Basrah Journal For Date Palm Research

Thermal stress, associated with salinity or drought stress is more damaging to the
anatomical characteristics of the plant than the single factor. Leaves and roots from
annual young date palm offshoots used as experimental materials. The results
showed that the drought decreased thickness of blade, mesophyll, and vascular
bundle in July and September. Whereas the irrigation with fresh water on September
increased blade, mesophyll, and vascular bundle thickness. The salinity increased
upper epidermal of the leaflet in July whereas the freshwater decreased upper
epidermal of the leaflet in September. The lower epidermal affected with salinity in
May and July. However, drought increased cuticle thickness in July compared to
other treatments. The drought, salinity and thermal stress caused the damage roots of
the date palm. The freshwater increased epidermis and the cortical thickness at all
months. Whereas drought and salinity decreased epidermis and cortical thickness.
However, the drought increased endodermis and sclerenchyma thickness, and
vascular thickness compared to fresh water. The critical factor in the effect of
drought stress associated with thermal stress is drought stress, and recovery of the
tissue does not occur with the presence of drought stress despite the removal of
thermal stress.

The present research was carried out to study changes in protein pattern during growth and
development of seeded and parthencapic fruits of the Hillawi date palm using gel
electrophoresis. The results showed that there are difference in the number, molecular
weight and timing of protein bands.
Eight weeks from pollination, there were four protein bands for seeded fruits and only
one protein band for parthenocarpic fruit. Ten weeks after pollination, seeded fruits
showed five protein band and one band for parthenocarpic fruit. At the end of kamri stage,
seeded fruits showed three protein bands, but only one band for parthenocarpic fruits. As
the fruit entered the Khalal stage, parthenocarpic fruit showed one protein band, and four
bands for seeded ones.
At the Rutab stage [ 15 weeks from pollination], both types of fruits showed two
protein bands. Sixteen weeks from pollination seeded fruits showed two protein bands ,
but parthenolrpic fruits showed no protein band. At the end of the growing season, and as
the fruit entered the Tamer stage, there were two protein bands for seeded fruits, but only
one band for parthenocarpic fruit. It is concluded that such differences in protein pattern
for seeded and parthenocarpic fruit, are related to differences in the in the process of
gene expression, which is related to the behavior of both fruits during their development.

Plants are exposed to different types of biotic and abiotic stresses throughout their life
cycle, abiotic stresses included salinity, drought, temperature (high or low), heavy metals,
nutrient deficiencies, and ultraviolet rays.
Exposure to these stresses increases the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS), which are highly reactive and cause damage to proteins, fats, carbohydrates
and nucleic acids. However, plants possess effective enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense
mechanisms, and together they are called antioxidants.
This review reviews the most important antioxidants possessed by the date palm tree,
Phoenix dactylifera L., which is exposed to various biological stresses, especially as it is
characterized by its long life cycle. It also reviews studies that dealt with the effect of
exgenous of some antioxidants in improving the resistance of the date palm to the negative
effects of abiotic stresses.

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of spraying with leave fertilizer (poly
sulfide) with different concentrations on infecting date palm offshoot with Alternaria
alternata as a cause of spot disease on the leaves, and the concentrations used were (0, 2, 4,
6) cm3/L. The results showed that there were significant differences between the
concentrations used The highest rate of effect of leave fertilizer (polysulfide) when
spraying at 6 cm3/L and the lowest rate of development of artificial infection with fungi
Alternaria alternata (2,025 mm, followed by concentration 4 and 2 cm 3 / liter). Recording
2.575 and 3.275 mm respectively, and recorded a comparative treatment. The rate of
development of synthetic infection 3.725 mm. The results showed that there were
significant differences between the concentrations used, with a direct relationship with the
increase in concentration, for all varieties (Al-Sayer, Halawi and Al-Barhi), and that the
highest rate of effect was when spraying with a concentration of 6 cm3/ L.

This study was conducted in Date Palm Research Center - Basrah University with the
aim of testing the susceptibility of F.equiseti to infect the leaves of date palm, Sayer
cultivar. Some anatomical and chemical changes associated with date palm infection with
fungi have been studied, as well as some physiological characteristics of the fungi that
cause the disease. The results of this study showed the ability of Fusarium equiseti to cause
infection on the date palm leaf Al-Sayer cultivar . The study showed the susceptibility of
F. equiseti to the secretion of cellulase and phenol oxidase The enzymatic activity space is
5.8 and 6.5 mm, respectively. The results of histopathology in infected leaves showed the
effect of F.equiseti on the tissues of infected leaves and that the walls of the cells were
analyzed as compared to the tissues that did not show symptoms of infection.