Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

A series of overbased magnesium fatty acids such as caprylate, caprate, laurate,
myristate, palmitate, stearate and oleate) were synthesized by the reaction of the fatty
acids with active – 60 magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas at 60 oC in the
presence of ammonia solution as catalyst, toluene / ethanol solvent mixture
(9:1vol/vol) was added.
The prepared detergent additives were characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR and
evaluated by blending each additive in various concentrations with medium lubricant
oil fraction (60 stock) supplied by Iraqi Midland Refineries Company. The total base
number (TBN, mg of KOH/g) was determined, and the results of TBN were treated by
using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. It was found that the number of
carbons in the fatty acid (C8-C18) used for overbased detergent preparation had slight
effect on the TBN of the oil, while detergent concentrations (1-5% wt/wt) had a
significant effect on the TBN of the blended oil.
The oxidation stability of the oil blends with 2% of overbased magnesium palmitate
and overbased magnesium stearate detergents was evaluated, and the results showed
that these blends gave higher oxidation stability compared with the blends with
standard antioxidant supplied by Midland Refineries Company.

The aim of this research is to study the influence of additives on the properties of
soap greases, such as lithium, calcium, sodium, lithium-calcium grease, by adding
varies additives, such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, carbon black, corrosion
inhibitor, and extreme pressure.
These additives have been added to grease to obtain the best percentages that
improve the properties of grease such as load carrying, wear resistance, corrosion
resistance, drop point, and penetration.
The results showed the best weight percentages to all types of grease which give
good properties are 1.5% extreme pressure additive, 3% graphite, 1% molybdenum
disulfide, 2.5% carbon black.
The other hand, the best weight percentage for corrosion inhibitor is 1% to lithiumcalcium grease, 2% to lithium grease, and 3% to sodium grease. It was concluded that
there is no need to add corrosion inhibitor to calcium grease.

Coated sand (CS) filter media was investigated to remove phenol and 4-nitrophenol
from aqueous solutions in batch experiments. Local sand was subjected to surface
modification as impregnated with iron. The influence of process variables represented
by solution pH value, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage on
removal efficiency of phenol and 4-nitrophenol onto CS was studied. Batch studies
were performed to evaluate the adsorption process, and it was found that the
Langmuir isotherm effectively fits the experimental data for the adsorbates better than
the Freundlich model with the CS highest adsorption capacity of 0.45 mg/g for 4-
nitrophenol and 0.25 mg/g for phenol. The CS was found to adsorb 85% of 4-
nitrophenol and 65% for phenol at an initial concentration of 25 mg/ℓ.

The finishing operation of the electrochemical finishing technology (ECF) for tube
of steel was investigated In this study. Experimental procedures included qualitative
and quantitative analyses for surface roughness and material removal. Qualitative
analyses utilized finishing optimization of a specific specimen in various design and
operating conditions; value of gap from 0.2 to 10mm, flow rate of electrolytes from 5
to 15liter/min, finishing time from 1 to 4min and the applied voltage from 6 to 12v, to
find out the value of surface roughness and material removal at each electrochemical
state. From the measured material removal for each process state was used to verify
the relationship with finishing time of work piece. Electrochemical finishing proves
an effective method to reduce the surface roughness (Ra) from 1.6µm to 0.1µm in 4
min. Finally, the observed relationships were used to predicate the diameter of blank,
tool diameter and flow rate by neural network modeling ANN which has inputs
defined by the finished hole diameter, surface roughness, and finishing time. Three of
hidden layers and their neurons were found by an integration procedure. The design
charts observed from this study utilize the designers in predication of diameter for
blank and design of electrode.

Knowledge of permeability, which is the ability of rocks to transmit the fluid, is
important for understanding the flow mechanisms in oil and gas reservoirs.
Permeability is best measured in the laboratory on cored rock taken from the
reservoir. Coring is expensive and time-consuming in comparison to the electronic
survey techniques most commonly used to gain information about permeability.
Yamama formation was chosen, to predict the permeability by using FZI method.
Yamama Formation is the main lower cretaceous carbonate reservoir in southern of
Iraq. This formation is made up mainly of limestone. Yamama formation was
deposited on a gradually rising basin floor. The digenesis of Yamama sediments is
very important due to its direct relation to the porosity and permeability.
In this study permeability has been predicated by using the Flow zone indicator
methods.This method attempts to identify the flow zone indicator in un-cored wells
using log records. Once the flow zone indicator is calculated from the core data, a
relationship between this FZI value and the well logs can be obtained

Adsorption techniques are widely used to remove organics pollutants from waste
water particularly, when using low cost adsorbent available in Iraq. Al-Khriet powder
which was found in legs of Typha Domingensis is used as bio sorbent for removing
phenolic compounds from aqueous solution. The influence of adsorbent dosage and
contact time on removal percentage and adsorb ate amount of phenol and 4- nitro
phenol onto Al-Khriet were studied. The highest adsorption capacity was for 4-
nitrophenol 91.5% than for phenol 82% with 50 mg/L concentration, 0.5 gm. dosage
of adsorbent and pH 6 under a batch condition. The experimental data were tested
using different isotherm models. The results show that Freundlich model resulted in
the best fit also the kinetic study make it clear that the adsorption process proceeded
according to the pseudo second order model.