Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Granulation Technique for Gamma Alumina Catalyst Support was employed in inclined disk
granulator (IDG), rotary drum granulator (RD) and extrusion – spheronization equipments
.Product with wide size range can be produced with only few parameters like rpm of
equipment, ratio of binder and angle of inclination. The investigation was conducted for
determination the optimum operating conditions in the three above different granulation
equipments.
Results reveal that the optimum operating conditions to get maximum granulation occurred
at ( speed: 31rpm , Inclination:420
, binder ratio:225,300% ) for the IDG,( speed: 68rpm ,
Inclination: 12.50
, binder ratio: 300% ) for the RD and ( speed:1200rpm , time of rotation: 1-
2min )for the Caleva spheronizer used in the extrusion spheronization method. These results
are compatible with similar works on granulation of different materials [1, 2, and 3].
Keywords: Spheronization, Inclined Disk Granulator, Rotary drum, extrusion –
spheronization, Gamma Alumina, Catalyst Support, shaping of catalyst.

This work was conducted to study the coefficient of performance for solar
absorption refrigeration by using direct solar energy using aqueous ammonia 0.45 mass
fraction (ammonia – water).The experiments were carried out in solar absorption system
.The system consisted of solar collector generator (0.25 m × 0.25 m × 0.04m) and
condenser cooled by a water bath followed by liquid receiver and evaporator. The results
showed that the maximum generator temperature was (92° - 97°) during June 2009, and
the minimum evaporator temperature was (5°C - 10°C) for aqua ammonia system.. It was,
also, found that the coefficient of performance, cooling ratio and amount of cooling
obtainable increased with increasing maximum generator temperature and pressure. While
the minimum evaporator temperature and concentration decreased with increasing
maximum generator temperature and pressure. The coefficient of performance was
(0.1096 - 0.2396).

Two different polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl chloride (PVA/PVC) hollow fiber
composite nanofiltration membranes were prepared after PVC hollow fiber membranes
were coated using dip-coating method with PVA aqueous solution, which was composed
of PVA, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO9), and water [PVA/AEO9/water
(4:0.5:95.5) wt%]. Effect of two different PVC hollow fiber immersion times in coating
solution were studied. Cross-section, internal and external surfaces of the PVC hollow
fibers and PVA/PVC composite nanofiltration membranes structures were characterized
by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pure water permeation flux and solutes
rejection. It was found that, the coating layer thickness on the outer surface of the 19 wt%
PVC hollow fiber was thin and about (6µm), while the coating solution penetrates
through the outer edge of the PVC hollow fiber and it looks like sponge-like structure
with increase of the dip-coating time from 20 to 30 sec. Besides, the pure water
permeation flux decreases and solutes rejection increases with an increase of the coating
time from 20 to 30 sec for the two PVA/PVC composite nanofiltration membranes.Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the PVA/PVC composite nanofiltration
membranes were in the range of NF (i.e. 200-3000 Mw).

In this work, fluid catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil to produce gasoline over prepared
faujasite type Y zeolite was investigated using experimental laboratory plant scale of fluidized bed
reactor.
The catalytic activity of prepared faujasite type NaY, NaNH4Y and NaHY zeolites was
investigated. The cracking process was carried out in the temperature range 440 to 500 oC,
weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) range 10 to 25 h
-1
,and atmospheric pressure . The catalytic
activities of the prepared faujasite type NaY , NaNH4Y and NaHY zeolites were determined in
terms of vacuum gas oil (VGO) conversion, and gasoline yield . The conversion at 500oC and
WHSV10 hr-1
by using faujasite type NaY, NaNH4Y and NaHY zeolite were 50.2%, 64.1% and
69.5wt% respectively. The gasoline yield using the same operating conditions were 24.8%, 30.5%
and 36.8wt% respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis of produced gasoline shows that the
paraffin, olefin, and aromatic content change considerably with the end point temperature of
gasoline fraction.

Binary mixtures of three heavy oil-stocks had been subjected to density measurments. The data had been aquired on the volumetric behaviour of these systems. The heavy oil-stocks used were of good varity, namely 40 stock , 60 stock, and 150 stock, 40 stock is the lightest one with the API gravity 33.7 while 60 stock is middle type and 150 stock is heavy one, with API gravity 27.7 and 23.8 respectively. Stocks with Kerosene or Xylene for non-ideal mixtures for which excess volume can be positive or negative. Mixture of heavy-oil stocks with paraffinic spike (Kerosene) show negative excess volume. While, aromatic rings results a lower positive excess volume, as shown in Xylene when blending with 40 stock and 60 stock but a negative excess volume when blending with 150 stock. The gravity of oil-stocks has an effect on excess volume when the oil-stocks spiked with Kerosene or Xylene. Those, 40 stock as typical light type resulted in minimum negative excess volume of -2.18, when it was spiked with the Kerosene, while the spiked heavy oil-stock with Kerosene gave a maximum excess volume of -11.2 The Redlich-Kister equation was used to fit the excess volume values, and the coefficients and estimate of the standard error values were presented.