Kirkuk Journal of Science

This work is included synthesis of 1,3- oxazepine-4,7-dione, by reaction of hydrozones with
malic and phthalic anhydrides through cycloaddition reaction in which is used microwave
radiation under unhydrous condition,then identified the product by measuring melting point
and measuring infrared and proton NMR spectro.

The present research had dealt with preparing aluminum alloy matrix (Al-4.5%Cu-1.5%Mg)
by cast and to proceeding the heat treatment solution from different temperatures 500oC,
525oC and 550oC for different times 2hr and 4hr, and then proceeding the requil hardness
(HBR), Therefor we conducted the optimum value from the alloy basic(A) at the temperature
550oC for 4hr time. Also we prepared the matrix composite reinforced by alumina (Al2O3) with
different percentage weight (1.5%-2.5%) and three different particles sizes
(75µm≥65µm≥53µm≥0.1µm) which named as (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2) according to their weight
and size percentages, and then proceeding the heat treatment solution and official ageing
about them at the temperature degree 550oC for 2hr and4hr. Mechanical tests like hardness
and impact resistance were conducted all of them reached that the composite material (A2) in
which there weight and size percentages are 2.5% and ≥0.1µm have upper values of these
test's, accordingly we concluded that the reduce particles means increased its rigidity,
toughness and solidity. Finally the microstructures tests shows that the prepared composites
materials have small size as compared with microstructure of the basic cast alloys and the
distribution of alumina particles was fairly homogeneous in the basic allot, also we showed
that the heat treatment solutions and official ageing are affected at these composite materials
and alloys.

S.aureus bacteria is considered one of the most important types of human diseases . It causes
many types of diseases like , Inflammation of the skin and acute infection in different organs
of the body . The pathogenesis of this bacteria comes from factors of intensity that it own ,
and it helps to cause the injury . The study included the collection (278) included the same
clinical samples of urinary tract infections and swabs of wounds and burns, and blood
samples and swabs from ear from Kirkuk General Hospital and Tuz .
General hospital in period from April until October 2013. Total diagnosed 30 clinical
isolation form Staphylococcus aureus bacteria . They are distributed as : 7 isolates (Urinary
tract infection) From 100 isolation ,as ratio 7%, 5 isolates ( Wound infections) form 60
isolation , as ratio 8.3% , 8 isolates (burns infections) form 40 isolation ,as ratio 1.20% , 3isolates ( ear infections ) form 25 isolation ,as ratio 12%, 7 isolates (blood sampling )from 53
isolation , as ratio 13.2%, confirmed diagnosis using the API Staph system. The study
included examination of sensitivity using discs toward the 15 antibiotic and the results were :
Anti Chloramphenicol was the more influence on S.aureus bacteria , All isolates were
Sensitive to it,100% ratio. And were resistant high to Anti Ampicillin to 100% ratio .
Sensitivity isolates had been tested toward 5 antibiotics (Amoxicillin
,Augmantine,Cefotaxime, Tetracyclin , Ciprofloxacin) , concentrations of certain and several
different origins, The results showed that Emirates originate has more efficient than the rest
of other origins , The isolates showed resistant lesses to these the originate, while Iraqi
originate has more efficient toward Anti Tetracyclin , the results showed that (27) isolation
have to produce enzymes Beta-Lactamase from the total (30) isolation rate (90%),to detect
broad-spectrum Beta-Lactamase enzymes and the results showed that there are (12) isolation
of the total (27) is positive for examination rate (44.44%) .

This research work includes an experimental study of the mechanical properties , as
compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and stress – strain relation for
ordinary concrete. Different mixes of different cement content and W/C ratio considered at
different high temperature. Nine different concrete mixes for different cement content and
W/C ratio are exposed to four steps of high temperature (20, 200, 400, 600)°C for a
duration of one hour. The results show that heating the concrete samples reduces the
mechanical properties of the samples in a different percent for different mixes. The affect
of high temperatures to modulus of elasticity , splitting tensile strength and compressive
strength for concrete are different and various. It has been found that the concrete mixes of
low strengths (a few cement and high W/C ratio) maintains compressive strength more than
concrete mixes which have high strength (rich cement and low W/C ratio) when exposed to
high temperatures. This effects generally vary from mix to another in some or all
properties. In general there are less effect at (200°C) degree, then the changes become
more sensitive at higher temperature ( 400, 600)°C.

The study include isolation of 50 Pseudomonas aeruginosa from different clinical samples
in Kirkuk city. The results indicate that the all isolates showed sensitivity to
(Amikacin,Tobromycin, Imipenem, Pepracillin, and Aztreonam ) 100% and92% to
Ciprofloxacin and 90% to Carbenicillin . While the lowest sensitivity showed to be 12%
against cefixim and Gentamicin. From these isolates only three showed to produce
inducible beta lactamase .

The aim of this project is to study the effect of the variation of the energy of α - particles on
the plastic detector CR-39 in terms of their effect on the diameters of the tracks and their
numbers . The plastic detector CR-39 is irradiated by ( 1.5 – 5.37) MeV α-particle emitted
from Amretioum Am241 source . Potassium Hydroxide solution (KOH) with concentration
6.25N , at a temperature of 70 oC was used for etching for different etching times .
The experimental results had indicated that maximum absorption of the enrgy of αparticals which corresponds to the maximum track diameter is at an energy of 1.75 MeV ,
and that the maximum number of tracks which is 524 occurs at energy of 2MeV.

This research includes an examination of direct shear to find cohesion gypsum soil (C) and
the angle of friction (Φ) internal to that soil and also conducted screening collapse to find
the amount of collapse (Cp) and examination of endurance Californian rate (CBR TEST)
in addition to the tests Mark Forums Read this soil. Where that all these tests were
conducted on soils is confused and soil confused untreated soil confused address mixture}
(2%, 3%), (2% 0.6%), (2% 0.9%), (2% .12%), (4 % 0.3%), (4%, 0.6%), (4%, 0.9%), (4%,
0.12%), (6% 0.3%), (6%, 6%), (6%, 9%), (6% .12%) (8% 0.3%), (8%, 6%), (8% 0.9%), (8%
0.12%) {emulsion asphalt and sand dunes on respectively. The results showed that the
strength of cohesion Azdadh worth about (43%) at the optimum proportions of emulsion
asphalt and sand dunes that are (6% emulsion asphalt 0.9% sand dunes mixture treatment)
compared to the untreated soil confused. The value of the friction angle also increased its
value by 33% at the optimum proportions of the mixture of asphalt emulsion and sand
dunes that are (6% asphalt emulsion 0.12% sand dunes treatment) compared to the
untreated soil confused. As for the breakdown in the soil in the gypsum soil used in
research has decreased by 59% when using the optimal ratios of emulsified asphalt and
sand dunes mixture (6% asphalt emulsion 0.12% sand dunes) compared to the untreated
soil confused. As well as increased endurance ratio Californian by (27%) for a
breakthrough at 2.5 mm and also this figure increased by 19% for a breakthrough at 5 mm
and when treatment for optimization of emulsion asphalt and sand dunes mixture (6%
Asphalt Emulsion 0.12% sand dunes) compared to soil Jbsh confused untreated .

Cytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5) has been partially purified from protoscoleces of
Echinococcus granulosus by gel filteration chromatography using Sephadex G200 .The
molecular weight of the enzyme determined by gel filteration was about 82000 dalton with
specific activity of 826 nmol/min/mg protein and with purification fold of about 27 times .
The optimum pH was found to be 7.5 at 37 oC with km value of 0.03 mM for cytidine . The
results indicate that the activity of cytidine deaminase was found to be inhibited by
5_flourouracil , 5_thiouracil and allopurinol with inhibitory percentage of 24 % ,18 % and
20%respectively.

This study was performed on ten varieties of Iraqi dates palm (Barhi, kiara Hamra, sugary,
Zuhdi, Khstawi, Khadrawi, Tbrzel, Sayer (osta omran), Prem, Maktoum) to devise specific
DNA finger print for a given class using three specialized primers within the SSR markers
and then use three restricted enzymes within PCR-RFLP technique to reach the goal. one
band was result from all varieties with molecular size 320bp for mpdIRD28 and 200bp for
mpdIRD46 , mpdIRD01 locus respectively after performing the PCR reaction within SSR
markers. The PCR-RFLP techniqae was used with three restricted enzymes HinfI, TaqI,
EcoRI The results reveals the presence or absence of Restriction sites for hybrid alleles
(haplotypes) in date palm.

The study included 175 samples of individuals suffer from acne included 73 Comedones
and 102 samples Pustules of 159 patients ,Samples were collected from patients auditors of
the Advisory of Dermatology of the Kirkuk General Hospital and Azadi teaching Hospital,
between the ages of (12-32) year.
Scrubbed 52 isolation belonging to the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes after diagnostic
tests, the results showed that the percentage of the presence of these bacteria were more in
comedone than in pastule as 32 isolated them isolated from comedone and 20 isolates of
pastule, studied the value of the concentration of minimum inhibitory antiseptic( MIC) for
Dettol, iodine, minudes and Sekulyse, ranging value against bacterial isolates P.acnes
between (1.25-2.5%) (1%), (0.00312-0.05%) and (0.00156-0.0125%), respectively.

This study was conducted in Dept. of Biology laboratories on 2013 and the aim of this study to
was estimate some physical and chemical characteristics of waste water resulted from the
North Refineries Company / Baiji they was used to irrigate ,and estimating some heavy metals
Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Mn and their effects on plants growth of that have been studied (celery,
analyzed, tomato, sweet pepper,) located within the study area and selected region that has
been collecting water samples inside Baiji refinery as station(1) and Albu Juwaree village that
is located in the city of Baiji and adjacent besides to the company, it near wide agricultural
areas as station(2) After estimating some physical and chemical characteristics of water,. soil,
and the proportion of oil waste ,the study estimating heavy metals in samples water, solid and
plants were studied as well as the assessment of (carbohydrates, proteins) in addition to the germination on those plants The results showed that the water of industrial waste led to a
reduction in germination, rate results also shown that the average concentration of Cd in
irrigation water was 0.025 mg/l and more than the acceptable level for WHO, while the
average concentration of Ni in soil was 116 mg/kg which is more than WHO limit, results for
plants show that the average concentration of Pb in all samples was more than WHO limit, it
was 1.80, 1.375, 1.8, and 1. mg/kg in, celery, sweet pepper, tomato, analyzed, The Results
showed that the contaminated water led to the reduction of the proportion of carbohydrates
with the increase of pollution, where the least proportion of carbohydrates was at celery 20.7
mg/L also the result showed a decrease in protein concentration at pepper was 54,54 mg/L
therefore the increasing of consumption for this contaminated plants by community could
cause health problems in the future.

This study has been conducted to evaluate the quality of ground water in Kirkuk city by
analyzing some physical and chemical properties such as (pH. Electrical conductivity,
tubidity, color, Total dissolved solids, Ca, Mg, So4, No3, Cl ) from the period
December2013 to March 2014 by choosing five wells in five regions in Kirkuk city which
were 1huzairan, 1athar, Tariq company region , hay askary and the industrial region .The
results show variations in the quality of ground water in each month and region, pH was
from6.2-8.4, electrical conductivity was 620-1784µs/cm . The study shows that wells water
in 1huzairan and 1athar is not satisfactory for animals drinking because the amounts of
electrical conductivity were over the limits that allowable by (Americans Academy
National of Sciences 1974).Water wells are classified as C3 high salts according to
USDA(united state department of agriculture) which is suitable for irrigation under good
managements by using extra amount of water with leaching because the concentration of
Total Dissolved solids were (633-1591)mg/l .

Pollution is the most important problems facing the human being at the present time. Air
pollution is the most serious problem because of its direct relation to human health and
other organisms. Dust samples were collected in some area of city of Kirkuk, depending on
several factors such as traffic, industrial and urban activities and population density. The
amount of dust deposited and some heavy metals such as Co, Cu, Pb and Fewere
determined. The highest value of 148 g / m 2 was recorded for dust in the fifth region /
Tergil in April and an average of 111.5 g / m 2
, while the lowest value of 8 g / m
2 was for
the second region / Al-Mualmeendistrict. High values of the heavy elements especially iron
and lead were in April due to dust storm that came into Iraq from neighbor countries and
from traffic and industrial activity, especially cement factory as well as the lack of
vegetation in the region. High levels of Cu, Co may have sources from Industrial activities,
while the main source of Pb ismay be from traffic movement. The results of Geological
accumulation factor (I-Geo factor) and contamination factor( CF) as well as pollution load
factor PLI indicate the safety of the city of Kirkuk from air pollution by heavy metals with
exception of Fe iron and Pb lead in the fifth region.

The study consist of two parts, the first part includes isolated and diagnosis of
dermatophytes from the patients consulting of Tikrit teaching hospital and Qadesia
hospital.85 samples were collected from males and females the samples is taken from
patients with group between(4-52)years .the samples included skin scrapping, nail clipping
and hair fragments. The results appearance six types of skin fungi four back to genus
Trichophyton and two types of genus Microsporum. In addition C,albicans and A.niger.The
number are 48 males and 37 females, tinea croporis recorded the highest infection.
The two part included effects laser Nd:Yag at wavelength 1066 and time exposing 40 sec on
four types of skin fungi by using different doses that ranging(500-1000)mj at the distance
20 cm, and show the different appearances molecular. The T.mentagrophytes was the more
influenced molecular show Disappearances all DNA at exposing levels .

This the research includes synthesis of some new derivatives of 2-mercapto benzimidazole (N1),
the compound (N1), prepared by reaction of o-phenylene diamine with carbon disulfide in
alcoholic potassium hydroxide. Then the compound (N1) was treated with hydrazine hydrate in
ethanol to give 2-hydrazinobenzimidazole ( N2).A Number of hydrazones (N3- N10) were
synthesized from the reaction of compound (N2) with various substituted benzaldehydes (aceto
phenone) gave hydrazone compounds(N3-N10).Substituted compounds(N11-N12) , compound
(N13) , compounds(N14-N16) ,compounds (N17-N18),Were synthesized from cyclization of
hydrazones (N3- N10) using chloro acetic acid or tri chloro acetic acid or thio glycolic acid or
chloro acetyl chloride respectively.
The synthesized compounds were identified according to their physical properties,
spectroscopic data (IR and1H- NMR) in addition to systematic identification of some active
functional groups in these compounds.

The activity of acid phosphatase has been estimated in parasitic helminthes, including
Fasciola hepatica , Moniezia benedeni and Dirofilaria immitis. Acid phosphatase found to
be active in extracts of all these parasites. The activity of acid phosphatase in these
parasites was found to be inhibited by tartrate resistant and varified in response to pH and
Km values . The results suggests that the activity of acid phosphatase could be associated
with the surface membrane of these parasites.

The codeine was used as carrier of alcohol to attach with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
Drug (aspirin ). The present work is aimed to synthesize the esterification reaction of (OH)
group of codeine with aspirin as (acid chloride) which yielded the corresponding aspirin
ester .
The purity of the synthesized compounds were established by (TLC) and column
chromatography , while the structures of their mutual prod rug was confirmed by (FTIR,
1HNMR,13CNMR) The results obtained give a good evidence for proposed structures to
their compounds. The study included 30 rabbits with the same weights thy divided into
three groups(ten rabbits for each group). First was a control group which did not have any
dose, the second group has aspirin (0.099gm/kg) and codiene (0.07 gm/kg) dose ,and the
third group contained the prepared derivative (0.159gm/kg)dose that equivalent with the
dose of the second group.
samples of blood have been takes from each rabbit, after three hours and serum has been
separated to use in the study of the following parameter .
The measured parameters include :the activity of (Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) ,
Cholenestrase, creatinkinase (MB) ,Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) , alamine amino
transaminase (ALT) , aspartae amino transaminase (AST) , cholinesterase and peroxidase)
, and the concentrations of ( Cholestrol ,try clysride (T.G) , albumin and total protein ) and
in addition to lipoproteins ( HDL , LDL, vLDL ) .and the concentration of total focus
,protein bounding focus and protein bounding hexsose.
To ensure the release of pro drugs (Aspirin, codiene) a hydrolytic study of their esters were
done at different pH [ 2 , 4 , 8 ,10 ] at constant temperature (25 C0
) ,The results indicated
that the hydrolysis at basic pH were faster than acidic pH which means that the most
hydrolysis will be obtained at intestine and not in the stomach.

Adenosine deaminase has been partially purified from protoscoleces of E. granulosus by gel
filtration chromatography using Sephadex G100. The molecular weight of the enzyme
determined by gel filtration was about 44000 dalton with specific activity about 920 nmole /
min / mg protein and with purification fold of about 51. The optimum pH was found to be 7.2
at 37 o C with Km value of 0.028mM for adenosine. The results indicate that adenosine
deaminase was extremely sensitive to inhibition by tubercidin, formycin A and cordycepin with
inhibitory percentage of 82%, 86% and 78%, respectively.

A total of 170 blood samples were collected from neonates(newborn) aged from 1-28 days
showing clinical sings of septicemia. The period of study extended from December 2012 to
May 2013. Bacterial agents(Gram positive) were isolated from (22.35 %) of samples.
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus were isolated with the highest percentage. Staphylococcus
epidermidis was maximally isolated among bacteria (31.57 %) followed by Staphylococcus
haemolyticus (26.31 %), Staphylococcus warneri (10.52 %), Staphylococcus saprophyticus
(7.89 %) low percentage of Staphylococcus lentus (2.63 %) was obtained in this study.
Staphylococcus aureus formed (21%). The proportion of sensitivity of the microorgamism to
different antibiotics were presented. These antibiotics include Penicillin, Oxacillin,
Gentamicin, Tobromycin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Tetracyclin, Rifampin,
Trimthoprim, Linezolid and Teicoplanin, The study revealed high sensitivity of
microorganisms to most of antibiotic, except Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus
epidermidis that showed high resistance to Penicillin and Oxacillin.

The microscopical examination of the digestive tract of 994 fishescollected from higher zab
river at Aski kalak , Erbil belonging to four families Cyprinidae, Siluridae, Mugilidae and
Mastacembelidae showed that they were infected with seven parasitic helminthes four
species of cestoides Khawia armeniaca , Bothriocephalus acheilognathi,Senga sp. and
Postgangesia inarmata ,one of nematode Procamallanus viviparous and two of
acanthocephalans Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis and N. zabensis.The overall percentage
incidence of infection of Liza abu and Sliurus triostegus by N.iraqensis were 38.75% and
35.45%,respectively, whereas the percentage infection of Capoeta damascina by N.zabensis
was 34.61%.

This research study the effect of frequency reduction of national electric net on the thermal
power plant efficiency. The Baiji thermal station was selected as mathematical model. This
steady showed that the frequency reduction due to the increasing of load in the national
electric net from 50 Hz to 49 Hz causes that the plant efficiency decrease from (35.9%) to
the (33.5%), and the overall efficiency was decreased to 31.3% at 48 Hz because the
relationship between this decreasing with the induction working motor in the plant.

The present work included collect (8) samples of rain water falled on Kirkuk city from the
period of December 2013 to June 2014. The concentration of Lead (pb) was measured in
these samples in a high accuracy by using Inductively coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrophotometer (ICP.MS). some physical and chemical parameters (pH, Electrical
Conductivity (E.C.) , Temperature TC°
, Total Dissolved Solid (T. D. S.) were detected in the
above samples as well. Concentration of some major ions and minor elements which are
soluble in rain water such as (Co, Ba, As, Br, Ce, S, P, Ni, Na, Mo, Mn, Mg, K, Cl, Cu, Cr,
Ca, Zn, Sr, Si) were measured. Lead source in rain water from urban and industrial
activities. The results was proved the average value of pH in the collected samples showed a
slightly acidic property . Geochemical distribution of Pb showed that its concentration in
the samples of the first rain was higher than the later samples, In general the average lead
concentration in rain water reached (0.5750 ppb) is higher than the allowable limit for
drinking water by the World Health Organization.

The wind is one of the climatic elements that has most important relationship with many
human activities and explain the climatic conditions for any region, hence the most hourly and
daily weather changes occurs because the variation the wind.
In this research study of the spatial and temporal variation of wind velocity in selected stations
from Iraq ( Mosul, Baghdad و Basra, Diwaniyah ) through the use of data of wind velocity for
the period ( 1980 – 2009 ), which was obtained from the Iraqi Meteorological and Seismology
Organization.
Results have shown that the wind velocity increases in the Summer season of the year
compared with the Winter season, the results also indicated that the wind velocity in the
northern station ( Mosul ) is less than that recorded velocity in the middle station(Baghdad)
and southern stations(Diwaniyah and Basra) respectively .

The research included sedimentological study of Hartha and Saadi formations in Qayara
oil fields: (QY53, QY84, QY82, QY54). The study indicates that the rocks of both
formations are composed from limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite which are
effected by diagentic processes such as, dolomization, neomorphism, cementation,
dissolution, micritization, and compaction. The lower and upper contact between both
formations are conformable due to the lithological and facies similarity between them. The
essential and secondary microfacies are designated from both formations. The depositional
environment of both formations indicate shelf (innerMiddle-Outer) to slope environment.

Twenty one samples of stream sediments were collected from the Diyala River Basin
(DRB), which represent one of three major tributaries of the Tigris River at northeastern
Iraq. This study is concerned with the heavy minerals (HM) analysis in the + 63μ m
fraction of the Diyala River sediments, distribution pattern in the various river basin
sectors, as well as comparing the present results with previous works.
The metastable heavy minerals (epidote, staurolite, garnet) represent more than (30%)
Whereas the unstable heavy minerals (pyroxene and amphibole) make only about ( 19 %).
Opaque's are present in high proportions reaching about (29%) as an average, and
decreasing southwards. The Ultra stable (zircon, tourmaline, rutile) heavy minerals are the
miner constituents (7%) in the sediments.
According to the laboratory analytical data of heavy mineral distributions the studied
sediments are derived from several sources for the heavy minerals including igneous
metamorphic and sedimentary complexes are found in northeastern Iraq that represent by
Walash – Nawpordan Series and Mawat complexes in Zagros zones. As well as the
detritus sediments transferred from the rock formations that appears in different parts of
the basin, which represented by Fatha(upper Miocene), Injana(Middle Miocene ),
Muqdadiya (lower Pliocene), Bai Hassan (upper Pliocene), Kolosh (Paleocene-Early
Eocene) and Gercus (Middle Eocene) formations, which were derived from igneous and
metamorphic rocks and ancient sedimentary rocks located in to the northeast of Iraq .The
presence of Zircon and Tourmaline in trace amounts may give an indication for the weak
role of acidic rocks in the source area, whereas the Epidote group minerals give an
indication for the role of metamorphic rocks.