Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Mass transfer was studied using a rotating cylinder electrode with different lengths
of legs acting as turbulence promoters. Two types of rotating cylinder ,made of brass,
were examined : an enhanced cylinder one, with four rectangular extensions 10 mm
long, 10 mm wide, and 1mm thick, and an enhanced cylinder two with four
longitudes 30 mm long,10 mm wide, and 1mm thick. The best performance was
obtained for enhanced cylinder two at low rotation speeds while enhanced cylinder
one was realized at high rotation speeds. The mass transfer enhancement as compared
with a normal rotating cylinder electrode, devoid of promoters, is 53% or 58% higher.
The enhancement percentage decreased as rotation speeds increased further, since,
seemingly, full turbulence has been reached practically by means of rotation and
turbulence promoters.

The present work aims to improve the flux of forward osmosis with the use of Thin
Film Composite membrane by reducing the effect of polarization on draw solution
(brine solution) side.This study was conducted in two parts. The first is under the
effect of polarization in which the flux and the water permeability coefficient (A)
were calculated. In the second part of the study the experiments were repeated using a
circulating pump at various speeds to make turbulence and reduce the effect of
polarization on the brine solution side

The driving idea for the present work was to combine the effect of polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA) as corrosion inhibitor with the distance between the anodic and cathodic
elements of the galvanic cell, beside their area ratio, in scope of synergistic
suppression of galvanic corrosion on Cu/Fe model couple, using weight loss method.
The performance affecting galvanic corrosion process has been tested for three major
factors affect the process:
1. Four PVA inhibitor concentrations were selected to be (0, 1000, 4000 and 7000
ppm) in simulated cooling water.
2. Two cathode: anode area ratios as 1:1 and 2.4:1.
3. Two distances apart cathode – anode as 3 and 7 cm.
Maximum corrosion inhibition achieved was 86% which indicates that increasing
inhibitor concentration leads to decrease dissolution process followed hydrogen
evaluation Cu electrode as cathode element in galvanic cell.

Knowledge of permeability is critical for developing an effective reservoir
description. Permeability data may be calculated from well tests, cores and logs.
Normally, using well log data to derive estimates of permeability is the lowest cost
method. This paper will focus on the evaluation of formation permeability in un-cored
intervals for Abughirab field/Asmari reservoir in Iraq from core and well log data.
Hydraulic flow unit (HFU) concept is strongly related to the flow zone indicator (FZI)
which is a function of the reservoir quality index (RQI). Both measures are based on
porosity and permeability of cores. It is assumed that samples with similar FZI values
belong to the same HFU. A generated method is also used to calculate permeability in
un-cored zones depending on matrix density grouping, where each group has its own
permeability-porosity correlation. After applying the both methods and correlating the
calculated permeability with the core permeability data it revealed that matrix density
grouping is the best method to calculate permeability in un-cored zones and it is better
than FZI method in this field, then the estimated permeability is distributed through
the members of Asmari reservoir in Abughirab field and it is concluded that
permeability in this field is generally increases toward south culmination of
Abughirab field.

Esterification considers the most important reaction in biodiesel production. In this
study, oleic acid was used as a suggested feedstock in order to study and simulate
production of biodiesel. The batch esterification reaction of oleic acid was carried out
at various operating conditions; temperature from 40 to 70 °C, ethanol to oleic acid
molar ratio from 3/1 and 6/1 and a reaction time up to 180 min.
The catalyst used was prepared NaY zeolite, which is added to the reaction mixture
as 2, 5 and 10 wt.% of oleic acid.
The results show that the optimum conditions, gives 0.81 conversion of oleic acid,
were 6/1 molar ratio of ethanol/oleic acid, 5 wt.% NaY relative to initial oleic acid,
70°C and 60 minutes. The activation energy of the suggested model was 42692
J/mole for forward reaction and 17218 J/mole for backward reaction

The esterification reaction of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid catalyzed by the ion
exchange resin, Amberlyst 15, was investigated. The experimental study was
implemented in an isothermal batch reactor. Catalyst loading, initial molar ratio,
mixing time and temperature as being the most effective parameters, were extensively
studied and discussed. A maximum final conversion of 75% was obtained at 70°C,
acid to ethyl alcohol mole ratio of 1/2 and 10 g catalyst loading. Kinetic of the
reaction was correlated with Langmuir-Hanshelwood model (LHM). The total rate
constant and the adsorption equilibrium of water as a function of the temperature was
calculated. The activation energies were found to be as 113876.9 and -49474.95 KJ
per Kmol of acetic acid for the esterification reaction and the heat of adsorption of
water. These results agreed well with the previous published data.

This research was aimed to study the efficiency of microfiltration membranes for
the treatment of oily wastewater and the factors affecting the performance of the
microfiltration membranes experimental work were includes operating the
microfiltration process using polypropylene membrane (1 micron) and ceramic
membrane (0.5 micron) constructed as candle; two methods of operation were
examined: dead end and cross flow. The oil emulsion was prepared using two types of
oils: vegetable oil and motor oil (classic oil 20W-50). The operating parameters
studied are: feed oil concentration 50 – 800 mg/l, feed flow rate 10 – 40 l/h, and
temperature 30 – 50 oC, for dead end and cross flow microfiltration.
It was found that water flux decreases with increasing operating time and feed oil
concentration and increases with increasing operating temperature, feed flow rate and
pore size of membrane. Also, it was found that rejection percentage of oil increases
with increasing flow rate and rejection percentage decreases with increasing time,
feed oil concentration, feed temperature and pore size of membrane for dead end and
cross flow microfiltration. In cross flow microfiltration, reject concentration
(concentrate) increases with increasing flow rate, feed concentration, time and feed
temperature. The dead end filter has more flux compared to cross flow filter, while, in
cross flow the oil rejection percentage is best than dead end. Flux for vegetable oil is
more than motor oil but rejection percentage for vegetable oil is less than that for
motor oil. The highest recovery ratio was found is 44.8% for cross flow process with
recirculation of concentrating stream to feed vessel. The highest rejection percentage
of oil was found is 98 % and 97.8 % for cross flow and dead ends respectively

Forward osmosis (FO) process was applied to concentrate the orange juice. FO
relies on the driving force generating from osmotic pressure difference that result
from concentration difference between the draw solution (DS) and orange juice as
feed solution (FS). This driving force makes the water to transport from orange juice
across a semi-permeable membrane to the DS without any energy applied. Thermal
and pressure-driven dewatering methods are widely used, but they are prohibitively
energy intensive and hence, expensive. Effects of various operating conditions on flux
have been investigated. Four types of salts were used in the DS, (NaCl, CaCl2, KCl,
and MgSO4) as osmotic agent and the experiments were performed at the
concentration of the salts in the DS ranged (3.5 – 20% by wt), the temperature of DS
ranged (20 – 50oC), and the flow rate of the FS and DS ranged (1 – 4 lit/min). It was
observed that the optimum operating conditions are: concentration of salt = 20% by
wt for CaCl2, temperature of DS = 50oC, and the flow rate of FS = 4 lit/min where at
these conditions the maximum flux was obtained equal to 13.2 lit/m2
.h or the total
volume of the water transferred from the juice (during 3 hours and membrane area of
0.0135 m2
) was 0.535 lit. NaCl performed much higher efficiency as osmotic agent
than the others salts up to the concentration of 15.2%, but after 15.2% the CaCl2 was
the best.