Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

يعد حلف المعاهدة المركزية (السنتو CENTO) من الأحلاف الدولية المهمّة التي تشكَّلت في عقد الخمسينيات من القرن العشرين في الشرق الأوسط بدعمٍ من الحكومة البريطانية والإدارة الامريكية وتأييدهما؛ للمحافظة على مصالحهم في المنطقة، ولمنع اختراقها من الاتحاد السوفيتيّ؛ وفي هذا الصدد عكفت الدراسات على بحث البعد السياسيّ لأدوار ذلك التحالف، في حين لم تأخذ منظومة البناء الإداريّ والهيكليّ نصيبها من الدراسة والبحث ومنها " إتفاقية وضع حلف المعاهدة المركزية ]السنتو[، الموظفون المحليون والكادر الدوليAgreement on the Status of the Central Treaty Organization [CENTO], National Representative and International Staff" او "اتفاقية انقرة Ankara Agreement " التي عقدت بين الدولة المتحالفة في 9 تشرين الثاني 1960 ، ومن هنا جاء اختيار موضوع الدراسة، وقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث أن يتضمن مقدمة وثلاثة مباحث مع عرض لااستنتاجات في الخاتمة.

This research focused on the modeling of automated cartographic generalization within the Daquq region as well as the signed codes for agricultural land uses in the study area within the Kirkuk governorate and for various drawing scales. To achieve the goal of the study, the research relied on two approaches. The first is the inductive approach aimed at extrapolating objects to reveal the interrelationships of signature patterns while making generalizations, the second is the quantitative analysis approach, which uses the technical method of modeling generalized digital maps according to drawings of various scales or using some quantitative statistical methods necessary for the cartographic generalization process. The research has found the possibility of generalizing cartographic models for this region and with different drawing scales to solve many problems in modeling cartographic generalization.

This research aims to identify (strategic leadership among middle school principals and its relationship to administrative creativity and quality of work) and aims to know: the level of strategic leadership among middle school principals from the point of view of the teaching staff, administrative creativity among middle school principals from the point of view of the teaching staff, and the level of quality of work For preparatory school principals from the point of view of the teaching staff, and knowledge of the relationship between strategic leadership and administrative creativity, strategic leadership and quality of work, and administrative creativity and quality of work, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared the strategic leadership tool, which reached (20) items, and administrative creativity reached (25) items. The work quality tool reached (20) items in its final formAfter that, the researcher applied the research tools to the sample of (300) members of the teaching staff in Rusafa III, who were chosen from the basic research population of (925) individuals. The data was analyzed using the computer program (SPSS) and the appropriate statistical methods were used for the research procedures. The research reached the following conclusions: The following results are that middle school principals have an average level of strategic leadership, and have moderate administrative creativity They have a moderate quality of work, and there is a relationship between strategic leadership and administrative creativity, between strategic leadership and work quality, and between administrative creativity and work quality. The most important recommendations are: adopting research tools in the education directorates in Baghdad Governorate.

This study deals with the structure of description and the meaning of symbols in the novel “The Granada Trilogy” by Radwa Ashour, whose novel revealed creativity and beauty in description. After studying this novel, it becomes clear to us that the figurative vision in the writer’s speech, including its description and symbolic connotations, took on a formative and intellectual dimension in which “Ashour” searches for ideological connotations, relying in doing so on intellectual connotations, and this is what we observed in the novel “The Granada Trilogy.” So, “Ashour” relied on a cosmetic technique in a spontaneous way in her narratives, perhaps to distance the reader from the false and boring reality, and for this reason realism was included and took its course within the folds of the narrative. As for the symbol, it helped us as readers to think primarily about the meanings of the story, and about defiance and steadfastness on the one hand, and in the face of every attack and every tyrant on the other hand, by taking into account the meanings of the actions and their symbolism, especially since the symbol is a formative part that comes from within the creative writer himself.

The goal of the research is to build and apply a self-purpose personality scale to a sample of students at the University of Baghdad, the size of which was (500) male and female students, including (205) male and (295) female students. For the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the researcher developed a theoretical definition of a self-purpose personality, and (42) verbal positions were formulated. In front of each situation, there are three verbal alternatives (A, B, C). The scale was corrected (1, 2, 3) respectively for alternatives to no answer for each situation. For the purpose of logical verification, the items of the scale were presented to the arbitrators and specialists in the educational and psychological sciences, and the percentage of agreement was verified as 80. % after making some adjustments to some of the positions and they were taken into account. The psychometric properties of the scale’s positions were also calculated, represented by revealing the statistical indicators of the scale and identifying the normality of the distribution of the scores. The researcher conducted exploratory factor analysis to reveal the factor structure as well as extracting the correlation of the item with the total score of the scale and calculating The discriminating power of the scale's items, as there was no non-distinctive item, and the scale's validity and reliability were verified. The same sample was taken in deriving the criteria for the scale's percentile ranks, and conclusions, recommendations, and proposals were reached.

The research aims to study the phenomenon of land warming and its impact on suspended dust in Iraq The study relied on the data of eight climate stations: (Mosul, Kirkuk, Baghdad, Rutba, Al-Hayy, Nasiriyah, Diwaniyah, Basra) for the period (1991-2021). The factors affecting warming and the frequency of dust phenomena were addressed through the analysis of satellite visualizations of both water cover and vegetation cover. It expanded the area of urban cover, which had the effect of increasing warming and the frequency of dust suspended in Iraq. To illustrate the relationship between warming as an independent factor represented by the average minimum and maximum temperatures It expanded the area of urban cover, which had the effect of increasing warming and the frequency of dust suspended in Iraq. To illustrate the relationship between warming as an independent factor represented by the average minimum and maximum temperatures.

The importance of the study comes from the direct link between recreational commercial activities and human comfort, as these activities lead to alleviating life’s pressures. Therefore, studying them and knowing the extent of their functional performance is an important goal for the study. The problem of the study is the spatial variation of recreational commercial activities and the variation in their functional performance and level of efficiency. As for procedures The field study was a questionnaire for a sample consisting of (1439) questionnaires, and one of the most important findings of the study was the spread and expansion of commercial recreational activities in the city of Baghdad and the streets of Al-Mutanabbi neighborhood, which witnessed development in these activities, and the number reached (34) activities distributed on both sides of its commercial streets, frequented by (158,230). (people/week) and from various areas of Baghdad Governorate and a small percentage of the governorates close to it, due to this neighborhood’s great importance gained from the presence of these activities on both sides of its commercial streets, but the high number of visitors led to the emergence of problems for which the study attempted to develop solutions..

Traffic accidents that began with the invention of the first vehicle are still increasing, and they cause people to lose their lives or become disabled, in addition to material losses. Also, the increase in bicycles of all kinds and people of young ages driving them has led to an increase in accidents on secondary internal roads, not just the main streets. Because the researcher conducted a study to identify the level of traffic culture among children in Diyala Governorate, the results showed that they do not have traffic awareness and do not possess traffic culture vocabulary, and because providing children with traffic culture vocabulary helps in creating a generation that is aware of traffic rules and laws and how to deal with vehicles on the roads and streets, and also contributes to increasing awareness. Traffic for an age group is the foundation of society and its future, and it is important for preserving the security of the family and society in the present and in the future. Therefore, the researchers decided to conduct this research to answer the question.
Is there an effectiveness of a training program in acquiring traffic cultural vocabulary for children in Diyala Governorate? In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researchers prepared a program of video situations of real children for each paragraph of the traffic culture scale. Then the researchers applied the program to the research sample specified for the experimental group. The research came out with results including the effectiveness of the training program and the stability of its effect.
Therefore, the researchers recommended that traffic safety committees In primary, middle and middle schools, students are trained every year on traffic culture vocabulary to create a conscious generation and reduce accidents. They proposed conducting experimental studies for training programs for students to learn the art and ethics of driving.

The most important element of reading a text that drives the process of reading is "unlimited freedom". It is the element that the leaders of the reception theory have focused on, in constructing the meanings with the basis of diversity and difference. It is the diversity itself which carries the reader to give his response in an interactive framework between the writer and recipient. Translating from this perspective is a deconstruction and construction. To understand a text, we deconstruct and then build it again to formulate it in another artistic form because the translation is a communicative practice in the first place of its strong affiliation to the cultural context. Based on the theory of “originality of difference”, our study seeks to find effective strategies and methods of translating the titles of Arabic narratives into Persian, in the light of the literal and interpretive translation strategies. We have seen through the selected models, like other titles, that interpretive translation is not looking for lexical reward, but with something is called "rhetorical reward". We do not translate the language, rather we translate the discourse. In accordance with the principle of difference, we have noted that the translation was followed by the reception elements, which the translator could not control. We also noted that translation should permit for cultural diversity.

The research dealt with the verbal substitution in the Qur’anic text, explaining its various contexts and mentioning its various connotations. Its problem was made clear through the attempt to clarify the reasons for replacing verbs in the Qur’an. Among its objectives: clarifying the contextual and semantic effects resulting from the substitution and explaining the difference between the substituting verb and the substituted verb. The research adopted the descriptive approach and stopped limited to the verbs that were replaced with others in the Qur’an according to the narration of Hafs on the authority of Asim. The research consisted of two aspects: the first dealt with substitution, its definition, types, conditions, and importance. The second aspect included the contexts of replacing verbs in Qur’anic verses and their meanings, and limited itself to analyzing thirteen examples. The research concluded with a number of results, the most important of which are: Sometimes replacing verbs in the Qur’anic text comes as a means of measuring the prioritized one by mentioning the lowest to measure the highest, and verbs are sometimes replaced to change the style, and diversity in expression to draw the attention of the addressee.

Surah al-Mu'minun presents seven different attributes for the faithful. This surah promises salvation and paradise to those characterized by these attributes. The first attribute, i.e., humility in prayer, is prioritized over other attributes due to its significance. One should refer to the books of interpretation to understand the deep meaning of humility. According to Islamic commentators, this Qur'anic interpretation is presented in two areas: humility of heart (aljavanehi) and humility of limbs (aljavarehi). Each of these two areas has different fields and layers of meaning, such as fear and humiliation, mindfulness, presence of the heart, faith, sincerity, staring at the ground, not caring or attention to the surroundings, and avoidance of playfulness and vanity. Examining them can significantly help the seekers of the truth to take steps to attribute to the attributes of believers. According to the demands of the Holy Quran, the Imami jurists have expressed a particular fatwa to make this divine attribute current in the framework of Islamic society.

This research explores the techniques of visual rhythm in the poetry of Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Muqalih and examines the relationship between these visual techniques and their significance. The study focuses on the utilization of visual rhythm in Al-Muqalih's poetry, specifically analyzing key visual techniques such as black and white imagery, undulation, omission, fragmentation, embodiment, text titles and footnotes, and punctuation marks. The findings of the research are as follows:
- Al-Muqalih displays a tendency to diversify the rhythmic structure of his poetry, employing various forms of visual rhythm.
- Visual rhythm serves as an active rhythmic element in embodying the poetic experience in Al-Muqalih's works.
- Al-Muqalih's employment of visual rhythm techniques is not haphazard but emerges from his poetic experience, reflecting a conscious awareness of these rhythmic techniques that is free from artificiality.

The research aimed to know the extent of the use of electronic methods among teachers of the Arabic language in the primary stage. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach. The community of this research consisted of teachers of the Arabic language and its teachers in the primary stage, and supervisors of the Arabic language in primary schools in the education directorates in Baghdad Governorate. The community consisted of (9403) male and female teachers, male and female supervisors, and the research sample consisted of (300) male and female teachers of the Arabic language. the researcher adopted the questionnaire as a tool for her research and extracted its psychometric properties. The results resulted in the following: Weakness or lack of use by Arabic language teachers in primary schools of technological methods in teaching. The researcher recommended a set of Recommendations A number of proposals were proposed.

:Abstract
This paper aims to explore the formation and ordering principles of constituents in conjunctive formations in both Old English (OE) and Modern English (ME). We seek to identify the main similarities and differences between the two eras. While Haeberli (2002) and Baker (2012) argue that conjunctive relations in OE affect sentence word order, Ringe and Taylor (2015) propose similarities between OE and ME in the formation of conjunctive relations. To shed light on this topic, the paper examines corresponding OE prose (with translations into ME). The study draws upon the extensive statistical research of Cichosz (2021) for OE data and collects sample translation in ME from prominent online translated data. Preliminary findings suggest that linguistic factors significantly influence conjunctive formations in both OE and ME. As such OE and ME differ in various aspects such as vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, orthography, and word order. Despite these differences, there are notable similarities between the two languages, and ME has evolved from OE. Thus, most of the conjunctive cues are changed and reshaped orthographically and structurally. However, the function and usage of conjunctive formations to connect ideas and indicate clause relationships were similar.

The present study looks at how A Small Place (1988) a novel-autobiography by Jamaica Kincaid and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) interact. It analyzes how the legacy of the colonial and tourist sector has caused human rights violations against local communities in Antigua. The article argues that if Antigua and other comparable communities are to develop, the triangle of colonialism, tourism, and compromised government must adhere to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and implement tangible measures to sustain human rights and advance workable developments. In the novel, Kincaid' furiously pinpoints the exploitations against the people of Antigua who suffer from colonialism and its aftermath. Hence, this paper traces four articles of the UDHR and compares them to violations happening in Antigua: The conclusion calls for further research into the Declaration Principles' utility in preventing human rights violations.

As per (Simpson 2004:6), phonology is the study of speech sounds that convey meaning; intonation and pitch communicate meaning in certain contextual situations. Intonation is the variety of pitch of voice during speech. Two movies have been selected to show intonation differently- Maleficent and Mrs. Doubtfire. In both movies pitch shows different meanings in different situations. Each movie has its own genre and type of suspense. Accordingly, intonation is measured using Praat software that describes pitch exactly in certain situations to reflect genres and certain understandings. Consequently, intonation appears in Praat graphs demonstrates certain concepts in movies in particular contexts and situations.
The Problem of the Study
Does intonation appear differently in the selected movies according to the situation and pysychological state?
This study attempts to accomplish the following aims:
1. Analysing intonation in some extracts of the selected American movies.
2. Describing the intentions behind each rising and falling tones in the extracts.
3. Surveying phonological, discoursal and psychological traits implied in these tones.
To fulfill the aims above, the following hypotheses have been produced:
1. Different uses of intonation are employed by the movie makers to reflect certain contextual understandings.They also demonstrate the actors’ certain pysychological and discoursal variabls related to situational elements.
2. Intonation is variably used in the selected movies to achieve phonological effects.
3. Various usages of intonation provide coherent information about the actors in the selected movies.
Procedures
Particular procedures have been considered of these hypotheses.
(i) Investigating the intonation using Praat software that facilitates describing phonological features.
(ii) Producing the terminology of intonation to produce definite discoursal, psychological and phonological influences in compliance with the analysis of few extracts from the movies mentioned above.
It is concluded that the above hypotheses are valid because the conclusion shows that intonation plays pivotal role in both movies to produce certain psychological states and meanings in certain contexts demonstrated by the mentioned intonations. Consequently, the intonations employed in both movies differ in terms of the genres, contexts, functions, aims and meanings.

The purpose of this study is to examine the preferences of students majoring in translation (English or French > Arabic) for group vs. individual training. Perceived effectiveness focuses on questions of teamwork, specific strategy, outside resources, and using cultural-sensitive methods. The survey results show a clear trend toward group training, highlighting the importance of teamwork, mutual idea transmission and constructive peer criticism. Further-more, individualized instruction is also valued for its versatility. It turns out that several outside factors affect training preferences. Sessions focusing on particular translation methods are favored by participants, and this also shows that many people put more emphasis on the skill of summarizing. The hope is for a curriculum combining all kinds of techniques and cultural vigilance, using the mix of group training and individual training.

Navarre Scott Momaday's novel, House Made of Dawn (1968), delves into the profound theme of identity loss and reclamation, encapsulated within Abel’s journey who is the protagonist of the novel. This study explores the intricate layers of Abel's quest to rediscover his Native American heritage in the face of cultural assimilation and invasion. Through a detailed analysis, it investigates the pivotal role of place for identity reclamation and the significance of cultural diversity. Momaday's narrative not only portrays Abel as a culturally torn outsider but also offers a captivating lens to examine themes of cultural preservation, identity, and the enduring struggles of indigenous populations. Ultimately, the research highlights the importance of embracing cultural diversity while reconnecting with one's roots as a means to reclaim the lost national identity. House Made of Dawn emerges not only as a literary masterpiece but also as a compelling academic discourse, inviting scholars to explore its rich layers of meaning and significance.

The study of verbal irony is a complex form of communication that relies on a variety of contextual, implied, and intention-based aspects. The linguistic-based model provides a structured framework for dissecting the show's use of irony, allowing viewers to appreciate the nuanced interplay between language, context, and character dynamics that makes "Friends" a timeless and beloved sitcom. The study found that pragmatics and irony are interconnected through concepts like contextual interpretation, implicature, flouting maxims, tone and intonation, presuppositions, and politeness strategies. Understanding irony often relies on pragmatics because it involves context, implied meanings, and speaker intentions. The study concludes that "Friends" effectively uses verbal irony to enhance humor, deepen character dynamics, and convey underlying emotions. The linguistic-based model provides a structured framework for appreciating the show's use of irony.

The study aims at assessing Iraqi ESL 4th Year College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences Students' Writing Anxiety. Writing is the most difficult linguistic ability and one of the four main language skills. Writing anxiety is a significant indicator that could hinder writing abilities and lead to performance inefficiency. The idea of writing anxiety involves a fear of the writing process that outweighs the benefits that are expected from being able to write, which may eventually result in relatively long-lasting predispositions to fear, avoid, or dislike writing. The cause of writing anxiety is likely a lack of confidence in one's ability to write or learn to write; this ability is known as writing self-efficacy. Iraqi ESL university students encounter greater difficulties and obstacles in this area than native writers do. The current study has a descriptive design. A scale with (20) items comprises the study's constructed instrument. The sample of the present study has randomly been selected from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the university of Baghdad from the fourth-year total (300). Face validity and reliability have been calculated. The results of this investigation indicate that Iraqi university students unluckily faced real challenges and issues in this field. The conclusions and recommendations were then determined.