Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

The term ignorance is a subject of debate and disagreement in its concept among scholars and
those who describe it from the hadith scholars. Some of them may go too far and describe one of the
scholars with it, while others may be lenient in that. Among the hadith scholars who spoke about
ignorance is Ibn al-Qattan, as he has a concept of his own. I decided to study this issue in this research
entitled (The Concept of Ignorance According to Ibn al-Qattan and Its Applications in His Book Bayan
al-Wahm wa al-Iham) to understand his position on this concept and how he built his rulings according
to this concept. I discussed some of its applications in his book Bayan al-Wahm wa al-Iham, in which
he commented on the Book of Rulings by Abd al-Haqq al-Ishbili. I showed that these comments by
Ibn al-Qattan were not immune to criticism. This research is organized into three sections:

Today, the world lives in the era of the digital revolution, witnessing a tremendous development in digital technology and communications. This great development has affected all aspects of economic and social life, and one of the aspects that it highlights is digital accounting and its impact on sustainable economic growth. Digital accounting is defined as the economic system that relies primarily on digital technology and electronic networks in its economic operations. Digital accounting includes the use of the Internet, information and communications technology, mobile applications, e-commerce, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and many other technologies that enhance economic transactions and information exchange. The contribution of digital accounting to sustainable economic growth has several positive aspects. For example, digital accounting enhances innovation and leadership by providing a suitable environment for developing new businesses and discovering business opportunities. It also increases productivity and efficiency in economic operations by using digital technology and data analytics to improve operations and reduce costs. Thanks to the digital revolution, e-commerce is being enhanced and the market is expanding. Companies and individuals can now transact and trade online, opening doors to access global markets and expanding growth and competitive opportunities. The basis of our research is based on a basic hypothesis, which is that the expansion of digital accounting contributes to enhancing sustainable economic growth. The importance of the research lies in the importance of the study in adopting the problem of digital transformation and its effective role in supporting digital transformation and achieving sustainable economic growth. To prove the hypothesis of the research, it was divided into three main sections and several conclusions were reached, the most prominent of which is that the transition to digital accounting is a crucial element in achieving sustainable economic growth in the modern era and a number of recommendations, the most prominent of which is that the transition to digital accounting requires integration between technology, economy and society and cooperation between the public and private sectors.

Can the amended Iraqi Copyright Protection Law No. 3 of 1971 keep pace with the tremendous development in the field of the digital environment, which is witnessing continuous, rapid change from one moment to the next and is it able to secure legal protection for rights adjacent to copyright in a way that is consistent with the development taking place in creativity and the production of ideas, including what Human thought witnesses creativity, innovations and achievements, especially in the field of rights adjacent to copyright. In order to answer this question, we must delve into the method by which legal protection for rights adjacent to copyright can be secured, briefly, through my brief research which will consist of two requirements, In the first requirement I will discuss the definition of adjacent rights to copyright and who are their owners under the provisions of the copyright of Iraqi protection law. the second requirement I will discuss the technological protection procedures to protect the above rights by addressing the above procedures in a very brief manner while explaining their definition, types, reasons for resorting to them and what are the most important characteristics that characterize them. At the conclusion of the research, I reached a number of results and recommendations and I believe that the most important What I have concluded is that the digital environment (the Internet) is witnessing development and progress on a daily basis in a tremendous and accelerating manner and that the Iraqi Copyright Protection Law is unable to provide legal protection for copyright and related rights in the above environment. This is due to the noticeable developments taking place in the digital environment, corresponding to the attacks on rights adjacent to copyright that are witnessed in ways that evolve with the development of the digital environment. As for the recommendations that I recommended to the Iraqi legislator, I believe that the most important of them is the recommendation to the legislator of the necessity of making amendments to the current law or legislation and introducing texts. A new law through which we can keep pace with the development and progress witnessed by the digital world and information technology in this field. Therefore, it has become necessary for our national legislator in order to keep pace with what the countries of the world are witnessing and their advanced and renewed legislation to legislate new legal texts or make amendments to his current laws in order to be able to through them and adding legal protection to rights adjacent to copyright.

International law differs from domestic law in terms of scope, jurisdiction, and implementation mechanisms. It also has a direct binding force on individuals and institutions within the state. Domestic law is characterized by the presence of a constituent authority that drafts the constitutional document, a legislative authority that drafts ordinary laws, and an executive authority that drafts regulations and instructions. The importance of this study lies in the distinction between international and domestic law. We do not find a significant difference in the gradation of its rules despite the absence of those three authorities that are known to exist in domestic law. If they exist, they are at least not in the usual form at the national level. However, there is a problem that has always taken up a large space and a
difference between international law scholars and judicial rulings in defining these rules. The Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties did not address this type of rule and was satisfied with referring to
it only. However, we see that the International Court of Justice avoids, in its decisions and advisory
opinions, resorting to naming the rules of jus cogens directly, unlike the Vienna Convention on the
Law of Treaties of 1969. Perhaps the reason for this is due to two things: the first is caution in
disclosing the existence of these rules, and the second is the commitment to neutrality towards these
rules. Therefore, we find the court referring to these rules on more than one occasion, but using
different terms to refer to the same meaning that the rules of jus cogens refer to

One of the established principles in Iraqi civil law is to preserve the contract and not to breach the implementation of the obligations arising from it by one of the contracting parties. The breach prior to the implementation of the contract occurs when it is concluded that one of the contracting parties (the debtor), whether the seller or the buyer, will commit a fundamental violation of the contract before the date of implementation of the date specified in the contract. This breach may be explicit, whether in word or deed, or implicit, and it is concluded that the debtor will breach his contractual obligation. At the same time, legislation has intervened in addressing the breach prior to the implementation of the contract, by imposing original and supplementary penalties to address the breach that would compromise the implementation of the contractual obligation .

The economy is an essential aspect of any society and plays a crucial role in determining the level of development in that society. There are many factors, that affect the economy, and understanding them is crucial in promoting economic growth. Bukhara is a city in Uzbekistan with a rich history of economic development. The city of Bukhara was established as a trading center between the East and the West, and its distinguished location relative to Transoxiana. The city’s location on the ancient Silk Road allowed it to become a center for the exchange of goods such as silk, spices, precious stones, and others. In addition to the diversity of its agricultural crops and animal products, the skill and cleverness of its residents made it the forefront of Transoxiana cities in terms of economy and became the focus of writers and historians.

The process of transformation from an authoritarian, individualistic or dictatorial system to a democratic system affects the legal system of the state, as the democratic state believes in the principles of justice, guaranteeing equal rights and duties, human rights, and working within the rule of law, and that the judiciary is independent. This is contrary to what exists in dictatorial or individual regimes, as these regimes believe in everything that would restrict people’s freedoms and prevent them from using legal means that work to guarantee rights and freedoms. Therefore, these rights and freedoms appear devoid of their legal and constitutional content, although it has been legislated. One of the most important means of protecting legitimacy, ensuring the rule of law, and protecting the rights and
freedoms of individuals is the (Cancellation claim) and protecting the citizens’ right to litigate as a
constitutional right, as dictatorial and authoritarian regimes deliberately increase the texts that restrict
the citizens’ right to litigate by enacting legal texts or legislation that restricts this right and enacting
legal texts that protect executive and administrative actions from judicial oversight or review by any
institution. In Iraq, it is noticeable that there are many restrictions on the right to litigation and an
expansion of what is called “sovereign acts” that were explicitly legislated in the Judicial Organization
Law No. 160 of 1979 before 2003 and after the political changes and the 2005 Constitution, which
explicitly went to the opinion that it is not permissible to immunize any administrative act or
administrative decision.

The international community has taken great interest in the field of social insurance for workers, especially foreign workers, and the extent to which they enjoy a right or not, and this interest has been taken by the United Nations, which has issued international declarations and agreements in this regard, as well as the International Labor Organization, as an organization specialized in labor affairs. The International Labor Convention on Migrant Workers has contributed greatly to directing the international approach to the inclusion of foreign workers in social insurance, as well as the approach of the national legislator through reciprocity. This is done by raising the legal residence condition in order to control and limit immigration to legal residents, and also raising the nationality conditions, as a group of social security laws have recently suspended the benefit of some social security benefits due to a specific nationality, such as the French Social Security Law, which suspended the benefit of compensation of the same nature for non-French nationals until 1998. These procedures related to reciprocity, whether at the international or national level, have been accompanied by problems raised on this principle related to the balance in treatment and the difficulty of applying it or the way the national judge deals with this matter.

Laxity as a term was originally introduced by Muslim jurists, and it means laziness and procrastination. This term was not mentioned in legal texts, especially the Iraqi Civil Law. However, it is noted that the Federal Court of Cassation, and before it the courts of first instance and personal status courts, took this term as an indication of the plaintiff's failure to claim his right for a period of time, which made it take it as a reason to reject the claim for the right, based on its own interpretation and contrary to the legal texts that did not consider laxity a reason for the right to lapse. The Iraqi courts considered laxity a reason for the right to claim compensation to lapse without a legal basis, and this is considered an infringement on the legal texts. In this research, we will discuss the meaning of laxity and whether it can be considered a reason for the right to claim compensation to lapse, and the extent of the validity of this interpretation adopted by the Iraqi courts.

The research aims to identify the degree to which Arabic language teachers possess the linguistic phonetic skills necessary to correct pronunciation defects among primary-grade students. The researcher followed the descriptive approach in the research procedures to achieve its goal as he prepared the research tool. It is an (observation form), after he reviewed the literature and sources related to linguistic sounds, as it consisted of (14) paragraphs representing skills, and for each paragraph, he put (3) alternatives, which are (has, has to some extent, does not have), and its validity and reliability were verified. Then apply it to the research sample The number of teachers is (60), and using appropriate statistical methods and after analyzing the results, it became clear that (6) skills are possessed by male and female teachers of the Arabic language. In light of the results reached, some conclusions were drawn, including the lack of mastery of Arabic language teachers. And its teachers of linguistic phonetic skills while teaching reading. The weak linguistic qualification of Arabic language teachers and teachers in the colleges of education and basic education in mastering linguistic phonetic skills. He concluded his research with several recommendations, including an emphasis on holding training courses. And its teachers of linguistic phonetic skills while teaching reading. The weak linguistic qualification of Arabic language teachers and teachers in the colleges of education and basic education in mastering linguistic phonetic skills. He concluded his research with several recommendations, including an emphasis on holding training courses.

Corruption in all its forms and types is considered one of the most important dangers threatening the entity of the Iraqi state, as its importance appears through the importance of the oversight and legislative role of Parliament. The phenomenon ،of corruption is one of, the deadly epidemics that affect any authority and government if it is not confronted in advance with a scientific and realistic plan and with sincere intentions. Through the institutions and agencies of power because corruption will ultimately lead to the collapse of the entire government system .