Journal of University of Babylon

Bobbin friction stir welding (BFSW) is special kind of friction stir welding. This investigation ‎aims to develop empirical models through mathematical relationships between the welding process ‎parameters and mechanical properties of Aluminum alloy AA6061-T6 welded joint created by using ‎bobbin tool and to find the optimum welding parameters. The welding speed range (40-200 mm/min) ‎and rotational speed range (340-930 rpm) were utilized (as the used input factors) to find their effects ‎on elongation, tensile strength and maximum bending force as the main responses. These models were ‎built using Design of Experiment (DOE) software ‘version 10’ with Response Surface Methodology ‎‎(RSM) technique. The models adequacy were tested via the (ANOVA) analysis. The obtained models ‎appeared that as the welding speed or rotational speed increases, the elongation, tensile strength and ‎maximum bending force of the welded joint firstly rise to a maximum value and then drop. The ‎optimum welding parameters were rotational speed (623.949 rpm) and welding speed (128.795 ‎mm/min) with (6.33%), (204 MPa) and (6.216 KN) of elongation, tensile strength and maximum ‎bending force, respectively. A proper harmonization was obtained between the models predicted ‎results and the optimized ones with actual trial with 95% level of confidence. ‎

Positional inaccuracy is a major public engineering problem, and the cause of errors which lead ‎to inaccurate measurements. The main challenge faced by many researchers is the accuracy. Hence, ‎this paper involved comparing various map projections and datums effect on accuracy using 7 ‎parameter method and root mean square errors (RMSE) test. In order to prepare data for analysis, sets ‎of points in the study area, which is located in north of Iraq in Sulaymaniyah Governorate (Arbat ‎City), were selected as follows: first set of ten checkpoints (reference points) was selected randomly. ‎The cartographic parameters for these points were (Lat. /Long. coordinates) and datum was WGS84 ‎using Differential GPS. Then other sets of points were ten Ground Control Points (GCP) for the same ‎positions, but in this case were Cartesian coordinates with different projections and datums. The idea ‎was to convert coordinates system of the second set points to geographic coordinate system for all ‎specified projections using 7 parameter method. After that calculate RMSE between transformed ‎coordinates and original coordinates (first set of checkpoints). The projection and datum that will ‎guarantee less RMSE will be the best for study area. In this method required acquire ground control ‎points (GCP) and global position system points (GPS points), for the purpose completing the study‏ ‏all ‎the needed coordinates were measured using DGPS. Not only datum transformation from global ‎datum (WGS1984-UTM-Zone-38N) to local datum (Karbala1979-UTM-Zone-38N) were performed, ‎but also producing new maps for the purpose of comparisons. The results demonstrated that UTM ‎projection and local datum (Karbala1979-UTM-Zone-38N) were the best for study area according to ‎RMSE test.‎

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is continued to be a major activity of science and technology in ‎view of its advantages of controlling the deposit thickness, morphology, and microstructure. The method ‎enables the formation of films on substrates of complex geometry that suits for various applications ‎including biomaterials. However, the method involves controlling of various process parameters, which are ‎of vital effects on the properties of the deposit.‎
Besides, deposition of zirconia nano particles is vital for production of parts used in restorative ‎dentistry. This work was a study the effect of polyethylene glycol polymer as a binder-suspension agent, ‎the amount the solid loading (zirconia particles), and the effect of the toluene as a dielectric liquid, on the ‎final thickness and green density of the deposed parts. ‎

The power system transient stability studies depend on the state of sudden disturbance to which ‎the system is subjected, such as the fault state on the system. The increasing size of modern power ‎systems requires fast and more efficient methods of solutions. Therefore the classical approach of ‎repeated integrations will be length and time consuming. Investigations to overcome this difficulty led ‎to the use of direct methods. These methods use the energy balance in the system.‎
This review paper presents the comparative study between the various energy function ‎methods: Extended Equal Area Criterion (EEAC) method, Potential Energy Boundary Surface (PEBS), ‎Relative Unstable Equilibrium Point RUEP, method with the Indirect Integration method of transient ‎stability analysis .the methods was tested on test system 4-machine-six node and seven lines. For ‎transient energy function transient energy and critical energy of the system are calculated in order to ‎judge the stability of the system . In this study it was concluded that the Energy function methods not ‎only avoid the time consuming solutions required in the conventional method, but also provide a ‎quantitative measure of the degree of system stability and the PEBS method is suggested, It achieves ‎more accurate values than other two methods (EEAC, RUEP)and confirms the traditional method . ‎

Nowadays, a lot of accidents occur at U-turn spreading at different types of roads in Al-Najaf ‎city. Moreover, the most sever congestion also has been seen in these U-turn during peak hours. ‎Therefore, this study has focused on studying the characteristics of these U-turns in terms of flow for ‎different movements for each site. The manufactured vantage point has been made to capture the ‎weaving movement along these sections using video camera. Simulation model called S-Paramics has ‎been used after calibrating it with filed data collected from several U-turn sites. The simulated model ‎has been used to select the best location for the U-turn regarding to the nearest access point. The ‎results show that the distance should be not less than 300m in order to avoid congestion. In addition, ‎new improvements have been suggested to correct violated behaviors of drivers.‎

The mainly objective of groundwater studies is assessment the physical characterizations of ‎water-bearing layers. The studied area located in southwest of Karbla’a city within Karbla’a ‎Governorate in Midwest of Iraq. The aquifers were divided into two main units, the unconfined and ‎confined aquifers. Depending on (117) wells, the two main aquifers were investigated during field work ‎where geographical position, elevations, static water levels, depths, thicknesses, maximum yields as ‎well as water sampling and pumping test have been carried out. Unconfined aquifer mainly consists of ‎Quaternary deposits and Dibdibba formation, while confined aquifer mainly consists of Dammam, ‎Euphrates, Fatha and Injana Formations. Depending on hydrogeological and hydrochemical ‎properties of both aquifers, promising zone for exploration of groundwater of unconfined aquifer ‎located almost in the central part within the northeast part of the area, and eastern side of area for ‎confined aquifer. ‎

In this work, the heat treatments were performed by three types of processes: normalizing, quenching ‎and tempering, where the samples were heated to 900°C and held for 1 hour inside the furnace at that ‎temperature. The first group of hot samples was cooled by air to room temperature through the normalizing ‎process, but the second group was rapidly cooled by two types of the quenching media: (cold water at 5°C and ‎polymer solution). The samples after quenching processes were tempered by heating to 450°C for one hour as a ‎soaking time at this temperature. The samples were then taken out of the furnace, and cooled by air. The ‎machinability, tensile strength, hardness, ductility and microstructure tests of carbon steel (GOST 50) have been ‎achieved after the completion the heat treatment processes. The results appeared improvement and change in ‎these properties after the heat treatments due to the change of the hardness, ductility and toughness of samples.‎

The objective of this research is to determine the effect of microwave furnaces heat energy on the ‎surface of an aluminum alloy AA 6061-T6, also, to investigate the range of change in mechanical ‎properties and the estimated fatigue life have through different medium (dry and salt solution) and ‎duration times (0.5-1 hour). It was found that the heat generated by the energy of the microwave furnace ‎affected the ultimate stress and the yield stress as well as surface roughness, hardness and modulus of ‎elasticity, where degrees varied according to the time of exposure to those waves. The estimate fatigue life ‎was also affected by heat generated through the energy of the microwave furnace. The highest range of ‎change was when the alloy specimen was subjected to microwave heat energy for one hour. All the ‎variation was compared with the properties of the alloy without treatments as received (ASTM Standards) ‎in tables within the research. Also, the research aims to change the wrong idea about not using metals with ‎the microwaves furnace and to prove it's safe to do that through controlled steps. ‎

This study aims to exploite the rejected heating energy from condenser and benefit from it to reheat ‎the foods and other materials. It can also be employed to improve the coefficient of performance of a ‎refrigerator at the same time by using approximately the same consumption electrical energy used to ‎operate the compressor and refrigerator in general. This idea has been implemented by manufacturing of a ‎refrigerator with using additional part has the same metal and condenser pipe diameters but its surface ‎area does not exceed 40% from total surface area of the condenser and its design as an insulated cabinet ‎from all sides to prevent heat leakage through it and located between the compressor and the condenser. ‎Small electrical fan has been added inside this cabinet to provide a suitable air circulation and a ‎homogenous temperature distribution inside the cabinet space. It is expected that the super heating energy ‎of refrigerant (R134a) which comes out of the compressor would be removed inside this cabinet and this ‎insist to condensate the refrigerant (cooling fluid) with a rate higher than that used in the normal ‎refrigerator only. Three magnetic valves have been used in order to control the refrigerant flow in state of ‎operation the refrigerator only or to gather with heating cabinet. To measure the temperatures at each ‎process of the simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle, nine temperature sensors at input and output ‎of each compressor, condenser and an evaporator in additional to input of cabinet and inside it and on ‎evaporator surface have been provided. Five pressure gages have been used to measure the value of ‎pressure and compare it for the two states of operation. The consumption of electrical energy can be ‎calculated by adding an ammeter and a voltmeter and compare between the consumption energy of both ‎states. The obtained results show that there is an improvement in the coeffecient of performance in state ‎of operation the refrigerator with heat recovery cabinet by 20% more than that of the operation of ‎refrigerator only. This improvement is due to the reduction in the condenser exit temperature by 4 to 6 C˚, ‎and the super heat removing process in reheating cabinet. The temperature of the cabinet reachs to 60 C˚ ‎which is a sufficient for the food heating. A small amount of refrigerant pressure reduction due to these ‎additions, and its effect on the preformace of the refrigerator may be not considerable.‎

This paper investigates the properties and applications of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum ‎‎(FHSS). FHSS is radio communication technique by which the sender of information sends the data on a ‎radio channel, which changes the frequency of transmission based on a predetermined sequence of code. ‎The FHSS has many advantages over traditional modulation methods, it can overcome fading, multipath ‎channels and interferences. Hence the interception becomes difficult. This security feature makes FHSS ‎more preferable for military applications. At the receiver side, the signal is demodulated by the same ‎carrier signal for which frequency changes by the same code sequences used by the sender. This paper ‎presents two types of FHSS, slow and fast. The simulation procedures of both types were implemented ‎and applied on Frequency Hopping /Binary Phase Shift Keying (FH/BPSK) spread spectrum system using ‎MATLAB. The simulation sequences for fast and slow frequency hopping is the same in number and ‎frequencies of spreading carriers and both used BPSK traditional modulation type. The comparison ‎results based on their power spectral density show that the fast frequency hopping is more resistive to ‎noise the slow one.‎

These days the turbocharging system is assuming an essential part in enhancing car engines ‎performance and diminishing fuel utilization and the fumes emanations, in spark-ignition and compression ‎ignition engines. The performance of a radial turbine for the turbocharger device is heavily affected by the ‎flow dynamics in a radial impeller. Furthermore, modification and improvement of a radial turbine ‎impeller is a challenging task for turbomachinery engineers. Hence, this study aimed to further ‎computational fluid dynamic analyses of a radial turbine stage performance .The design characteristics of ‎a radial turbine stage, was used to simulate the flow by using independent packages of ANSYS CFX. The ‎comparative study of a three dimensional flow simulation will give a more reasonable results of the turbine ‎stage flow behavior and computational fluid dynamic simulation can give a more detailed result and ‎reveal unexpected flow behavior like separation and vortexes.The results showed that the fluid flow ‎dynamics within a turbine stage has indicated a noticeable performance characteristics. Obviously, it was ‎observed that the pressure ratio and volume flow rate and efficiency were predicted numerically. Overall ‎numerical results obtained from computational fluid dynamic simulations could produce a highly reliable ‎for estimation on the performance a radial turbine of turbocharger.‎

An experimental investigation is carried out on the use of water injection on the humidification ‎process of air with a steady flow that travels during the curved part of a duct with a constant cross ‎section. The naturally generated turbulences will surely aid the mixing process between the injected ‎water droplets and the air to enhance both the mass and heat transfer. The current investigation is ‎regarded as a simulation of the inlet air cooling of the gas turbine which aims to specify the optimum ‎atomizer position on the air cooling by the fogging technique. The experiments were carried out on a ‎‎(50×50 cm) wind tunnel with an average air velocity of (10 m/s). Experiments were conducted in a ‎range of air to water flow ratio between 1000 and 2000, and an ambient temperature in a range of 30° ‎to 50°C. At higher ambient temperature of 45.2oC (DBT), a temperature reduction of 26% and an ‎increase in the relative humidity ratio of 2.13 were recorded at the flow ratio of 1000. Injecting water ‎upward through the range of angles -25° to 75° showed less sensitivity to atomizer location regardless ‎the radial position of the atomizer. This situation is most suitable for using atomizing array across the ‎duct. The central location with tangential spray introduces the critical position for a single-point spray. ‎Such position is promising the optimum atomizer place specified by a radii ratio of (r/rin=3) and ‎tangential orientation to the direction of flow.‎

The CFD transient simulation of superheating the refrigerant R410 through the heat exchange with the ‎evacuated tube water heating system of the hybrid‏ ‏split air conditioner that is subjected to solar radiation of ‎constant intensity with the contribution of fan accelerated air is performed by the ANSYS-CFX code. The ‎comparison with experimental work showed a minimum percentage error 8% of the predicted refrigerant ‎evaporative heat transfer with storage tank horizontal tubing. In addition, the results denoted high absorption rate ‎for the evacuated tubes, reducing highly reversed heat transmission for the circulated water. ‎

In modern systems communication, different methods have been improved to change the prior ‎imitative techniques that process communication data with high speed. It is necessary to improve ‎‎(OFDM) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing technique because the development in the ‎guideline communication of wireless system which include security data and transmission data ‎reliability. The applications communications of wireless is important to develop in order to optimize ‎the process of communication leads to reduce the level consumption energy of the output level signal. ‎The architecture of VLSI is used to optimize the performance transceiver in 802.11 n OFDM-MIMO ‎systems, this idea concentrate on the design of 6x6 MIMO_OFDM system in software simulink of ‎MATLAB then using generator system for transfer to code of VHDL and applying in FPGA Xilinx ‎Spartan 3 XC3S200 . The modelsim used to get the simulation while Xilinx power estimator is used to ‎calculate power. The results registered total power consumption about 94mW while compared with ‎previous work was 136mW which means a high reduction of about 30.8% .‎

A hydrogeologic model was developed and carried out in Taleaa district of 67km2 . The study ‎adopted a determination of KUISG depends upon the double rings infiltrometer model. The tests were ‎carried out in a part of Mesopotamian Zone which is covered with quaternary deposits . In general ‎the groundwater levels are about one meter below ground surface. Theoretically, the inclination angle ‎of the saturated water phase plays an important role in the determination of KUISG. The experimental ‎results prove that the angle of inclination of the saturated phase is identical to the angle of internal ‎friction of the soil. This conclusion is supported by the comparison of the results that obtained from ‎falling head test and infiltrometer measurements for estimating the hydraulic conductivitiy values for ‎ten locations within the study area. The determination of vertical hydraulic conductivity by current ‎infiltrometer model is constrained to only the shallow groundwater regime.7‎

The wireless sensor network (WSN) consists mostly of a large number of nodes in a large area where ‎not all nodes are directly connected. The applications of comprise a wide variety of scenarios.The mobile ‎nodes are free to move because this network has selfــstructured topology. Routing protocols are ‎responsible for detecting and maintaining paths in the network, and it classified into reactive ‎‎(On‎ـــDemand), proactive (Table driven), and hybrid. In this paper represents a performance study of some ‎WSN routing protocols: the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), ‎and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV). The comparison made according to important ‎metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), total packets dropped, Average end-to-end delay (Avg EED), and ‎normalized routing load under the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol ‎‎(UDP) traffic connection and with varying number of nodes, pause time; and varying speed. In this work ‎used (NSــ‎2.35) that installed on (Ubuntu 14.04) operating system to implementing the scenario. Conclude ‎that the DSR has better performance in TCP connection; while the DSDV has better performance in UDP ‎protocol.‎

The submerged flow through piers is a weak turbulent flow. In this flow viscosity damps the flow ‎fluctuations caused by obstacle. The flow conditions are affected substantively by pier shape. For viewing the ‎structural characteristics of flow, twenty two different piers shape has been studied experimentally and modeled ‎numerically. Classical k-ε turbulence model has been employed and comparison has been carried between ‎predicted free surface profiles and laboratory measurements and so has been done with the discharge. The ‎determinants of flow structure that predicted such as viscous length, turbulent energy, turbulence energy percent, ‎turbulent dissipation, energy coefficient and momentum coefficient have been investigated. The investigation leads ‎that these determinants are well reflectors for pier shape and they are highly correlated to flow discharge and ‎Froude number with adjusted coefficient of determination equals to 0.957 and 0.949 respectively. Statistical results ‎show that piers of sudden tail expansion cause an average increase of 16% and 8.5% in the relative values of ‎energy and momentum coefficients respectively compared with gradually expanded, while an average increase of ‎‎2%, 23% and 6% in maximum values of viscous length, turbulent dissipation and turbulence energy percent ‎respectively. In addition 10 volumetric shape factors have been calculated and then automatic linear regression has ‎been carried with the structural determinants. The adjusted R ̅^2 of five shape factors have exceeded the 80% and ‎the best one is the elongation shape factor.‎

Carbon black produced from several factories in Iraq is expected to provide a reinforcing agent ‎for asphalt paving materials. Carbon black has many characteristics that distinguish it from ‎conventional mineral fillers, as well as their different function in pavement mixtures. Theory and ‎exercise advanced in the inclusive utilize of carbon black as a reinforcing agent for rubber has led to ‎concept of asphalt reinforcement. The very fine particles of micro filler added in different contents will ‎be dispersed in asphalt cement improving the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete mixes. In this ‎Four percentages rates were utilized; 0, 3, 6, and 9 percent adding to asphalt grade (60-70). Mixes of ‎asphalt concrete were destined at their optimum asphalt content (OAC) then experienced to assess ‎their engineering characteristics that contain moisture of damage, permanent deformation, modulus of ‎resilient and characteristics of fatigue. These characteristics have been assessed utilizing indirect tensile ‎strength, uniaxial repeated loading and repeated flexural beam tests. Mixtures improved with carbon ‎black were existed to have amended permanent deformation and fatigue characteristics, else exhibited ‎high resilient modulus and lower moisture susceptibility. Result showed that a rate changed from 3 to 9 ‎percent has shown an increase in resilient modulus for increment of carbon black and modulus of ‎resilient for mixes with 9 percent carbon black was 1.4 times that for mixes with 0 percent carbon ‎black. The altering of carbon black from a range (3-9) percent has modified the fatigue property of the ‎asphalt concrete mixes as determined by flexural test, Significantly, to modify the asphalt concrete ‎manner taken the percent of carbon black 6, and to produce the mixes more durable , higher ‎resistance to distresses by adding the local knowledge.‎

In this study, fatigue was analyzed for several types of weld joints, including the Butt joints, pipe-‎flange Butt joint, Lap and Tee joint. These weldments were studied under increasing loads by using CATIA ‎software for modeling and using the ABAQUS environment to analyze the resulting stresses. Where the ‎study included arc welding process, welded parts and weld bead metal are from the same material (ASTM ‎A36 carbon low steel). In the end the results of fatigue analysis showed‏ ‏the maximum stress was reached ‎in Butt joint (250Mpa) and in pipe-flange Butt joint(544.2Mpa), while the maximum stress on Lap joint ‎‎(58.23Mpa) and the maximum stress on a Tee joint (250Mpa).‎

The advances ceramics have many applications such as aerospace, refectory, medical, ‎electronic,…etc. In this work, the preparation of titanium carbide by using powder metallurgy ‎technique from titanium and graphite has been investigated with different weight percentages are ‎‎((86:14),(83:17),(80:20) and (77:23)) wt.% titanium and graphite respectively. Titanium carbide was ‎formed at (1200°C) for (8hr). The mechanical properties (microhardness, compression strength and ‎wear rate) and characterization (SEM and XRD) of titanium carbide samples were studied. The ‎results found that the best mechanical properties for titanium carbide samples prepared at (80:20) ‎wt.% titanium and graphite respectively. ‎

Raighly – Ritz is the approximate mathematical method which is used to study the vibrations ‎in engineering structures, which employed in this search to guess the natural frequency of the of pipes ‎conveying water at turbulent flow for rectangular cross section at tapered thickness this method have ‎clamped – free boundary conditions in the two cases. The first involves the pipe have a constant wall ‎thickness (h1) at clamped end equal to (1mm & 2mm) while the thickness (h2) at free end changes ‎according to the ratio (h2/h1=0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1). In the second case the thickness at free end (h2) is ‎constant (1mm & 2mm) whereas the thickness at clamped end (h1) changes at ratio ( h1/h2=0.25, 0.5, ‎‎0.75, 1). The pipe has a constant inner high of cross section (w2) is (5 cm & 10 cm) with different ‎values of width (w1) vary at ratio of (w1//w2 = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 ) for different lengths of pipe are (1m & ‎‎2m). This study shows in the first case at any value of thickness (h1) and the height (w2), the natural ‎frequency decreased with increasing the ratio (h2/h1) & the ratio of (w1/w2) at the same length. While ‎the frequency increase with increasing the thickness (h1) & the high (w2). On the other hand the critical ‎velocity increase with increasing thickness (h1), the high (w2) and the ratio (h2/h1) but decreased with ‎increasing the length of pipe and the ratio (w1/w2). In the second case the natural & frequency critical ‎velocity of the system increase with increasing the thickness at free end (h2), thickness ratio (h1/h2) & ‎the high (w2) but decreasing with increasing the width (w1) and the length (L). At any formation of the ‎pipe for uniform section the natural frequency decreased when the velocity of flow of water increased ‎from zero to critical velocity. Because of the absence of studies about the turbulent flow induced ‎vibrations in pipes with a rectangular section it has been to compare with the analytical method for ‎different models for pipeline were obtained excellent results.‎

‎ In this paper, a mixed transform method is proposed based on a combination of wavelet ‎transform (WT) and multiwavelet transform (MWT) in order to denoise medical images. The proposed ‎method consists of WT and MWT in cascade form to enhance the denoising performance of image ‎processing. Practically, the first step is to add a noise to Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) or Computed ‎Tomography (CT) images for the sake of testing. The noisy image is processed by WT to achieve four sub-‎bands and each sub-band is treated individually using MWT before the soft/hard denoising stage. ‎Simulation results show that a high peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) is improved significantly and the ‎characteristic features are well preserved by employing mixed transform of WT and MWT due to their ‎capability of separating noise signals from image signals. Moreover, the corresponding mean square error ‎‎(MSE) is decreased accordingly compared to other available methods.‎

A sol-gel process prepared the nanoparticles of hard cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4). Cobalt nitrate ‎hexahydrate (Co (NO3)2⋅6H2O), iron nitrate nonahydrate (Fe (NO3)3⋅9H2O) with using two catalysis ‎acid (citric acid) and alkaline (hydroxide ammonium) were used as precursor materials. Crystallization ‎behavior of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nanoparticles phases ‎can change from amorphous to spinel ferrite crystalline depending on the calcinated temperature at ‎‎600°C, with using citric acid as a catalysis without finding forgone phase, while using hydroxide ‎ammonium was shown second phase (α-Fe2O3) with CoFe2O4. Crystallite size was measured by ‎Scherrer’s formula about (25.327) nm and (27.119) nm respectively. Structural properties were ‎investigated by FTIR, which was appeared main bond of (Fe-O), (Co-O), (C-O), and (H-O). Scanning ‎electron microscopy (FE- SEM) was shown the microstructure observation of cobalt ferrite and the ‎particle size at the range about (28.77-42.97) nm. Magnetization measurements were carried out on a ‎vibrating sample magenometer (VSM) that exhibited hard spinel ferrite. ‎

This paper present an optimal Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controller based on Particle Swarm ‎Optimization (PSO) for controlling the trajectory tracking of Wheeled Mobile Robot(WMR).The issue ‎of trajectory tracking with given a desired reference velocity is minimized to get the distance and ‎deviation angle equal to zero, to realize the objective of trajectory tracking a two FOPID controllers are ‎used for velocity control and azimuth control to implement the trajectory tracking control. A path ‎planning and path tracking methodologies are used to give different desired tracking trajectories. PSO ‎algorithm is using to find the optimal parameters of FOPID controllers. The kinematic and dynamic ‎models of wheeled mobile robot for desired trajectory tracking with PSO algorithm are simulated in ‎Simulink-Matlab. Simulation results show that the optimal FOPID controllers are more effective and ‎has better dynamic performance than the conventional methods.‎

Natural fiber is being used in various engineering applications to lower the production cost and ‎to apply green technology. This research explores the effective utilization of rice husks (RH) as natural ‎filler in polymer composites. A Hybrid polymer composite was prepared by inserting micro particles of ‎rice husks and fumed silica Nano-powder in an epoxy matrix system. Composites containing different ‎weight fraction of RH were used (5 %, 10%, 15% and 20 %). The variation in some physical and ‎mechanical properties were studied and analyzed.‎‏ ‏Results showed that tensile properties increase with ‎the amount of the natural filler, plus a slight improvement in hardness tests. Water absorption ‎experiments showed that the diffusion coefficient increased with RH loading. This investigation ‎suggested the possibility of introducing rice husks fine powder obtained from waste agricultural ‎residues as filler in polymer matrix composites.‎

Cellular Manufacturing (CM) is a developed manufacturing philosophy that operates based on the ‎principles of Groups Technology (GT) concept. It used to improve the quality and increase the ‎productivity. Through CM, parts are grouped into families in view of their similarities in design /and or ‎manufacturing features. Then again, machines likewise are gathered into cells to satisfy all the required ‎processes on the families of parts. The integration was done with exam the manufacturing system, for ‎example, job shop before applying the CM. Therefore, in the current paper an attempt was carried out ‎firstly, to evaluate the presented production data, then to integrate the results of this step with the results of ‎the next step, Cell Formation (CF) to acquire an effective CM system. In the evaluation part of the present ‎paper, some hierarchical procedures were applied while in the design (cell formation) section, one of the ‎well- known array based clustering method was utilized, this method known as Rank Order Clustering ‎‎(ROC) and used to shape cells of machines and families of parts. However, some notable measures were ‎utilized to assess the performance of the proposed CM, these measures are: grouping efficiency GE, ‎grouping efficacy GC, voids, exceptional elements EE, percent of exceptional elements PE and machine ‎utilization MU. To validate this work, three data sets (matrices) were chosen from the open literature. The ‎strategy that followed lead to get a powerful CM solution. The outcomes demonstrated a missing of EE, ‎increasing GE, GC, MU to 92%, 84%, 84% respectively.‎

Castellated steel beams are those members which are made from hot rolled steel I-section firstly ‎by cutting the web in zigzag pattern and rejoining the two halves by welding together to form a ‎hexagonal castellated beam such that the depth of section will be increased. Generally, the openings ‎made in the web are with hexagonal shape; however, octagonal shape of web openings is typically ‎obtained by providing spacer plate which is utilized to increase the depth of beam. Nowadays, using ‎castellated beams in building construction becomes very popular because of their useful functions such ‎as ease of service provision, strength and low cost. This study focuses on improving the behavior of ‎hexagonal and octagonal castellated beam with spacer plate. The ultimate strength of the original ‎‎(parent) I- section beam increases due to the increasing its depth. The increment of castellated beam ‎depth; however, leads to post buckling in its web and to many other modes of failure when these beams ‎are subjected for loading. Hexagonal and octagonal castellated beams which are fabricated using parent ‎I-section (IPN140) are analyzed using finite element model (FEM).The analysis results revealed that ‎using ring stiffeners around edge of holes contributes effectively in strengthening the web. It was found ‎that using ring steel stiffeners can reduce the stress concentration around the edge of holes and improve ‎the behavior of these beams by increasing the ultimate strength and minimizing the deflection. From the ‎numerical (FEM) results obtained by using ANSYS14, it is concluded that ultimate strength of castellated ‎beam can be improved by providing spacer plate and ring stiffeners around the web hole. Also, the results ‎showed that ultimate strength of octagonal castellated steel beam can be increased up to (53%) more ‎than the parent beam (IPN140) with providing only (13.0%) weight of steel (spacer plate plus ring steel ‎stiffeners).‎

This study assesses the possible use of local raw materials (clays) for producing expanded clay ‎pellets and test the product with American standard for test materials (ASTM) and according to ‎ASTM C 330.For using them as lightweight aggregate in different construction applications, like ‎thermal insulation, lightweight structural concrete , decoration pieces ,etc. The clay was collected from ‎Al-Anbar province. The clay was bloated at 1150 C° without adding any impurities ,just mechanical ‎treatment and perfect firing program, in order to obtain good bloating coefficient that is related with ‎firing parameters (access time, temperature, socking time). ‎
We got the results of the match determined by the American specification (ASTM C330) and in ‎which is considered lightweight aggregate. We got density about (280 kg / m3) which is much less than ‎that determined by ASTM where the aggregate lightly if the density is less than (880 kg / m3).‎