Journal of University of Babylon

The legislator obligated the policeman to be fully ready for doing his job perfectly in interior security forces, in return he got from it many rights and privileges, get promoted in rank is one of them.
Since promotion is considered one of the important topics that come first among ambitions of the police man either was officer or a cop, due to its moral and material benefits in the same time, so we have researched this subject within a plan included a preliminary request in the importance of policeman promotion in the modified law of retirement and service no.(8) for the year (2011) , plus to two sections , first one was specified for studying the promotion of officers and the second section for studying promotion of the police staff, then the epilogue which included most important results and suggestions that we got plus to a list of references and an abstract in both languages Arabic and English.

Sale contracts of vehicles in the traffic modified law no.(86) for year 2004 lie in two types, intact contracts due to complete formality enacted in the fifth section of the above mentioned law related to seller and buyer present in front of the officer of registering the vehicle and confession of conveying the possessing of the vehicle, paying formal fees by both parties inside the registering offices ( internal registering) or outside the registering offices (external registering) by transferring of the registering officers to the residence of the seller in case of humanitarian necessity after get the agreement of the minister of interior or his deputy up to the (4/5) item of same above mentioned rule or the agreement of the manager of the collection up to the item (77) of the instruction of registering vehicles and driving licenses no(1) of the year ( 2009) and invalid contract due to not including the formality enacted in the above mentioned section of traffic law and are called external rules either signed by the local contractor called as external normal contracts or by the car exhibition or the by the local bureau which is accredited by the traffic directorate and called by external traffic contracts, and adding kind of formality for these invalid external contracts up to the above mentioned instruction so depending upon them and incurring it with fees in unreasonable because it worsen the complication and routine in procedures.
Through this research the importance of the sale contract of vehicles has turned out via shedding lights on it within the modified Iraqi civil modified rule of no.( 40) of the year ( 1951) going through the rule of no. (58) for the year ( 1987), the traffic modified abolished rule of ( 48) of the year (1971) and finally the modified traffic rule of ( 86) of the year ( 2004), we referred to some Iraqi rules which is related with the research's subject sustained with several verdicts of Iraqi courts via applying a plan includes a preliminary request in the historical development of sale contract, basis and conditions of this contract, and two sections, first one was specified to the formality of this contract of sale and the second one for the invalidity of such contract, then an epilogue included most important conclusions and suggestions that we have come up with plus a list of references and an abstract with Arabic language and English.

Corruption is an emergency phenomenon that is alien to our Islamic society, which has traditions and proper norms, infiltrating us through people who do not believe in the values of religion , society , are in the interest of the country and the people. Exploitation of political conditions, wars and the entry of the colonists of our country. this phenomenon is decaying in the body of the country, killing the national conscience , exposing the society to alienation and takeover and keep it lagging behind. For the purpose of addressing this dangerous disease, which is rampant in many circles and institutions that perform the public service, the legal means should be followed to account for those who have failed, and to be aware of this concept and to hold it accountable to God in accordance with the book of Allah (Quran) in this world and the Hereafter.

The main objective of the topic is to clarify the jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Court, its broad jurisdiction and powers, as well as the extent to which local courts (misdemeanors and crimes) comply with this court, clarify what forms of formation of this court as a specialized criminal court, Misdemeanors and misdemeanors) and what position jurists of law established. The purpose of this topic is to identify the types of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Court, which are entitled to hear cases that arise because of their commission. And to clarify the penalties that the court may judge and the extent of its authority to reduce or mitigate them. We will list the most important proposals which the researcher believes are in the interest of the research topic.

Abu Layla Al-Muhalhel, a poet in pre-Islamic Arabia, has expressed his pain from the depth of his heart, signifying his strong feelings for his brother Kulaib, in several painful odes; and when a poem is composed out of refined emotions it becomes harmonious with the soul and spirit of the poet. The present article examines the rhyming in one of these odes. Therefore, subsequent to research questions and statement of the problem, themes and the conceptions of the ode are put forth. First various kinds of internal, slant, diminishing, and rhetorical rhymes are recognized and the ode is then analyzed accordingly. The findings show that in choosing the meter the poet has taken into account the length and making it compatible with its elegiac mode. Moreover, the rhyming is also compatible with the theme of the ode because the r sound with vibration indicates an endless sadness, restlessness, and his readiness to take revenge. The poet has created a harmony between the ode and his emotions through words, refrains, and repetitive phonemes; that are soft sounds are used to express grief and harsh sounds are representative of taking pride in his brother’s characteristics and revenging is death.

Undoubtedly Sermons play a very vital role as in social aspects , religious ideas , political issues and moral education, etc. The sermon of Al-Sayeda Zainab (S.A.) in the palace of Yazid is proposed to be analyzed in this paper .
On the other hand sermon can be both oral and written. They have to address a wide range of hearers by various social and educational levels. The paper is concerned with the critical discourse analysis of one of the sermons of Al-Sayeda Zainab, specifically, her sermon in Yazid’s palace in Sham. The sermon to be analyzed in the current study is picked up at random among several texts available on the website. The sermon has been records by several writers and uploaded on the website .The study also presents a theoretical background to the concept of critical
discourse analysis. The study adopts two models for the analysis, namely, van Dijk's Ideological Square (1998) for the macro-level analysis, and van Dijk's Ideological Discourse Analysis (1995b) to find out the discursive strategies which are adopted in the sermon of Al-Sayeda Zainab Peace be upon her.

It was expected that these pledges and charters would be respected and respected by all levels of the nation, especially those who put them or contributed to their development, and that they were not able to withstand the volatile passions. The failure was not only for the most part, Attempts to veto the kinds of pressure and colors of the temptations aimed at it, and the judges and scholars have a clear impact in sowing the seeds of discord, And fuel the fire of strife, and the closer the people in the authentication and try to make the parties concerned, it is easy for those who want to break the covenant to find a way to get rid of the restrictions that binds, because the ethics of the people and their religious behavior was justified them to veto the Covenant very easily, Throughout the period of the rule of the Abbasid state, because the Abbasids revoked all the covenants and covenants that they held with the Alawites, and the Alawites felt the bitterness of disappointment and took the thickest charters and the most in order to secure the Alawites but that did not save their lives and they became victims of this policy

The Study explained the character of Mirza Abu Qasim who served Great foreground in Iran Distinguished Scientific efficiency and he took various sciences and literatures from Parents literary talent and poetry and his Knowledge of different languages such as Persian and Arbic , it was characterized Political efficiency and organizing the affairs of the State by he is credited with bringing Mirza to power by providing advice in this regard as well to the role of Britain in the arrival of Muhammed Shah Qajari after providing him with material and military support .
The study revealed that there are conspiracies caught up by the British who are hostility him addition to religious figures who opposed his secular policy and administrative reforms and political figures in order to achieve its gread to reach Great position as well as opposition of the palace men because of the reduction of salaries to regulate the state budget and replacing the leadership of the palace Guard without the knowledge Mohammed Shah which led to the success of the policy incitement Shah against him by his opponents thus lost Iran A national figure characterized with their efficiency Political , Social , administrative, military and scientific . follow a successful policy to provent colonial intervention ,but it is taken which he is not interested in conspiracies that are being waged against him and was preoccupied with his reform projects this followed the success of the conspiracies which led to his death.
The Study Showed that the authority came after him Mirza Agassi which witnessed the period of political and military deterioration in Iran taking advantage of the Shah disease and unique in power and conduct things Although the Agassi has made some reforms the field of Army and land reclamation and digging channels ,but these were not according to scientific methods studied which burdened the state treasury and led to poverty and backwardness of the people at a time when the world was moving towards progress and prosperity.

The crisis in Darfur is one of the major international crises. The major powers intervened in the affairs of the Sudan with the pretext of finding suitable solutions to this crisis which caused chaos not only within the region, but also crossed the border into neighboring countries. The intervention in this crisis because it occurred in the land of a sect on a pool of oil, as well as the existence of other non-ferrous metals, which led to the competition of the major countries among them through the humanitarian intervention, which inspired the public opinion, but in fact does not work according to the interests and aspirations, The Darfur crisis has thus become a crisis A global task that is not resolved to the present time, despite widespread international interventions.

The research concerned the study of the transformation of the image of the visual in postmodern art. It is concerned with the aesthetic establishment achieved in the transformation of the image of the visual in the art of postmodernism, and the effect of this in enhancing communication with the receiver. The study consisted of four chapters. The first chapter examines the methodological framework and identifies the problem of research by the following questions: How did the image of the image become transformed into postmodern art? What are the mechanisms of imagining the image of postmodernism ?, and to answer it through the objective of the study: the transformation of the image of the visual in the art of postmodernism. The second chapter, the theoretical framework, included three topics: the first concerned the concept of transformation and its characteristics, the second dealing with mechanisms of transformation in art, and the third dealing with postmodern art streams.
The research included the third chapter (research procedures), in which the methodology (descriptive approach) and the method of analyzing the content of the
models (the sample of the research), which were defined by (4) models and were
intentionally determined.
The fourth and final chapter contains the results. The most important of these were the following: - The transformation of postmodern art emerged through the treatment of the elements of construction (form and content) and its stylistic and technical implications which were subjected to the processes of displacement and distortion of
the fashionable use of modern art.
This chapter also contains conclusions, recommendations and proposals. And ended up documenting documented Arab and foreign sources.

The theater is the art of the actor, the basis of the art of acting. This art, which originated from the Greeks and spread to almost all parts of the world, was built on the actor without which there can be no play, and acting is not just standing or moving on stage , But it is a unique existential situation that makes the art of the actor the most difficult subjects of theatrical art, and highlights that difficulty by identifying his feelings and feelings and trying to get close to his worlds and penetrate deep into it, and since Monodrama possesses artistic and technical characteristics unique to the other forms of theater, And locked in the depths of the selector The truth and the dream to reveal to us about the worlds of that personality and its surroundings. Therefore, the actor does not rely on serial construction in his embodiment of monodramatic personality moving through different times and through various emotional states, The worlds of those personalities and other characters that contribute to the construction and narrative of the story.

The decorative designs were a starting point in the old Iraq if the beginning was considered the truth of the raw thought which was the basis of the emergence of many works of art with the contents of the ideas and ideas expressed with all the attributes and symbols of pat are an important part of Iraq's ancient civilization. On the pottery vessels in ancient Iraq. The research included four chapters, the first of which is the methodological framework of the research, and contains the research problem, in which the indicators that contributed to the formation of decorative designs in ancient Iraq were highlighted as well as the importance of research and the need for it. The purpose of the research is to identify the decorative designs in the ancient pottery of Iraq and the mechanisms of its operation. The research limits were limited to the study of pottery from the beginning of the agricultural settlements till its end (5600 - 3600 BC). The researcher defined some terms and definitions. The theoretical framework, which included two subjects, dealt with the first topic of art in ancient Iraq, while the second topic dealt with: design systems in decorative designs and their relation to art to the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework. The second chapter ended with previous studies, For this d Aceh Chapter III .fima singled out procedures for research, included the research community, which was confined to (54) model, and confined in the research sample (5) samples and the researcher analyzed according to the descriptive and analytical approach.
Chapter IV discusses the main findings, conclusions, proposals and recommendations.The researcher reached a number of results, including:
1. The decorative designs in the art of ancient Iraq were on the axis of reduction,
transformation and abstraction.
2. The decorative designs in the art of ancient Iraq have been based on the concept and the meaning through the introduction of decorative concepts that refer us to the meanings.
The researcher presented a set of conclusions based on the results obtained from them
1. The pottery decorations in ancient Iraq are characterized by open designs that work through the concepts of reduction and transformation to deposit forms and symbols of
intellectual and aesthetic connotations.
2. The meaning of the meaning is an important goal of the old Iraqi pottery in communicating the prevailing ideas and beliefs and presenting them in forms of a nature that is free of the ideological and legendary sense as well as the aesthetic sense.

The concept of cultural criticism in the knowledge field appeared in conjunction with the changes and transition related to post-modernism as it solicits from all knowledges and theories since it tackles culture in its entirety. This concepts works on revealing all, intellectual, speech prospective because it is a process of mental examination, deep cognitive digging to uncover the hidden patterns and interpret them; deconstructing meaning structures and establishments controlling its production and consumption to examine what is hidden in the folds of the speech to assume the cultural criticism partial tools and therefore, the researcher chose the topic of her current research (Cultural patterns in the contemporary pottery) and according to the above mentioned information the research was divided into four chapters. The first chapter tackled the problem of the research which dealt with taking the artistic text out of its isolation to the spot of speech concept and its openness and transition from shallowness of the shape that depends on the visible aesthetic images to uncovering this shape and reveal what's hidden in the folds of the pottery speech and its responsivess to its cultural dominant moment?
The second chapter (theoretical frame) contains two topics; the first topic discusses the concept of culture, cultural criticism references and mechanisms. while the two Topic is systemic approaches in the contemporary pottery. The theoretical frame was concluded with number of indicators resulted from this frame.
The third chapter (research procedure) contains the research community represented by (40) contemporary American pottery works, research sample represented by (5) works, research tool, research method and samples analyzing.
The fourth chapter contains research results and conclusions in addition to recommendations and suggestions.

The intellectual knowledge references are among the main pillars of the technical operations in general and the texts of Lutifia Dulaimi, in particular, that she is one of the well-known Iraqi writers who have the usual and technical knowledge of the artistic visions she possesses. This is what led the researcher to address her current study, The intellectual and cognitive references in the texts of Lutifia al-Dulaimi (which consisted of four chapters, the first of which concerned the study of its methodological framework which included the problem of the study which the researcher identified by the following question) What are the intellectual and cognitive references in the texts of The first chapter also includes the limits of the objective, spatial and temporal study, as well as the identification of some of the terms that the researcher found interested in defining. The second chapter in the theoretical framework may be three. The second topic dealt with the study of knowledge references and the role of each in the various technical processes, while the third was interested in studying the texts of Dulaimi and her role in enhancing communication. The second chapter also contains theoretical framework indicators that contributed to the design of the analysis steps. In the third chapter (research procedures), the researcher adopted a methodology and studied it through the methodology of description and content analysis of the sample of the study sample which consisted of a group that came to complement the analysis of the study society .

The research deals with (Stylistic diversity in the artwork of the artist Martin Manoglen graphics), He studied the technique in light of the historical change in it, as well as the art of graphics and the development of its techniques, as well as the technique of linoleum, which draws the performer performance in the implementation, and show the wide variety of artistic methods in accordance with the requirements of the times, this made the art of graphics standing on an important level of levels arts from the aesthetic and technical side, to reveal the role of technical potential in showing the stylistic diversity the current research came in four chapter, which included the first chapter methodological framework, was its presentation of the research problem, which they are received (What is the Stylistic diversity in the artwork of the artist Martin Manoglen graphics?) And then came the importance of research and the need for him and followed the limits of research and then determine the target terminology.
The second chapter devoted to the theoretical framework and previous studies and indicators theoretical framework, and included three sections included therein. The first topic (style) this section contains a historical overview of the method and its development, nature and types, The second topic (Graphics) The history of this art, its founders, its techniques and the leading artists who were involved in the production of graphics works according to different techniques. The third topic (Linoleum Technique) The history of the development of this technique and the mechanism of drilling and printing in accordance with one color or multiple colors and then indicators of the theoretical framework. Chapter III ensure identify community models and sample search, search tool, methodology, Then the sample model analysis consisting of (4) model . The fourth chapter is devoted to a review the results and discussion and conclusions and recommendations and suggestions .

This research is very important, repetitive energy imbalance (stuttering) the stuttering Logical disorder It, is about fluency, and the inability of the individual on the turn in the in speak without having to repeat a voice or a clip or work or phrase, It made me choose the subject of this research many families are ignorant and unaware How to property deal with vulnerability and avoid contrant or force the child to speak fluently, therefor this research will be psychophysical study as a phenomenon of stuttering, The reader will know what this speech disorder Terms, types and methods of treatment.

The importance of research in the use of this program, which proposes the development of the special tolerance of table tennis for the category of applicants, and the problem of research in the lack of attention to the endurance, as it did not take the role and size of the real in the training process within the curricula prepared by the trainers and methods and different according to method Scientific research, so the researcher decided to study this problem.
The research aims to develop anaerobic endurance training program in developing some of the physical and functional abilities of table tennis players for the category of applicants.
The researcher used the experimental method by comparing the experimental group with the control group.
The fields of research are as follows:
- Human domain: - Industry club players for the category of applicants.
- Time domain: - For the period from 2/3/2016 to 7/5/2016.
- Sphere: - Sports Club Club Hall.
And the most important conclusions to the researcher that the anaerobic endurance helped to develop the physical and functional capabilities of the table tennis players who trained, and surpassed the development of the players who trained without them.
And that the most important recommendations recommended by the researcher should be anaerobic endurance exercises in a manner similar to technical performance to include the training of muscles working skills. .

The values work to identify the progressive relation between man and the universe around him. Through these human values, we can judge the Aesthetics of Artwork. Also through these values, the human starts to form knowledge about objects around him, work and interact with those objects. Moreover, those values are considered objectives for the human and ends for his behavior and interaction with the environment and society which he belongs to. The behavioral values are related to society. The relation between values and behavior is the orientation or preferred behavior in available directions; values divide the operating values, which can be reveled through behavior, into three classes:
The value system and its relation to critical thinking skills is considered a main system affecting the formation of human behavior. It clearly interacts with the general skills system which education systems seek to create in individuals as behavioral outputs to be translated through values targeted by the educational system to prepare graduates able to compete in the field of work.
The importance of the current study is that the educational values system and critical thinking skills are of the methods of connection between the education system and the system of society surrounding the learner.
The need for this study lies in that it submits a systematic methodological model for the teachers of art education depending on ways of applying, functioning and translating values system by using the critical thinking skills.
The objective of the research is to reveal the relation between educational values and critical thinking skills of the primary stage students in the twenty-first century.
The existing study is limited to the following: objectivity – educational values and critical thinking skills, spatial – the students of primary stage in Iraq, and temporal – academic year 2016-2017.
The most important items are values and educational values.
The second chapter includes the critical thinking skills in the twenty-first century and what are the values and what is the origin of item, philosophical and thinking trends of values, their types and the role of values in the process of learning and teaching.
The most important results are:
1-There is an important role for the twenty-first century skills in the educational process.
2-The importance of technology of education is the importance of teaching materials, but the difference is that teaching materials are part of the technology of education and hence, the importance of technology of education is more common and more comprehensive.
3-The teacher is the designer, evaluator and participant in producing technology of education including the use of internet, distance learning, production of teaching programs and simulation programs.
The most important recommendations are:
1-The researcher recommends mastering basic skills better than now to enable students to develop their skills.
2-The researcher recommends developing a program for five days a week for schools from nurseries to high school.

In the light of the violence that has plagued Iraqi society for centuries of conflict with the means of expulsion that turned the Iraqi society into the remnants of a people. Since the beginning of Islamic history, specifically from the day of the shed to inaugurate the successor of the Messenger of Allah (PBM) began the signs of violence between Muslims and the ensuing many problems down to the Umayyad and Abbasid states and the subsequent occupations and invasions of Iraq until 2003 when the US occupation in Iraq moved the factors of constructive factors leading to structural tension, sectarian violence remained a social phenomenon and holistic compounded in the composition of various factors religious, political, social and economic, The sectarianism becomes a hindrance to any national integration process in a way that prevents the community from reaching the stage of conscience and unbridled national feeling .
Sectarian violence takes more strides when the state weakens. The sectarian polarization among the elites, supported by regional interventions that open the window to sectarian wars, begins to expose the others who are subjugated to sectarianism and turn into bloody massacres, displacement and killing of identity

Hilla is one of Iraq’s most important cities ’ home to a Iarge group of intellectuals And researchers from all over the lslamic countries as well as their children and other cities Including Dr.Sami Said Al-Ahmad ’ Who excelled in various specialties and in the forefront .The history of ancient Iraq has written much about the history of Mesopotamia And the historical effects of Babylon in ancient times reflecting their achievements and their origins and historical rooms pointing directly to the city of Hilla being the birthplace of his head .

Divorce as a form of familial dissociation has occupied an important position in the issues of modern societies . For it has influential effect on the stability of the family and social building that women are considered the backbone of it . The Iraqi society like all societies ,is suffering today from the increase in the rates of divorce ,statistics show that women hold the big part in the issue of divorce. Women either go to court and ask for a lawyer to go through divorce or ask directly from their husbunds for divorce giving up all her rights . this makes women being the first to ask for divorce which was proved by the personal status courts . Beacuase of the danger of such phenomena this study tries to shed light on the reasons behind it through investigating and interviewing (125)divorced women in the city of Al- Dewniya the study is divided into two sections . the first section is concerned with the theoretical part which contains three chapter one deals with the definition, limitation and the problem of the study . The second chapter shows the right for women to ask for divorce throughout xhistory .The last chapter deals with the reasons behind the women asking for divorce.
The second section deals with the practical side of the study Chapter one is all about the social research methodology while the second chapter is concerned with the analysis and discussion of the results that were obtained through the interview . Results of the study showed important facts concerning this very serious issue some of them are
1.there is a relation between early marriage and the increase in the rates of divorce among women who asked fmooor it less than age 18 .
2.the effect of the family is not only on determining their daughters marriages but also their divorced .
3.the reasons behind women asking for divorce were a lot but the most prominent one 100% was the abuse wives witness by their husbands . then the husbands being reluctant to bay expenditure, also the husband practicing harmful behavior like drinking alcohol and drugs and marital cheating .
4.Results also proved that wives asking for divorce in the courts had already tried a lot to settle out their problems trying to come to a compromise in a friendly way .
Finally the study had some recommendations like a total review is very urgent for the personal status legislation especially laws concerning family abuse against wives , putting laws against early marriage ,putting laws against polygamy and increasing incomes of those who are poor.