Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

The effect of operating parameters on the batch scale separation of hydrocarbon mixture (benzene and hexane) using
emulsion liquid membrane technique is reported. Sparkleen detergent was used as surfactant and heavy mineral oil as
solvent to receive the permeates.
From the experimental results, the parameters that influenced the permeation are, composition of feed, contact time
with solvent, ratio of volume of solvent to volume of hydrocarbon feed, ratio of volume of surfactant solution to volume
of hydrocarbon feed, surfactant concentration, mixing intensity and glycerol as polar additive in the surfactant solution
to eliminate drop breakup.
The best conditions for the separation in this study were found to be: composition of feed (mole fraction of
benzene=0.5245), contact time of 10min. , ratio of volumes of solvent to feed equal 3.5 , ratio of volumes of surfactant
solution to feed of 0.4, surfactant concentration of 1wt%, mixing intensity equal 1000rpm and 70% by weight of polar
additive. These conditions gave a separation factor of (8.0).

n-Hexane conversion enhancement was studied by adding TCE (Trichloro-ethylene) on feed stream using 0.3%Pt/HY
zeolite catalyst. All experiments were achieved at atmospheric pressure and on a continuous laboratory unit with a fixed
bed reactor at a temperature range 240-270◦C, LHSV 1-3h-1, H2/nC6 mole ratio 1-4.
By adding 435 ppm of TCE, 49.5 mole% conversion was achieved at LHSV 1h-1, temperature of 270ºC and H2/nC6
mole ratio of 4, while the conversion was 18.3 mol% on the same catalyst without adding TCE at the same conditions.
The activation energy decreased from 98.18 for pure Pt/HY zeolite to 82.83 kJ/mole by adding TCE. Beside
enhancement the activity, selectivity and product distribution enhanced by providing DMB (Dimethyl butane) which
have higher octane number as compared with 0.3%Pt/HY zeolite. Indeed the increase of the 2.2-DMB/2,3DMB ratio
with n-hexane conversion is more pronounced with TCE than with pure Pt/HY zeolite.

This work deals with separation of the aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) from reformate. The
separation was examined using adsorption by molecular sieve zeolite 13X in a fixed bed process.
The concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in the influent and effluent streams was measured using gas
chromatography.
The effect of flow rate and bed length of adsorbent on the adsorption of multicomponent hydrocarbons and adsorption
capacity of molecular sieve was studied.
The tendency of aromatic hydrocarbons adsorption from reformate is in the order: benzene >toluene>xylenes.

This work was conducted to study the oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution using copper based catalyst with zinc as
promoter and different carrier, i.e. γ-Alumina and silica. These catalysts were prepared by impregnation method.
The effect of catalyst composition, pH (5.6-9), phenol to catalyst concentration ratio (2-0.5), air feed rate (30-50)
ml/s, stirring speed (400-800) rpm, and temperature (80-100) °C were examined in order to find the best conditions for
phenol conversion.
The best operating conditions which lead to maximum phenol conversion (73.1%) are : 7.5 pH, 4/6 phenol to catalyst
concentration, 40 ml/s air feed rate, 600 rpm stirring speed, and 100 °C reaction temperature. The reaction involved an
induction period and a steady state activity regime. Both of the regimes exhibiting first order behavior with respect to
the phenol concentration. The rate constants k1 and k2 for the initial rate and steady state activity regime are
represented by k1=1.9×10-3 ((cm3liq/gcat) 0.5s-1 and k2= 2.4×10-10 ((cm3liq/gcat) 2 s-1) respectively

Batch reactive distillation was studied in packed bed column. Esterification of methanol with acetic acid to produce
methyl acetate and water with homogenous sulfuric acid as a catalyst was considered. This system was chosen because
the reaction is reversible and the boiling point of reactant and products are different.
The reaction was carried out with and without distillation column and shows that the reactive distillation is more
efficient from the conventional process (reactor and then separation). The conversion of acetic acid and concentration
of methyl acetate increase by (30.43% and 75.14%) respectively at the best condition (reflux ratio 2, feed mole ratio 2
and batch time 90 minute).
The influence of various parameters, such as batch time, reflux ratio, and feed mole ratio (methanol to acetic acid) on
the performance of the batch reactive distillation column was studied, through the effect of the concentration of product
and conversion of reactant.
The results obtained for the non-ideal packed bed reactive batch distillation column show that the conversion of acetic
acid is 90% at the best condition reflux ratio 2, feed mole ratio 2, and batch time 90 minute

Rates of zinc consumption during cathodic protection of a copper pipeline carrying saline water were measured by
the loss in weight technique. The study of sacrificial anode cathodic protection of short copper tube using zinc strip
extended axially in the pipe revealed that : (i) The increase of zinc consumption with time of exposure (1-3 h's) at
different flow rates (turbulent flow) (300-600 l/hr) while the temperature , solution concentration and the pH were fixed
at 20ºC, 3.5%wt NaCl, and pH=8 respectively in absence and presence of bacteria.(ii)Increase of zinc consumption with
flow rates (300-600 l/hr) at different temperatures (10-40ºC) while solution concentration and time of exposure were
fixed at 3.5 %wt NaCl and 3hr's respectively, in absence and presence of bacteria. (iii) Increase of zinc consumption
with flow rates (300-600l/hr) at different solution concentrations (1-3.5 %wt NaCl) while the time of exposure and
temperature were fixed at 3h's and 30ºC respectively in absence and presence of bacteria. Generally the Zn
consumption during cathodic protection ranges from (2.424- 26.741 g/m2) and (5.352-27.296g/m2) in absence and
presence of bacteria respectively

Granular carbon can be used after conventional filtration of suspended matter or, as a combination of filtration -
adsorption medium. The choice of equipment depends on the severity of the organic removal problem, the availability of
existing equipment, and the desired improvement of adsorption condition.
Design calculations on dechlorination by granular - carbon filters considering the effects of flow rate, pH , contact time,
head loss and bed expansion in backwashing , particle size, and physical characteristics were considered assuming the
absence of bacteria or any organic interface .