Dirasat Mosiliya

The city of Mayafariqin is one of the cities of Al-Djazīra that gained its fame through its steadfastness and the steadfastness of its king, Al-Kamel Al-Ayyubi, in the face of the Mongol invasion. In the first century AH / thirteenth century AD, the Mongols attacked the country and were able to eliminate the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad in the year 656 AH / 1258 AD. They were able to advance towards the Levant and Al-Djazīra, and they were able to seize most of those countries, and this was the only city that refused to surrender to the Mongols. Hulagu got angry and killed him, then they cut them off and roamed with him in the Levant until they reached his head to his head, which led to his appearance on his head. Damascus and hung him there. After the return of Damascus to the Muslims, the head of King al-Kamil was lowered and buried in the Ras Mosque, which is one of the mosques of Ras al-Malik bin Abi Talib, where he was buried

The Mongol invasion of al-Djazira region constituted a major threat to the Mamluks, due to the importance of this region in the conflict process, and its great role in the map of political balances, due to its proximity to the Mamluk areas of control, These two regions were subject to the Mongols, who appointed their deputies in the, The cultural movement also continued and continued its activity after its stability and was a continuation of the cultural movement in previous eras, since the Mongols were not the owners of civilization, so they left the ruled peoples to continue their cultural activity and work to benefit from it, even if there were some changes in the societal structure of the region.

Natural disasters of all kinds, ancient and modern, are considered a real threat to human life, animals, plants and the natural environment in general, and because Al-Djazīra with its sections in Turkey, Syria and Iraq formed an important strategic axis during the medieval period due to its location and its economic, social and political importance, it was chosen as an area for the study of natural disasters that occurred during the period extending from the fourth century to the seventh Hijri, and this study provided a general idea of the characteristics of Al-Djazīra region and its geographical nature, then it talked about the natural disasters that occurred in Al-Djazīra region and its types such as floods, torrential rains, earthquakes, droughts, famines, diseases, epidemics and insects. In addition to the damage caused by these catastrophes, according to the chronology, based on many historical sources, especially the Annals, which were recording events and facts in precise chronological order according to years, (The Complete in History) by Ibn Al-Atheer and (Regular in the history of kings and nations from) by Ibn al-Jawzi, and (Tarikh al-Islam) by Al-Dhahabi, and some Christian books were also relied upon, such as the history of Matta al-Rahawi, or the history of Mar Mikhail the Great, as well as the history of time and the history of Mukhtasar al-Dawal by Ibn al-Abri. In addition to many historical books that chronicled the history of the region and mentioned some of the disasters that struck the region.

Al-Djazīra cities were a vital center for the production of various industries during the Ayyubid era. as neighboring countries depended on them to supply them with various agricultural and metal industries and various industrial crafts, due to the developments that this region witnessed in terms of the availability of capital and materials The primary raw materials, as well as the skill of the labor force in the industrial and artist field.

Agricultural activity is the mainstay of human economic life in general, and speaking of Al-Djazīra region, the field of agriculture has gained great importance as a result of the exploitation of fertile lands. Al-Maqdisi mentioned this by saying: “As for the air of this region, it is close to the Levant, and it has hot places.”
The various means of irrigation in Al-Djazīra region helped to increase the area of cultivated land, and agriculture was based mainly on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the rivers that flow into and branch out from them.
To keep the lands in the hands of their owners instead of distributing them to the army commanders, and they worked to prepare ways to advance agriculture by building canals and canals, which led to transforming the barren lands into fertile lands producing various types of grains, legumes and vegetables, and populated the abandoned villages under the rule of the Atabeg of Al-Djazīra, and the number of its inhabitants increased and reached There are 600 villages whose people worked in agriculture, and the farmers followed various means and methods to exploit the land and according to the type of agricultural yield to be planted, whether it was grain, palm or fruits. The methods of granting agricultural feudalism vary according to the ownership of agricultural land in the Euphrates Valley, some of which were granted permanent ownership and called (hereditary feudalism), and others were granted ownership for a limited period and called it (exploitation fiefdom), and fiefdom became a kind of administrative authority for princes and Atabegs

The Hearings of Mosul and Al-Djazīra scholars during the Pilgrimage seasons have contributed in developing the scientific life in them. The importance of this issue is due to the fact that it is connected with the life of the early muslims who set up the rules of Islam and raised its flag. The Scholars didn't mention anything about the scarcity of information in the resources of Islamic history and the books of Al-Tabaqaat and biography, in addition to the books of Jurisprudence within the temporal framework of the study.The paper disclosed the quantitative and qualitative divergences of Al-Hadeeth scholars regarding the question of their hearing from the Sheikhs of the two holy shrines as an example for developing the scientific activities during the 5th and 6th centuries AH, besides the problems and catastrophes that faced the pilgrimage convoys, the thing that hindered the mutual scientific activities between Mosul and Al-Djazīra and Mecca. The paper came up with observing some of these hearings the book of (Al-Mathhab Al-Munathad in the doctrine of Ahmed) by Abee Al-Faraj Abdul-Qader Al-Haranee Naseh Al-Deen.

Al-Ashraf Syndicate was established to take care of the family of the Prophet, organize and invest their money, take care of their endowments, and protect their lineage from pretenders.
One of the conditions for choosing the captain of the supervision was to be a scholar of Sharia and genealogy and a great knowledge and culture.
Branches of the Syndicate of Captains were established in the capital Baghdad, so a branch union was established in every city in which a branch of the Prophet’s family resides.
The Syndicate of supervision was established in al-Djazira, especially in Mosul, Nasibeen, and Diyar Bakr, where many Talibiiyn families settle there, and the oldest mention of the arrival of supervision there is in the year 431 AH.
Through this research, we will learn about the contribution of the Syndicate and the captains in leading the union in their countries and serving their families. It has been shown to us that the captains made an outstanding contribution to political and intellectual life and to genealogy, and they were closely related to the caliphate, sultans, ministers and senior statesmen who respected them and surrounded them with care and honor.

The research sheds light on the biographies of Al-Djazīra cities that were mentioned in abook (qalaid al-jumaan) by ibn al-sha,ar al-Mosuli(AD 1256-AH 654) which is one of the most important book written in the Islamic history field. These biographies were distinguished in many fields such as the scientific, literary and administrative fields , many of these personalities had agood relationships with princes ,ruler and kings of that historical era and they held an important management positions due to the characteristics and qualification that these personalities possessed and made them deserve these position

Our damascene historian Al-Ǧazarī is originated from the old city of Āmed. He was born in Damascus, and it is where he passed away (d. 739 AH).
Al-Ǧazarī wrote a single book titled “Ḥawādiṯ az-Zamān wa-anbāʾihi wa-wafayāt al-akābir min abnāʾihi”, with obituaries of its great noble sons”. This book received the attention of Al-Ǧazaris contemporaries and successors and was used by many of them as a resource of information, and they have also criticized some aspects of the book.
Since 1928, Arab Contemporaries and orientalists showed interest in starting from its title and its time frame ending by its value amongst Islamic historical works.
This research aims to review the scientific efforts around Al-Ǧazarī and his book, indicating its effects and value. In order to demonstrate that and to provide an addendum about these efforts the nature of the research required the study of the following points:
- The date and the reasons behind Al-Ǧazari’s family departure from the Al-djazīra to Egypt and the Levant
- The life of the Al-Ǧazarī including his culture and activities.
- Al-Ǧazaris manuscripts of his book and the people who worked on them.
- Evaluating parts of the investigators' work on Al-Ǧazari’s manuscripts for his book “Ḥawādiṯ az-Zamān” and stating the advantages and the disadvantages.
- Referring to the unvalidated parts of Al-Ǧazari’s history and its news about the Al-djazīra region.

This research entitled “Historical Reading in the Book “The Chosen Ones from Manaqib Al-Akhyar” by Majd Al-Din Abi Al-Saadat Ibn Al-Atheer Al-Jazari (d. And the science of hadith, and others, and I divided my study into elements, in which I dealt with his life, jobs, biography, illness and death, and the characteristics of his approach to writing in general, and what was said about him, and the approach of this book in particular, with mentioning the most important al-Djazriya personalities for which he was translated.
The research reached results, which are Majd Al-Din Ibn Al-Atheer’s interest in the righteousness of souls, the individual’s upbringing of himself by sitting with saints and scholars, and self-striving. The book contains an explanation of the nature of the author’s personality, and what he took from the characteristics and morals of scholars, and the characters mentioned in it are carefully selected for translation; Because it is the primary influence on the personality of the author, and all the qualities and virtues he mentioned were mentioned by Abu Naim in the introduction of his book "The Ornament of the Guardians and the Layers of the Pure".

Harran is a great and famous city, according to Yakut al-Hamawi, It is located on the Al-Djazīra. It is the home of science and scientists, and among the sciences in which Harran scholars excelled; Medicine, So, Byoutat became famous in the medical industry as the Thabet bin Qara Al-Sabi family Who had great credit for him and his sons and grandsons in developing the science of medicine, both in theory and through their books Or, in practice, through their service with the caliphs of Bani al-Abbas.
The reputation of the Harranians in the medical industry spread even in Andalusia, so we find the doctor Yunus bin Ahmed Al-Harani (he was alive in the year 400 AH/1022 AD), who achieved wide fame. His two

Al-Djazīra is one of the regions that have played an active and influential role in the historical events, politically and culturally throughout the Islamic ages.
Scientists and thinkers have belonged to Al-Djazīra, who had their contributions and civilizational innovations, and this research sheds light on one of the most prominent scholars of Al-Djazīra who had such innovations, the scientist Badi’uzzaman Abu Al-Izz bin Ismail bin Al-Razzaz Al-Jazari (530 AH-602 AH / 1136-1206 AD). The research was divided into several axes that dealt with the biography of this scientist, the beginnings of his life, his writings, his most important achievements and their impact on Western civilization, historical sources on this subject.

In embodiment of the requirements of the invitation to participate in the proceedings of the Fifth Scientific Conference organized by the Mosul Studies Center, whose lofty goals and objectives include a responsibility to shed light on the heritage and civilization of Al-Djazīra region. From the march of Islamic civilization), which the researcher seeks to draw the attention of the conferees towards the impact of a group of scholars from an authentic sect that, in turn, has adorned the historical map of Al-Djazīra in golden and prosperous eras. The research aims to clarify the impact and role of the Syriac scholars from Al-Djazīra in the march of the Arab peace civilization and their clear contributions, especially in the era of its shining in (eighth, ninth and tenth centuries AD), by studying and researching those contributions, effects and scientific roles in the fields of judgment and transfer sciences and what their minds produced And what their thought left a cultural and scientific heritage because this topic deserves attention. The importance of the research lies in the fact that it deals with the giving and efforts of an important and authentic Al-Djazīra component that has its history and impact on the cities of Al-Djazīra region, and to show that the contributions made by its sons of scientists in the fields of rational sciences during the successive eras of Arab and Islamic enlightenment is not a small or extraneous contribution, but rather It is a genuine and abundant contribution, and a contribution that stems from the originality of this element and the ancient existence in the land of Al-Djazīra in which it flourished, and that its vital and constructive fields covered wide areas of sciences and wise knowledge such as philosophy, logic, medicine, engineering and astronomy, just as it covered large areas of literature, knowledge and the arts. The research is divided into an introduction and four axes, as the first axis comes to give; A descriptive geographical overview and a historical summary of Al-Djazīra Peninsula region during the period specified by the conference as a framework for research, which is the era of brightening and empowerment of the Arab Islamic civilization. As for the second axis, it comes to be known as the Syriac, indicating; Their cultural identity, the level of their human interaction, their scientific mission, and their relationship with Muslims within the prosperous state of Islam, with a mention of their most prominent cultural centers on Al-Djazīra. As for the third axis, it comes to know a select group of Syriac scholars from Al-Djazīra, highlighting their scientific backgrounds, their intellectual doctrines and their geographical spread in Al-Djazīra, with an explanation of their scientific impact and role. However, the fourth axis comes as a review of their material effects such as schools, centers and libraries, and their scientific and cultural heritage, whether it is in the field of medicine, philosophy and logic, or in the fields of literature and language, as well as in the fields of arts and other knowledge. In dealing with the subject under study, the researcher relied on the role of Syriac scholars from the islanders, following the historical descriptive approach, which takes into account the relationship between the studied phenomena and the geographical and cultural environment that led to its emergence and nurtured its prosperity. Perhaps it is superfluous to point out that the researcher, while presenting the research, does not assert that he has covered all the Syriac scholars whom Al-Djazīra had produced in the bright ages of the Islamic civilization, and all the sciences in which they excelled

The Arabic dialect spoken in the city of Mardin and the villages and towns that follow a model is striking in all respects. As it seems that it was cut off from other Arabic dialects due to the rugged geographical location, which seems to have led to this dialect not being in contact with other Arabic dialects, especially Bedouin dialects, whose owners may migrate usually between different regions. And the juxtaposition of other languages such as Syriac, Kurdish and Turkish, on the other hand. It has also remained under the control of the official Turkish language and at an increasing rate since the beginning of the twentieth century until this day and there has been no significant contact between it and the classical Arabic language at a time when the influence of the media and schools that depended on the classical Arabic language increased in all Arab countries.
As for the linguistic structure, the Arabic dialect spoken in Mardin, which is classified within the Jazrawiyya dialect of Arabic, is distinguished by many of its phonetic and morphological features, such as retaining the (ثاء - ذال - ظاء - قاف) despite its interaction with other sounds alien to the sound system in the Arabic language (o - ı - p - g), as well as its keep of the five verbs (al-afal al-khamsa), where the they say (تاكْلِين)“takleen” (you eat), (تاكْلُون)“takloun” (you eat), (ياكْلُون) “yakloun” (they eat). They also keep the conjugated pronoun of the first person singular in the past tense as it is, so they say (أكَلْتُ) “akaltu” (I ate) and the conjugated pronoun of the third person singular, as they say (أحِبْكِي) "ahebkee" (I love you)...
The dialect spoken in Mardin is in common with other Arabic dialects in general and with other branches of the Jarawiyya dialect in particular. However the factors of not using the verb (شاف)“shaf” (see) and not adding (ب) “b” in front of the present tense in this dialect can be considered as factors that may distinguish it from the rest of the Arabic dialects. We will try through this research to monitor the situation of the Arabic dialect spoken in Mardin from the aforementioned aspects.