Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

يتلخص هذا البحث في دراسة مستويات الضوضاء المختلفة التي يتعرض لها الإنسان من خلال استمارة استبيان كما في الشكل (1) وزعت على عينة عشوائية مكونة من (150) شخص من مناطق مختلفة في مدينتي النجف والكوفة، يتضمن الاستبيان طرح سؤال عن أهم مصادر الضوضاء التي يتعرض لها الشخص وأسئلة أخرى تتعلق بالعمر والحالة الاجتماعية والمهنة وعنوان السكن. نتيجة الاستبيان أوضحت بأن المواطن في هاتين المدينتين يعاني من (6) مصادر تسبب الضوضاء، أهم هذه المصادر كانت الضوضاء الناتجة من صوت المولدات حيث بلغت النسبة (52%) من المواطنين بالإضافة إلى مصادر أخرى مثل حركة المركبات (24%)، الأسواق الشعبية (3%)، الكلاب السائبة (3%)، المدارس (6%)، لعب الأولاد في الشارع (12%) قام الباحث بالتركيز على دراسة المصدر الأول (ضوضاء المولدات)حيث أظهرت نتائج هذا البحث أن ضوضاء المولدات هي إحدى مصادر الضوضاء الاجتماعية، ولها تأثيرات على الصحة العامة سمعية (مزمنة ومؤقتة) وغير سمعية، وأن فترة التعرض لهذا المصدر تتراوح بين (12 – 20) ساعة باليوم الواحد، أما شدة ضغط الصوت الناتج من هذا المصدر فتتراوح بين (70 – 92) ديسيبل حسب حجم ونوع المولدة وطريقة تشغيلها.

This research is empirical method for estimating the quantity of seepage under sheet pile wall, which influence on the stability and durability of the sheet pile. Flow net plotted by using Visual Basic Program, which gives greater number of flow lines and equipotential lines. The comparison between the results of visual program and the field observations explains excellent agreement. Theoretical models (used to determine quantity of seepage) are divided into three broad categories depending on length of clay layer (blanket) in the down stream side (L=0, 2 and 6 m). For each category, the models are divided into six parts depending on the depth of penetration of sheet pile (H3=2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12m) for various values of the depth of bed rock (H4=24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 m) and various values of total head differences ( h=H1-H2=3, 4 and 8 m). From the results of the program, at constant (H4), the quantity of seepage decreases with increasing (H3), also at a given (H3), the quantity of seepage increase with increasing (H4) and head difference ( h). A rapid decrease in quantity of seepage with increasing clay layer length (L). The mathematical representation of the series of models are represented by empirical equation resulted from a regression analysis by MS-Statistica. The results of the empirical equation are conservative as compared to the results of the experimental work

The world mineral fertilizer industry and use are started widely in the middle of the 19th century. In the 1960s and after the increase of food demands and because of the high prices of these chemicals, many developing countries, and Iraq as well, have also started to produce and use these chemicals but unfortunately on the value of food quality, health and the environment sometimes. In Iraq and regardless of the problems of the random production, handling and use and their impact on the environment, these activities are become worse especially after the Kuwait War and the economic embargo imposed on Iraq in 1991. This research was initiated to focus on the impact of chemical fertilizers industry and use on the world and then on the Iraqi environment according to the international experience in this field and to the acceptable levels of these chemicals. The salient conclusion of this work reveals that In Iraq there is industrial treatment mismanagement as well as farmer misuse, hence there are environmental problems and may be worsen in the near future. For instance, the activities of the State Company of Phosphate Production in Al-Anbar Province causes a noticeable pollution related to the miss management of waste disposal and due to the un efficient treatment units paralyzed because of either the 1991 Kuwait war (where 70-90% of the company is being destroyed) or because the embargo and hence the difficulties in maintaining the treatment units. In addition to the accumulation of thousands of ton of solid wastes ( as phosphogypsum and alkali clays ) and the gaseous pollutants of the sulfuric acid production units, it could be noted that the properties of treated liquid effluents ( like pH, P2O5, F and SO4 are 9.4, 5ppm, 5ppm and 750ppm , respectively) which are greater than the WHO standards of drinking water ( 6.5-9.2, less than 3ppm, 1-1.5ppm and 200-400ppm, respectively ).

In order to design and operate an effective water treatment system, a thorough understanding of the process of coagulation-flocculation and filtration is essential in the delivery of water of the greatest clarity and lowest possible turbidity in the finished water. This research outlines the finding of investigation of the treatment plant in Al-Dewanyia in Iraq. Performance of Al-Dewanyia Water Treatment Plant in Iraq is an essential parameter to be monitored and evaluated to better understanding of design and operating difficulties in water treatment plants. The conclusions of these evaluations may determine required recommendations and highlight modification requirements for continuous design and operating schemes. The evaluation conducted in this research was carried out by reviewing the engineering design to assure matching of standards and codes. Also, physical (turbidity and TSS) , and biological, analysis were conducted to investigate water quality. The conclusions drawn from this research outlines the importance of accurate engineering design and need for continuous monitoring and analysis of each unit performance. Finished water is not conforming to World Health Organization (WHO) Standard for Drinking water.

A nonlinear finite element method is adopted for the large displacement elastic-plastic dynamic analysis of anisotropic plates under in-plane compressive loads. The analysis is based on the two-dimensional layered approach with classical and higher order shear deformation theory with five, seven, and nine degrees of freedom per node, nine-node Lagrangian isoparametric quadrilateral elements are used for the discretization of the laminated plates. Both consistent and lumped mass matrices are used in the present study. Damping property is considered by using Rayleigh type damping which is linearly related to the mass and the stiffness matrices. Newmark integration method is used for solving the dynamic equilibrium equations. The effects of initial imperfection, orthotropy of individual layers, fiber’s orientation angle, type of loading, damping factor, and fiber waviness on the large displacement elastic-plastic dynamic analysis are considered. The conclusion it is shown that the antisymmetric cross-ply laminated plate has a damping rate faster than the symmetric cross-ply laminated plate and if damping is considered and if the response of the plate shows no oscillation about the static deflection position, it means that the damping factor is below the critical damping factor.

The infiltration characteristics of the soil are an important component of the hydrological conditions. They are one of the components of the water balance and are necessary to describe the runoff response by a runoff model, in addition to describe the effect of water movement on the changing of the soil properties within infiltration. The present work emphasis on the characteristics of the infiltration by using laboratory model. This model is performed on the remoulded sample of specific density for different heads of water, 10, 20, and 30cm. The results revealed that there are significant effect of the water head with high interaction of the wetting conditions of the soil sample. A comparison was made with the results of field infiltration work, made by Mohammed Sh. Al Shakerchy, 2006. A statistical analysis was made to develop a relationship among the different studied parameters and between the field and laboratory works.

A semi-empirical model was developed to predict biomass-affected porosity, specific surface area and pressure drop as a function of the biomass concentration in two selected Submerged Aerated biorectors (SABRs). Under similar conditions two bench-scale SABRs (1m long and 100mm diameter) were operated to treat an industrial wastewater, the first packed with porcelinaite rocks and the other with polystyrene grains at hydraulic loading rates of ( 0.1–3.2 m/h) and with BOD5 concentration of (110- 436 mg/L) . Typical constant that can be used to estimate pressure drop for some of the most common design of SABRs were correlated. The proposed equations in porosity and specific surface area caused by biomass accumulation in SABR bed are based on macroscopic estimates of average biomass concentrations. In comparison to biofilm-based models, the macroscopic models are relatively simple to implement and are computationally more efficient. The effects of biomass accumulation and distribution on pressure losses and removal efficiency of biological load in SABRs were experimentally studied. Localized biomass accumulation in the SABR beds is the key factor increasing the pressure drop, which was caused by local bed clogging due to biomass growth. The highest pressure drops in the beds (porcelinaite rocks: 2,150 N/m3 and polystyrene grains: 1115 N/m3) occurred where there were high biomass levels. The pressure drop varied nonlinearly with the amount of accumulated biomass and the amount of oxygen consumed. Porcelinaite rocks caused greater pressure drops, on average 2 times higher than the polystyrene grains. Compaction, as a consequence of biomass growth and porcelinaite rocks degradation increased the pressure drop in the porcelinaite rocks bed.A comparison of the experimental and the predicted pressure drops showed that the model provided good estimates of biomass-affected porosity and pressure drop in the SABRs packed with spherical grains with even biomass distribution.

During the last decades new cementations materials were available, that led to new types of concrete. This represent a sort of technical revolution with respect to the traditional concrete. In this paper atraditional concrete (slump 170mm & little bleeding) , and two self compacting concrete( slump flow 700mm &neglectful bleeding) mixes were manufactured, ordinary Portland cement content(400kg/m3) and w/c ratio 0.45 used in manufacturing concretes, in order to obtain the same 28 day compressive strength .SCC were made with different types of mineral additions as fillers ,in this paper ground limestone and very fine sand used. The concrete specimens were wet cured at room temperature till the test age. Compressive strength of SCC were higher than that of the traditional concrete ,this can be related with a change in the microstructure of the cement matrix caused by the small particles of the limestone and very fine sand, which increase the density of cement paste and reduce the voids in it.

This study is conducted to investigate the punching shear of reinforced concrete flat plate slabs supported by coupled columns; sixteen specimens with average cube compressive strength (fcu) of (28 MPa) were tested.The slab specimens were made with (850x470x50mm) dimensions and concrete cover of (15 mm). The specimens were tested over a simply supported span (800 x 420mm) at four sides. The variables investigated in this study are the shape of column and the clear distance between columns of the slab specimen. The specimens are divided according to column shape into two groups, each group includes eight specimens.The first group (group A) has two square columns with cross sectional dimensions of (75x75mm) and height of (75mm) and column cross-sectional area equals to (5626mm). The clear distance between columns were varied from (2 mm) to (325 mm) (equals to 0.05d to 9.3d). While, the second group (group B) has two circular columns with (85mm) diameter and (75mm) height and column cross-sectional area equals to (5671)mm with variable clear distance between them from (2 mm) to (315 mm) (equals to 0.05d to 9d ). The test results showed that, the ultimate load reaches the maximum value when the distance between columns equal to (9.3d and 9d) for group (A) and (B) respectively; and decreases by (6.5 to 33.9%) and by (16.4 to 35.9%) of the maximum ultimate load when the clear distance between columns decreases by (7d to 0.05d) for group (A) and (B) respectively. The test results show that when the clear distance between columns is in the range of (0.05d to 7d) ,the failure zone is separated as one zone ;while when the clear distance between columns is equal to (9.3d and 9d ), the failure zone separates into two zones

This study is used to construct a mathematical model to analyze melting solidification process considering condition phenomena to an alloy metal in a square section. The aim of the present study, know the time that the metal is solidification in the mold to Know the time that open the mold. After the fluid inters the mold as a liquid, the heat is transferred by conduction and convection, including de thermal phase change phenomena. The mathematical model consists of square section which has length L and [a*b] dimensions. The metal enters the mold from upper end and go to fill all the mold use explicit technique is used to calculate the temperature during the mold and use the thermal phase phenomena from liquid to solid. In this study used Finite difference method to solve the mathematical model also used computer program Fortran 90 to solve this model. The result represented by Golden Software Surfer 8. Also this study may be used in refrigeration of water and studying solidification from the water to ice.

Different parameters affecting the pressure drop of fluid flow through packed bed have been studied. These parameters are fluid velocity, bed porosity, bed diameter, sphericity, particle diameter, packing height and wall effect. A semi-empirical equation for water flow through packed bed has been proposed, which can be used for several types and kinds of packing materials with different sizes, depending on Buckingham π theorem. The results of calculations for the proposed equation have been compared with many documented experimental literatures. This comparison gave a very good agreement, and has been represented and curves. The results from Ergun equation using similar conditions have been represented in the curves for the sake of comparison. Ergun equation results were far away from the experimental data and the semi-empirical equations results. The main reason of this deviation was that Ergun's equation neglect wall effect on fluid flow, differences in bed dimensions, packing shapes and sizes. The working range of the proposed equation is within the fixed region of the fluid flow diagram, i.e., the estimated equation can be used for fluid flow up to the fluidization point. A semi-empirical equation based on Leva equation had been modeled to evaluate the minimum fluidization velocity.

Many cases of skin diseases in the world have triggered a need to develop an effective automated screening method for detection and diagnosis of the area of disease. Therefore the objective of this work is to develop a new technique for automated detection and analysis of the skin disease images based on color and texture information for skin disease screening. In this paper, a study of the role of color information in detecting the edges of images was conducted. Therefore another color space (HIS) is implemented. Several edge detection techniques are applied such as Laplace and Perwitt, the results shows that the Laplace operator is more efficient than Perwitt operator in edge detection. Wavelet Transform plays an important role in the image processing analysis, especially in texture recognition of data. For its fine result when using Multi-resolution modeling. The texture image will be entered to Wavelet Mother Function; this will segment the texture into sub bands. These sub bands contain information about the texture, then this information will be entered to feature extraction, the output from them represent the input to the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which represents powerful tool for handling problems of large dimension. The idea of combining wavelets and neural networks is proposed to classify images. The output of ANN represents the type of texture.