Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

This investigation was carried out to study the treatment and recycling of wastewater in the cotton textile industry
for an effluent containing three dyes: direct blue, sulphur black and vat yellow. The reuse of such effluent can only be
made possible by appropriate treatment method such as chemical coagulation. Ferrous and ferric sulphate with and
without calcium hydroxide were employed in this study as the chemical coagulants.
The results showed that the percentage removal of direct blue ranged between 91.4 and 94 , for sulphur black ranged
between 98.7 and 99.5 while for vat yellow it was between 97 and 99.

The determination of river pollution impact on the performance of water treatment plants is achieved by two main
objectives. The first is to study raw and treated water qualities and comparing them with standards and the second is to
evaluate the treatment plants efficiency. The analyzed data were those water quality parameters in relation to physical,
chemical and bacteriological characteristics for river water and produced water by seven water treatment plants
located on Tigris River passing through Baghdad City.
The results of this study indicated that all raw water characteristic are within the surface water standards established
by Iraqi and USA criteria except Bacterial Counts.
Tigris River water is of good quality to be treated at the intake of KWTP and tends to be of less quality as it flows to
south of city, where it is highly polluted at intake of RWTP.
The analysis of treated water quality parameters supplied by all water treatment plants indicated that most of these
characteristics are within the Iraqi criteria and WHO guide lines except for the produced in RWTP.
RWTP exceeded the water quality standards which recommended by WHO particularly Bacterial Counts and
Turbidity.
The analysis showed that all water treatment plants have little effect on the in removal of the most of inorganic
chemicals pollutants, the increasing Level of Sulfate, Hardness, and Total Dissolved Solid in treated water could be
related to the absence of any chemical treatment units in the conventional Baghdad water treatment works, and to the
increasing of the concentration of these variables in river water.
The statistical analysis had indicated that the correlation coefficient between Turbidity and Total Coliform Bacteria in
river water for KWTP, EWTP and KRWTP were good, and begin to increase at other water treatment plants reaching
RWTP because the water quality of the river is deteriorated as the river flow downstream in Baghdad city

This work deals with the separation of benzene and toluene from a BTX fraction. The separation was carried out
using adsorption by molecular sieve zeolite 13X in a fixed bed. The concentration of benzene and toluene in the influent
streams was measured using gas chromatography. The effect of flow rate in the range 0.77 – 2.0 cm3/min on the
benzene and toluene extraction from BTX fraction was studied. The flow rate increasing decreases the breakthrough and
saturation times. The effect of bed height in the range 31.6 – 63.3 cm on benzene and toluene adsorption from BTX
fraction was studied. The increase of bed height increasing increases the break point values. The effect of the
concentration of benzene in the range 0.0559 – 0.2625g/cm3 and toluene in the range 0.144 – 0.21 g/cm3 was studied.
The increasing of inlet solute concentration increases the slope of the breakthrough curve. The amount of toluene
adsorbed in the packed bed at any time is higher than that of benzene while it decreases after the saturation time. The
best operating conditions in this work for benzene and toluene adsorption are 0.77 cm3/min of feed and 31.6 cm bed
height of zeolite 13X.

A theoretical analysis of mixing in the secondary combustion chamber of ramjet is presented. Theoretical
investigations were initiated to insight into the flow field of the mixing zone of the ramjet combustor and a computer
program to calculate axisymmetric, reacting and inert flow was developed. The mathematical model of the mixing zone
of ramjet comprises differential equations for: continuity, momentum, stagnation enthalpy, concentration, turbulence
energy and its dissipation rate. The simultaneous solution of these equations by means of a finite-difference solution
algorithm yields the values of the variable at all internal grid nodes.
The results showed that increasing air mass flow (0.32 to 0.64 kg/s) increases the development of velocity profile
due to the high turbulence generated resulting in very fast mixing and homogenous flow. And the occurrence of
chemical reaction causes higher local temperature and composition resulting in faster development of the velocity
profile

The corrosion behavior of carbon steel at different Temperatures and in water containing different sodium chloride
concentrations under 3 bar pressure has been investigated using weight loss method . The carbon steel specimens were
immersed in water containing (100,400,700,1000PPM) of NaCl solution and under temperature was increased from
(90-120ºC) under pressures of 3 bar. The results of this investigation indicated that corrosion rate increased with NaCl
concentrations and Temperature.

The present work is concerned with the finding of the optimum conditions for biochemical wastewater treatment for a
local tannery. The water samples were taken from outline areas (the wastewater of the chrome and vegetable tannery) in
equal volumes and subjected to sedimentation, biological treatment, and chemical and natural sedimentation treatment.
The Box-Wilson method of experimental design was adopted to find useful relationships between three operating
variables that affect the treatment processes (temperature, aeration period and phosphate concentration) on the
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5).
The experimental data collected by this method were successfully fitted to a second order polynomial mathematical
model. The most favorable operating conditions for the treatment are;
Temperature 32.5oC,
Aeration period 10 hours and
phosphate concentration 16.8 mg/L.
On using the optimum conditions a mathematical model simulating the operation for the treatment was obtained.

Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical process of treating polluted water where sacrificial anode corrodes to produce
active coagulant (usually aluminum or iron cations) into solution. Accompanying electrolytic reactions evolve gas
(usually as hydrogen bubbles). The present study investigates the removal of phenol from water by this method. A glass
tank with 1 liter volume and two electrodes were used to perform the experiments. The electrode connected to a D.C.
power supply. The effect of various factors on the removal of phenol (initial phenol concentration, electrode size,
electrodes gab, current density, pH and treatment time) were studied. The results indicated that the removal efficiency
decreased as initial phenol concentration increased, the highest removal obtained at pH in the range (6-8), the removal
enhanced with increasing electrode size and decreasing the gab between the electrodes. The optimum current density
obtained at 221 A/m2

An investigation was conducted for the improvement of viscosity index of a lubricating oil fraction (SAE – 30)
obtained from vacuum distillation unit of lube oil plant of Daura Refinery, using solvent extraction process. In this study
two type of extraction solvents were used to extract the undesirable materials which reduce the viscosity index of raw
lubricating oil fraction, the first solvent was furfural which is un use today in the Iraqi refineries and the second was
NMP (N-methyl, 2, pyrrolidone) which is used for the first time in this work to extract the lubricating oil fraction
produced from Iraqi crude oils. The studied effecting variables of extraction are extraction temperature range from 70
to 110 oC for furfural and NMP extraction, solvent to oil ratio range from 1:1 to 5:1 (wt/wt) for furfural extraction and
from 0.5:1 to 2:1 (wt/wt) for NMP extraction. The results of this investigation show that the viscosity index of
lubricating oil fraction increases with increasing extraction temperature and increasing the solvent to oil ratio and
reaches 83 for NMP extraction at extraction temperature 110 oC and solvent to oil ratio 2:1, while the viscosity index
reaches to 80 for furfural extraction at the same extraction temperature and solvent oil ratio. Higher viscosity index of
lubricating oil fraction is obtained by using NMP instead of furfural under the same operating variables (extraction
temperature and solvent to oil ratio). Further more, the results show that the viscosity, refractive index, and percentage
yield of raffinate decreased as the extraction temperature or solvent to oil ratio increases for furfural and NMP
extraction.