Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Three cohesionless free flowing materials of different density were mixed in an air fluidized bed to study the mixing
process by calculating performance of mixing index according to Rose equation (1959) and to study the effect of four
variables (air velocity, mixing time, particle size of trace component and concentration of trace component) on the
mixing index and as well as on mixing performance.
It was found that mixing index increases with increasing the air velocity, mixing time and concentration of trace
component until the optimum value. Mixing index depends on the magnitude of difference in particle size
The first set of experiments (salt then sand then cast iron) give higher mixing index and better performance of mixing
than the second set of experiments (sand then salt then cast iron).
Box-Willson method was used to minimize number of experiments and to represent the relationship between the
variables.

The crystalline zeolite, namely faujasite type Y with SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio of 5 was used as raw material for
preparation of isomerization catalysts.
A 0.5 wt % Pt/HY-zeolite catalyst was prepared by impregnation of the decationized HY-zeolite with
chloroplatinic acid.
The dectionized HY-zeolite was treated with HCl, HNO3 and HI promoters using different normalities and with
different concentrations of Sn, Ni and Ti promoters by impregnation method to obtain acidic and metallic promoters'
catalysts, respectively. A 0.5 wt% of Pt was added to above catalysts using impregnation method.
Isomerization of n-hexane was carried out at different prepared catalysts. The isomerization temperature varied
from 250–325° C over weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) 1.6 h
-1
. The pressure and hydrogen to feed mole ratio were
kept constant at 1bar and 2 mol/mol, respectively.
The comparison between the above prepared catalysts shows that the total isomer yield during the process with
Sn-Pt /HY- zeolite catalyst was higher than the other catalysts and, reached to 63.95% vol.
A 0.5 wt% of W and Zr was added to Sn-Pt/HY-zeolite catalyst by impregnation method to obtain W and Zr
co-metal promoters catalysts. Isomerization of n-hexane was investigated using W and Zr co-metal promoters catalyst at
the same operating conditions and the yield of isomers reached to 81.14% vol.and 79.07%vol.,respectively.

Polyvinyl alcohol, (PVA) was prepared using polyvinyl acetate emulsion (manufactured by Al-Jihad factory,
That-Al-Sawary Company) as a local raw material. In this investigation, polyvinyl acetate emulsion was converted to
solid form by coagulation the polymer from its emulsion using sodium sulphate salt as coagulant aid, then alcoholyzed
the solid polyvinyl acetate in methanol using sodium hydroxide as catalyst, polyvinyl alcohol produced by this method is
a dry, white to yellow powder.
Three affecting variables on the degree of hydrolysis of PVA were studied, these variable are Catalyst to
polymer weight ratio in the range of 0.01 – 0.06, reaction time in the range of 20 – 90 min, and reaction temperature in
the range of 25 – 50 oC. The effect of degree of hydrolysis of PVA produced on its properties such as water solubility
and degree of polymerization were studied also.
Finally the alcoholysis reaction kinetics were studied to determine the reaction constants such as initial rate
constant and degree of autocatalytic effect of the alcoholysis reaction. It was found that the degree of hydrolysis of
formed polyvinyl alcohol increase with increasing of variables catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction
temperature, furthermore, the water solubility of PVA increase with increasing degree of hydrolysis up to about 87 %
after this value the solubility is decrease, also the degree of polymerization of PVA decrease with increasing of degree of
hydrolysis up to about 89 %.

Pyrolysis of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was carried out in a 750 cm3
stainless steel autoclave reactor,
with temperature ranging from 470 to 495° C and reaction times up to 90 minute. The influence of the operating
conditions on the component yields was studied.
It was found that the optimum cracking condition for HDPE that maximized the oil yield to 70 wt. % was 480°C
and 20 minutes.
The results show that for higher cracking temperature, and longer reaction times there was higher production
of gas and coke. Furthermore, higher temperature increases the aromatics and produce lighter oil with lower viscosity.

In this paper, the experiments were carried out in laboratory flotation cell treating solid fines. The effect of
variables such as collector oil dosage, pine oil dosage and solid content of the feed slurry have been investigated on the
flotation characteristics of low rank coal. Attempts have also been made to develop some empirical Eq. to predict the
yield and ash content of concentrate with the operating variables, solids concentration, collector oil dosage, and pine oil
dosage, to estimate the recovery at any operating conditions. The calculated results obtained from regression equation
by correlating the variables with the yield and ash content of concentrate have been compared to study whether
calculated values match closely with the experimental values by using F test at any level of significance.

The reclamation of makeup water is studied in terms of breakthrough time (i.e., the leakage of the cations).
Makeup water was subjected to lab-scale ion exchangers of two types: strong acid cation and weak base anion
exchanger. The experimental investigation was directed to study the ion exchanger performance in terms of four
different parameters (i.e., copper concentration, total dissolved solids (TDS), feed rate and bed depth). Box-Wilson
composite rotatable design was adopted in designing the experiments. Breakthrough times of the effluent stream are
measured in terms of copper concentration of 2 to 25 ppm, TDS concentration of 250 to 1250 ppm, feed rate of 0.38 to
5.34 l/h and bed depth of 5 to 70 cm. Simulation the effect of the studied variables through their pre-designed ranges in
terms of breakthrough time was done by 2nd order polynomial equation. In general, the performance and characteristic
of adopting two bed deionizers (cation and anion beds) was efficiently recommended to remove the ionic contaminants
and not less than 95 % of wastewater is recycled

The lead-acid battery has become so dependable in its used applications of automobile starting, emergency
lighting and telecommunications, which left an impression that no further investigation is necessary or desirable.
While there has been slow continuous improvements in lead-acid battery performance and mainly limited to
design and material engineering.
This work is mainly devoted to the properties of the active mass of the positive electrode and the acid/water
ratio during the manufacturing process.
A field study is carried out at the State Battery Manufacturing Company located in Baghdad, to prepare
batches of lead mono-oxide with predefined quantities of liquid additives (i.e. sulfuric acid and water).
Quality control and laboratory routine analysis using X-ray diffraction, porosimeter and BET techniques, as
well as density, penetration tests of residual lead content ware conducted during the batch process.
After the assembling of the positive plates produced during this research into the final product, final testing
including electrical capacity and dry charging were performed.
It was concluded from the results obtained, that the effective H2SO4/H2O ratio and hence H2SO4/PbO ration
and paste density with α/β-PbO2, are the limiting factors of the electrical capacity and durability of the batteries
concerned.

The aim of this work was to prepare zeolite type 13X from locally available kaolin and to study the effects of
using some binding materials through the process of agglomeration of this zeolite. This study was focused on using
kaolin binder in different weight percents (10,15,25,35 and 45%).Physical and mechanical properties of the
agglomerates such as porosity , apparent density , pore volume, crushing strength , loss on attrition , surface area and
finally the adsorption capacity had been measured and evaluated .The preparation step was achieved by mixing the
reactants consisting of metakaolin , source of silica as ( sodium trisilicate ) and sodium hydroxide . The conditions was
temperature of 70° C and time of mixing as 8, 10,24,34,50,65,75 and 80 hours .The zeolite –binder was shaped in the
form of cylindrical particles of 2.5 mm in diameter and 4-8 mm long using a suitable experimental technique . It was
found that the suitable binder kaolin clay with 25% by weight. This gave the best properties as crushing strength,
adsorption capacity and density compared with standard properties of zeolite 13X.