Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

In the present work a modification was made on three equations to represent the
experiment data which results for Iraqi petroleum and natural asphalt. The equations
have been developed for estimating the chemical composition and physical properties
of asphalt cement at different temperature and aging time. The standard deviations of
all equations were calculated.
The modified correlation related to the aging time and temperature with penetration
index and durability index of aged petroleum and natural asphalts were developed.
The first equation represents the relationship between the durability index with aging
time and temperature.

The second equation represents the relationship between the penetration index with
aging time and temperature.
    
2
1 2013 3 4
log PI b 0. T b b t
e
   

The third equation represents the relationship between the durability index with
penetration index.
PI a DI e e e
log log   0.5627log

The values of penetration index and durability index for all aged samples were
compared with predicted values. These correlations give a percent of error in the
range of 1.2 to 7.4%.

Biodiesel define as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oil and animal fats is an
alternative diesel fuel that is steadily gaining attention because the combustion of
fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas has been identify as a major cause of the
increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere and causing
global warming.
The present work concerns with estimating the physical properties experimentally
such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and carbon residue of biodiesel that
produced by the esterification reaction of methanol and oleic acid with homogeneous
catalysts H2SO4 in a lab-scale packed reactive distillation column using the best
operating conditions of methanol to oleic acid 8:1, catalyst amount 1.8 g sulfuric
acid/g oleic acid, time 57 min and reaction temperature 130°C that obtained from
studying different variables such as molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid 4:1, 6:1 and
8:1, amount of catalyst 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 g sulfuric acid/g oleic acid, reaction time 36,
57 and 75 minutes, and reaction temperature 100oC, 120oC and 130oC.
The physical properties of biodiesel from the present work compared with those of
ASTM (American Standard for Testing Material) standard for biodiesel, previous
work and petrol diesel, from the results the biodiesel obtained can be used as
alternative to diesel

Hydrocarbon production might cause changes in dynamic reservoir properties. Thus
the consideration of the mechanical stability of a formation under different conditions
of drilling or production is a very important issue, and basic mechanical properties of
the formation should be determined.
There is considerable evidence, gathered from laboratory measurements in the field of
Rock Mechanics, showing a good correlation between intrinsic rock strength and the
dynamic elastic constant determined from sonic-velocity and density measurements.
The values of the mechanical properties determined from log data, such as the
dynamic elastic constants derived from the measurement of the elastic wave velocities
in the material, should be more accurate than that determined by direct strength tests
with core samples. This can be attributed to the scale effect and sampling
disturbances.
The aim of this study was to present methods of determining measures of some
mechanical properties, from available well log data (conventional sonic, density, and
gamma ray) for a well in North Rumaila field.
The mechanical properties include formation strength and Poisson’s ratio. For the
formation strength, combined elastic modulus (Ec) and shear modulus (G) were
determined. The Poisson’s ratio was determined by using three different techniques to
permit the accuracy of their values. The elastic modulus, shear modulus, and
Poisson’s ratio were then correlated with depth and effective stress.
The results show that combined correlations are important source of the prediction of
overpressure zones which represent a major problem encountered in drilling and
production process

Empirical equation has been presented to predict the optimum hydrodynamic
pressure gradient with optimum mud flow rate (one equation) of five Iraqi oil wells
to obtain the optimum carrying capacity of the drilling fluid ( optimum transport
cuttings from the hole to the surface through the annulus).
This equation is a function of mud flow rate, mud density and penetration
rate without using any charts or graphs.
The correlation coefficient accuracy is more than 0.9999.

The present study aims to remove nickel ions from solution of the simulated
wastewater using (Laminaria saccharina) algae as a biosorbent material. Effects of
experimental parameters such as temperature at (20 - 40) C⁰, pH at (3 - 7) at time
(10 - 120) min on the removal efficiency were studied.
Box-Wilson method was adopted to obtain a relationship between the above three
experimental parameters and removal percentage of the nickel ions. The experimental
data were fitted to second order polynomial model, and the optimum conditions for
the removal process of nickel ions were obtained.
The highest removal percentage of nickel ions obtained was 98.8 %, at best
operating conditions (Temperature 35 C⁰
, pH 5 and Time 10 min)