to verify ifthere any statistically significant difference within each groupand among the six groups. Least significant difference (LSD)test to compare between each group when ANOVA testshowed significant difference. t- test to examine the source ofdifferences. Results: -On -way (ANOVA) test was used toanalyses the results, there was highly significant differencesbetween the groups. Conclusion: - In this study, all surfacetreatments provided adequate surface roughness valuescompared to control group (C), with the exception ofcombination of sandblast and KOH group (SB. K).

Although PMMA is widely used in prosthetic dentistry, but broken dentures are commonly known clinical events that remain as unsolved problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporation Magnesium oxides nanoparticles with different concentrations on hardness and color changes of heat cure acrylic resin. A total of 40-disc shape specimens with a diameter of (12±0.1) mm and a thickness of (2±0.1) mm were prepared from heat cure acrylic resin. They were grouped into 4 groups according to nanoparticles concentrations (10) specimens for each group, then they are subjected to hardness and color changes tests.
Control group (A): (10 specimens) without addition. Group (B): 10 specimens of acrylic resin with (2%) concentration of MgO. Group (C): 10 specimens of acrylic resin with (4%) concentration of MgO. Group (D): 10 specimens of acrylic resin with (6%) concentration of MgO. The results showed there is high significant difference for MgO (2%, 4%) when compared with the controls. While there is no significant variation for MgO (6%). color changes showed there is a non-significant difference for all groups except for (6%) group which revealed there is high significant difference. Adding limited concentration of MgO (2%, 4%) have a positive effect on hardness of surfaces and color changes of heat-cured acrylic resins. any Increase in Concentration of MgO will effect adversely on hardness of surfaces and color stabilities of acrylic resin.

The novel bulk-fill composite to reduces time consumption and overcomes sensitive incremental techniques. Cuspal deflection and marginal gap are the common problems of composite material restoration. This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the cuspal deflection and marginal gap of CL II MOD cavity restored with preheated One bulk-fill composite resin applied with different application techniques. Methodology: 48 upper 1st premolar teeth were prepared as CL II MOD cavities to be restored with One bulk-fill restorative composite resin without (Group A) or with preheating (Group B). Each group (n=24) was subdivided into three subgroups (n=8): A1 and B1 were restored in one increment, A2 and B2 were restored using two increments, and A3 and B3 were filled using a sublayer of a flowable composite resin. The intercuspal distance of the buccal and palatal cusps was recorded before preparation, after 5 minutes, and 24 hours from the restoration. The cuspal deflection (CD) was calculated by subtracting intercuspal distance after restoration (5 minutes or 24 hours) from before preparation for all subgroups. The marginal gaps were recorded from images by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for both the proximal and gingival margins. The mean values of the data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA and paired t-test at p<0.05. Preheating of One bulk-fill resin did not produce a significant effect on cuspal deflection compared with the control (p>0.05) however, the incremental layering of One bulk-fill composite recorded significantly lower cuspal deflection with or without preheating. While preheating of bulk-fill produced a significant decrease of both marginal gaps compared with the control subgroups (p≤0.05). Preheating One bulk-fill composite before curing did not influence the cuspal deflection while improved marginal adaptation in different application techniques. The incremental technique significantly reduced cuspal deflection and marginal gap.

Evaluate push out bond strength (PBS) of endodontic obturation materials after washing by NaOCl, EDTA, and MTAD. Materials and methods: 30 mandibular premolars were utilized. Root canal instrumentation of all samples was achieved by ProTaper universal files to size F4. Samples were distributed to 3 groups; each group involved 10 samples as the following: Group1- samples were lastly washed by 5 ml of 5.25% NaOCl for 5 minutes. Group2- samples were lastly washed by 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 5 minutes. Group3- samples were lastly washed by 5 ml of MTAD for 5 minutes. All samples were filled by single cone technique with AH Plus sealer, and F4 ProTaper gutta-percha cone. 3 sections of 2 mm thickness were transected from every sample at 3, 7, and 11 mm from root apex, which represented apical, middle, and coronal sections consecutively. PBS was tested by universal digital testing device. Failure modes were assessed by stereomicroscope at 40 X magnification. Lastly, collected data was analyzed statistically. Results: MTAD group revealed significant greatest mean of PBS followed by EDTA group, and NaOCl group revealed significant least mean of PBS. In all groups, greater mean of PBS was in coronal section followed by middle section while, lesser mean of PBS was in apical section though, the differences among them were not significant within the same group. Mixed and cohesive failures were most dominant modes of failure in MTAD, and EDTA groups. While, in NaOCl group adhesive, and mixed failures were most dominant. Conclusions: last washing with MTAD is better than that with EDTA, and NaOCl in terms of greatest PBS

The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a single dose of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the pain of patients after tooth extraction. Thirty patients in total were divided into two treatment groups. Each group consists of fifteen patients. Group A received a single dose of LLLT 20 minutes after tooth extraction with (0.3 W, 30 sec, 9 J/cm2) diode laser. The irradiation was extra-orally 1 cm away from the site of interest. Group B is the control group. The patients' level of pain was assessed. Visual analog scale (VAS) was utilized to quantify pain intensity in the 2nd and 7th days after extraction. Results indicated that (Group A) had significantly decreased VAS values than (Group B) on postoperative day 7. The current study suggested that there is a significant effect of single dose (LLLT) on lowering pain following tooth extraction.

The main problem with heat cure acrylic is their poor thermal conductivity and their roughness. This study aims at evaluating the effect of tantalum oxide nanopowder on the thermal conductivity and surface roughness of heat cure acrylic resin. Material and Method: The Intention was to create a total of (60) specimens. Twenty samples were made without additives (control), and 40 had been made with tantalum oxide at two different amounts (1 %, 1.5%). Results: the thermal conductivity tests showed non-significant difference among studied groups. The surface roughness tests showed highly significant difference among studied groups. when tantalum oxide had added to heat cure acrylic at two different amounts (1%, 1.5%). Conclusion: adding tantalum oxide increases the thermal conductivity and decreases the surface roughness of the two experimental groups.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hardness of different glazing brands materials on monolithic Zirconia. Materials and methods: - A CAD/CAM machine (computer aided design- computer aided manufacturing) was used to manufacture 40 specimens from a zirconia block (VITA Zahnfabric YZ®XT Color, 98.4x14mm height). The Vickers hardness test sample dimensions (diameter 10 mm and thickness 2 mm) were separated into 4 groups based on the brands of glazing materials used (VITA AKZENT® Plus, Ivoclar vivadent, GC Initial spectrum, Soprano glaze) powder and fluid. Data are statistically analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS), and the (ANOVA) test and Bonferroni test are used to determine whether the statistical hypothesis is true. Results: - For the hardness readings the higher mean value of Vickers hardness test in Zirconia was found in GC group (544.792±25.416) then Ivoclar group (538.622±18.701) while the lower mean of Vickers hardness was found in Vita group (475.800±15.699) followed by Soprano group (467.895±23.298).There was a statistically significant difference between each two groups (VITA, Ivoclar, GC and Soprano) with p-value < 0.05, except between (VITA & Soprano) and (Ivoclar & GC), there no statistically significant association with p-value >0.05 for both. : Zirconia glazed with GC paste (powder, fluid) has higher hardness than samples glazed with Ivoclar paste (powder, fluid) followed by VITA group then Soprano group that has lower hardness. Conclusion: - Zirconia coated with GC paste (powder, fluid) has a higher hardness than samples glazed with Ivoclar, VITA group and Soprano group

Endodontic treatments have been improved over the last decade by the use of nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys. NiTi instrument had shape memory and superelastic properties which made the instrument more flexible, so the treatment quality was enhanced by eliminating the procedural errors. Although the numerous benefits of the NiTi instruments, the fracture was the most frequent failure that may be happened during its use due to flexural (cyclic) or torsional fatigue. Various thermo-mechanical heat treatments have been applied to NiTi instruments to improve fracture resistance and clinical performance. Several parameters influenced the fatigue resistance of NiTi files, and the most important factor that affected the likelihood of NiTi instrument fatigue was the root canal shape. Data collected of 100 papers from the Goggle scholar and ScienceDirect database. After excluding 60 unrelated papers, this review of 40 included related studies aims to evaluate an overview of the anatomical root-related factors affecting the cyclic fatigue of heat-treated NiTi instruments. Concluded that the separation rates of file increased when the radius of curvature decreases and when the angle of curvature increased. Canals with the double curvatures increase the risk of cyclic fatigue. Also, the resistance to cyclic fatigue of NiTi files was affected by the canal curvature position, with a short failure life coronally. So even in the improvement of wire metallurgy and designs of instrument, the anatomy of canal still impact on the cyclic fatigue and should be considered during preparation especially with the new concept of minimally invasive endodontic treatment.

Occlusal characteristics that are found in the primary dentition have a substantial role in the occlusal characteristics which will appear in permanent dentition. Consequently, a good background of Occlusal characteristics in children is substantial for dental practitioners. Use an observational, cross-sectional study on selected children randomly in Salah Al-Din to define the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in the group of Salah Al-Din's children. Objective: Collecting more data and information about the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in a group of Salah Al-Din's children. Methods: In randomly form selected 413 children between 3 and 6 years old from Salah Al-Din governorate as the sample. Under natural daylight or room light, the examination was done on all children to observe needed characteristics with the inclusion criteria. Prevalence of different types of terminal plane, primary canine relationship, anterior and posterior crossbite overjet, overbite, and primate spaces of the primary dentition were estimated. In the terminal plane we see that the flush terminal plane is the most prevalent type (63.20%). In a primary canine relationship, Class I was the most common type (80.39%). The ideal form of overjet was most common (88.86%). The most common form of overbite was the normal overbite (82.32%). Anterior and posterior have low prevalent (3.63%,1.94% respectively). Observed that primate space was present in 71.19% of the upper arch, and 60.05% is the ratio of mandible space. Conclusion: Most of the sample has desirable occlusal characteristics such as Flush terminal plane, Class 1 canine relationship, normal overjet etc., and undesirable occlusal characteristics have low prevalence as anterior open bite, reverse overjet..etc.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease related to aggressive proliferation of histiocytes that could be a multisystem involvement disease. The diagnosis is based on the histopathological finding. Oral findings should carefully be considered when extensive periodontal involvement is seen in comparison to marginal periodontitis.

Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin formation, leading to chronic anemia. The objective of this study was to evaluate orofacial complications in thalassemia patients and to detect the blood profile among these patients. Patients and method included a total of 100 thalassemic patients who were enrolled in this study. Oral examination and dental status of each patient was carried out using OHI-simplified. In addition, each patient took a blood investigation (Hb, RBC, MCV, RDW, and ferritin). Result of this study showed that the majority of the patients were female (68%) of which 50 of them had major Thalassemia, with the most frequent age range was between 21-39 years. Patients had statistically higher frequencies of alloral manifestations (p < 0.001 for all). Of which pale mucosaaccounted for most frequency, 79%, followed by halitosis39%, ulceration, brown pigmentation 33%, atrophic glossitisand actinic cheilitis 11%, hypomineralisation 8%, candidiasisand burning sensation 7%, geographic tongue and fissuredtongue 6%, angular cheilitis 5%. Besides poor oral hygienemeasure was 42%. Also, there was a significant positivecorrelation between most oral manifestations and bloodtransfusion. As a conclusion, thalassemia disease is associatedwith orofacial manifestation, which can adversely affect theoral health status of the patient. Therefore, dentists shouldunderstand the complications and management of the disease.
Tikrit Journal
for Dental Scienceshttps://tjds.tu.edu.iq
https://doi.org/10.25130/tjds.11.1.11

Saliva represents an important biological material for diagnosis of oral problems. Salivary biomarkers like enzymes, proteins, or oxidative stress are used for early screening of oral diseases and evaluating of disease activity, and also measure the efficacy of therapy, therefore; it is used for determination of periodontal disease activity and prognosis. Salivary biomarkers are potentially important for determining the presence, risk, and progression of periodontal disease, therefore; it is not only reflecting the current status of periodontal diseases but may predict their progression and response to treatment. The prevalence of periodontitis is about 5–15% worldwide. There are some factors that may increase the incidence of periodontitis like smoking, obesity, diabetes, and heart diseases. Method of assessing and monitoring periodontal disease must be quick, easy and reliable and should provide important diagnostic information that improves and speeds treatment decisions.

Disinfection of dentures and denture liners was desired for cross-contamination prevention and improved safety. Nonetheless, it has been discovered that these procedures impact the physical and mechanical features of denture liners.To assess the impact of different disinfection procedures on the tensile bond strength of an acrylic-based soft liner with CAD/CAM-based acrylic denture resin. Material and Methods: 25 specimens were collected and randomly divided into five groups (sodium hypochlorite, chlorohexidine, cleansing tablet, microwave, and control groups), following the daily disinfection protocol, the samples were stored at room temperature (23±2°C) in distilled water. After 30 days, the tensile bond strength was determined using universal testing equipment (Gester, China). The specimens were subjected to force by the machine at a steady crosshead speed of 5 mm/minute till the failure was recorded. The data were analyzed using statistics software (SPSS). Results: Showed that the control group had a higher mean value for bond strength, whereas the chlorhexidine group had a lower value. There was no significant difference between the control and cleansing tablet groups. However, they were significantly different from the microwave, CHX, and NaOCl groups. The NaOCl soft liner group is significantly different from all the other groups. No significant difference is found between microwave and CHX disinfected liner groups. Conclusion: The tensile bond strength of all disinfected soft liners decreased as compared with the control, which was not significant with the protefix tab but significant with the NaOCl, CHX, and microwave groups.

Adequate bond strength between enamel and orthodontic bracket is crucial, several factors affect the bond strength including the adhesive temperature prior to bonding. The objective of the study was to investigate if there is any relationship between adhesive temperature prior to bonding and the Shear Bond Strength (SBS) of orthodontic bracket to the enamel surface. Method: In this in-vitro study, A total of 64 freshly extracted premolar teeth were used which were divided into four groups each one had different adhesive temperature prior to bonding (room temperature ,30°C, 50°C, and 70°C), and each group went through SBS test under Universal Instron machine and ARI score test using Stereomicroscope. Results: All pre-heated groups had a higher mean value than the room temperature group, while the mean value of SBS were highest in 70°C group but at 50°C there was a drop down in the SBS values which had a mean less than 30°C and 70°C groups. ARI scores showed not statistically significant different between the groups. Conclusion: Pre-heating orthodontic adhesive right before bonding to 70°C can significantly increase bracket SBS to enamel. While, preheating to 30°C could have a greater SBS than pre-heating to 50°C.

Castings made of base metals include the cobalt/chromium alloy. This alloy is frequently used in dentistry to make crowns, bridges, and partial dentures. This alloy was first promoted as a less expensive option to cast gold that had even better physical and mechanical properties and approximately comparable biocompatibility. It was better suited for long-span bridges and cast prostheses. Aim: to assess how recasting affects the cobalt/chromium base metal alloys' microhardness. Material and Methods: 42 disc-shaped specimens of cobalt/chrome alloy measuring 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness were prepared. The cast specimens were divided into three groups based on the weight of the newly and previously cast Co/Cr alloy addition: the first group was 14 specimens of (new cast) alloy; the second group was 14 specimens of (50% new cast+50% old cast) alloy; and the third group was 14 specimens of (old cast) alloy. All the specimens were subjected to measuring the microhardness property by using a digital microhardness tester. Results: Using a student t-test, it was determined that there was no significant difference in the microhardness between the two groups (new cast) and (new cast + old cast), and that there was also no significant difference between the groups (new cast + old cast) and (old cast) (P-value p>0.05), yet that there was a highly significant difference between the two groups (new cast) and (old cast) (P-value P<0.01). Conclusion: The inclusion of different ratios of fresh and recast Co/Cr alloys can affect the microhardness. Also, the recast Co/Cr metal alloy has shown excellent results for microhardness property.

Disinfection of dentures and resilient denture liners were preferred for cross-contamination treatment and better safety. Nevertheless, it has been found that these techniques affect the physical and mechanical properties of denture liners. Objective: To evaluate the impact of various disinfection methods on the tensile bond strength of acrylic soft liner. Material and Methods: 25 samples were made, then divided randomly into five groups (4 disinfection groups as well as a control group), after the daily disinfection procedure, distilled water was used to store the samples at room temperature. After 30 days, a universal testing device (Gester, China) was used to assess the tensile bond strength. The machine applied force to the specimens at a crosshead constant speed of 5 mm/minute until failure was recorded. Statistics software (SPSS) was used to analyze the measurements. Results: After 30 days of regular exposure to different disinfection methods, a greater mean value for bond strength showed in the control group while the lesser value was in the chlorhexidine group. No significant difference was found between the control and Protefix tablet groups. The sodium hypochlorite and microwave groups had no significant difference between them, but they were significantly different from the control, Protefix tablet, and chlorhexidine groups. the chlorhexidine group was significantly different from the control and other disinfected groups. Conclusion: All disinfected soft liners revealed a decrease in tensile bond strength, which was not significant with the protefix cleansing tablet but significant with the chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, and microwave regimes.