Defense University Journal

Migration is a natural thing in human life. It has been present since ancient times until now. Inspair of diversity of the motives for migration، the economic factor remains a essential reason for it in all historical stages. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was one of the most significant countries that the Iraqis visited due do its geographical proximity to Iraq. Its stable political system، as well as the social and historical relations that bind the two countries.
The research will address the most important reasons for the migration of Iraqis to Jordan، the approximate numbers of their numbers in Jordan، the official Jordanian position on their presence، and finally the economic situation of Iraqi immigrants in Jordan، and the most important problems they faced

Education is one of the basic needs of all human societies, so societies are constantly and constantly working to develop educational institutions to meet the needs of the present and future in accordance with the data. In addition, the rapid change in the scientific, cultural and technological knowledge structures in the world has led to the importance of evaluation and the continued development of the mission and activities of educational institutions. This requires a new and distinct method in order to qualify them in the education system as a system that cares about building individuals and walking them to the paths of creativity and excellence. So the current research aims to determine the role of quality management methodology in the Arabian Gulf Academy for Maritime Studies, that is an educational and training institution that serves individuals working in the Iraqi and Arab naval units for the military and civil sector. The research community consists of (840) individuals working in the academic institution. The researchers followed the descriptive approach to reach conclusions and recommendations by collecting data in several ways from previous sources and literature in addition to structured interviews with individuals working in the educational institution.

Our research focuses on analyzing the role of the governor in Iraq after the year 2019, due to Iraq witnessing a radical change in all pillars of the political system ideologically and administratively, and the administration of the Iraqi governorates received a large share of this political change. According to this change, Iraq was divided into two parts: governorates administered on a federal basis, and governorates administered According to administrative decentralization, several legal and constitutional texts came to prove this change, including the State Administration Law for the Transitional Period of 2004, the Constitution of Iraq, and Law No. 21. After a few years of the experience of administrative decentralization, the decision came to stop work in the provincial councils, leaving the governor to manage the governorates that are not organized in a region. Our research focuses on to analyze that experience and its reflections on the administrative decentralization system in Iraq.

The study addressed the trilateral relations between China, Europe and the Netherlands and how affects international cooperation and economic exchange. Emphasis was placed on the role of the Belt and Road Initiative in achieving economic cooperation between interested parties, especially through the Port of Rotterdam as a major trading point. Through analysis, it became clear that American pressure can be a challenge, and requires dealing wisely to maintain balance and common interests. The study concluded with recommendations that include enhancing cultural and economic exchange and developing logistical and investment partnerships between concerned parties. The recommendations also stress the need to develop diplomatic strategies that enhance cooperation and sustainable development between China, Europe and the Netherlands

War slogan or special appeal for a revolution against injustice, The Messenger of Allah, Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and the Muslims raised the slogan (Uhud.. Uhud) on the day of Badr Second year of the Hijrah (624 AD), Throughout history, this slogan was raised by Ibrahim bin Abdullah bin Al-Hassan bin Al-Hassan Al-Mujtaba bin the Fourth Caliph, Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali, peace be upon him, in Basra, who led a revolution with his brother Muhammad Dhul-Nafis Zakiyya against the Abbasids in the year (145 AH / 762 AD). It is engraved with the emblem of (Uhud.. Uhud) on silver dirham coins to inform people of his revolution, this emblem remained as a symbol for the descendants of the Hassan dynasty. This emblem appeared on coins ten centuries later in the Moroccan Alawite dynasty, whose lineage goes back to Imam Hassan bin Ali, the fourth caliph that ruled Morocco in the eighteenth century AD. This research discusses the nature of the transfer of the logo from one era to another and from one dynasty to another.

This research explores the significant impact of digital transformation and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing the security challenges posed by cyberspace. It indicates that the shift towards cyberspace has led to an increase in cyberattacks, occurring every 14 seconds, resulting in losses estimated at trillions of dollars annually. The research highlights the importance of AI in building an integrated security system capable of adapting to the growing cyber threats. It also reviews the concept of AI, its types, and its applications in cybersecurity, such as faster threat detection and reducing the margin of error. Finally, the research discusses the future role of AI in cybersecurity, emphasizing the need to integrate it with other technologies like blockchain and the Internet of Things to counter future threats

The outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war in February 2022 led to multiple repercussions on the international system, its interactions reflected that it is a global war and not a regional one, both in terms of the parties directly involved in, or indirectly through proxy war. As for Turkey, the war forced it to follow a careful approach based on the principle of careful balance between Russia and Ukraine, and it pursued a balanced policy between the conflicting parties. Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, Turkey chose to strike a careful balance and supported Ukraine politically and militarily without antagonizing Russia economically. But the war forced the Turkish decision-maker to deal with it with extreme caution for fear of slipping into the quagmire of war and confronting one of the conflicting parties. The longer the war continues, Turkey will face increasing pressure and will test the steadfastness of its strategy based on supporting Ukraine without endangering relations with Russia.

Countries of the world have witnessed and are still witnessing the occurrence of many armed conflicts, whether international or non-international armed conflicts. It is common in these conflicts to use adult individuals to participate in the armed forces, whether affiliated with states or armed militias (the opposition), but in recent decades the numbers have increased. The forced recruitment of children into these forces or militias, their inclusion in these conflicts, and their carrying of weapons in violation of the provisions of international humanitarian law and human rights. Thought the international effort to reduce this phenomenon, the numbers are increasing according to statistics from international organizations, as there are variables responsible for the emergence of this phenomenon is similar to the fact that there are many effects that forced recruitment has on children, whether those effects are near or long-term.

Intellectual property rights in general and electronic intellectual property rights in particular are considered among the rights that have received criminal protection from all forms of infringement or aggression against them due to what this property represents in terms of preserving the mental and creative output of humans, as protecting this property is the same. To protect an inherent human right, and therefore the violation of the electronic intellectual property right received a fierce criminal confrontation by the criminal legislator, whether in the General Penal Code No. (111) of 1969 Or special legislation that was concerned with regulating electronic intellectual property rights, and in view of the development of technology and the resulting development of its uses, there have been many forms of assault on electronic intellectual property, and the most prominent of these forms are electronic piracy, email amplification, unauthorized access, and other forms. Aggression against electronic intellectual property rights that we will present in this research through three demands, and we explain the concept of electronic intellectual property and then present some forms of assault on it.

Maritime security has emerged, especially in a highly complex, interconnected and globalized world, as a critical issue related to the supreme interests of countries around the world. This concept was initially formulated in the nineties of the last century, so that it has come to represent one of the most important additions to the vocabulary of international security. As a result of the acceleration of the globalization process, the growth in the volume of international trade, in addition to technological progress that enabled the exploitation of economic marine resources that were not available before. Straits and sea lanes have gained strategic importance in the perceptions of countries. Because it affects the areas of comprehensive national security, especially its political, economic and military dimensions, and given that importance, the major powers and competing regional powers have sought Aspiring to control or be present in those straits or sea lanes within the conflict over areas of influence of geostrategic value, as they are a corridor for international trade in general, and oil and gas in particular, and if these sea lanes and straits are exposed to any bottlenecks or military or security threats, the global commercial markets will Oil will be exposed to crises of multiple dimensions and different levels.

The study focuses on identifying karst manifestations in Sinjar within Nineveh Governorate in the western part of Iraq through studying karst phenomena, rock formations and geological structures and their relationship to patterns in the distribution of karst phenomena and groundwater reservoirs. To complete the objectives of the study, several means and methods were followed, as an area was identified. The study was carried out through the water dividing line of the Sinjar anticline for its northern part, and karst craters (Quik Bird) were detected using satellite visualization with a discriminatory accuracy of one meter using wave classification and using technology and geographic information systems software.
The study concluded the effect of the natural characteristics represented by the lithology of the region, and that most of the region’s formations are made of limestone rocks of the oldest Miocene era, which are characterized by a type of cracks and rock joints resulting from physical and chemical weathering factors that lead to dissolution and decomposition, forming gaps, fissures, and cavities, in addition to the region’s enjoyment of With high rates of rain, which made it a suitable medium for the formation of surface and subsurface karst features, thus forming a reservoir for groundwater, as (379) developed melt pits were discovered, and the number of melt pits in the growing phase reached (359) pits. The coordinates of all the melt pits were indicated and projected in Maps of the boundaries of the study area, as they differ in their morphological characteristics and porosity according to the karstic geomorphological development. Which arise at its beginning in the form of gaps and voids within areas of rock weakness, and vary in their formal and size characteristics depending on climate changes, geological formations, the phases of their nutrition, and the time period in that they arose and developed. Due du karst has a major role in hydrology, it forms groundwater reservoirs, and the study lies in the necessity of Investing in karst sites as cultural, scientific and touristic value, developing them sustainably and warning of their dangers.

Extract :Chad is one of the countries of the African continent , specifically in the middle of it , It was one of the French dependent colonies since 1900,and after its noble of full independence in 1960, Paris was able to Iink N’Djamena to a set of economic ,military ,political and conventions that increased its handcuffs Despite the fortunes that Chad enjoys , it has suffered from wars , corruption, and depression throughout the governments feuding, its leadership France was keen on pursuing a policy that guaranteed Chad’s subordination despite its independence ,after the end of the cold war and The changes that occurred in the international system , France pursued a permanent policy of partnership and mutual cooperation , and despite its adoption of the policy , it was an extension of a traditional policy as it supported dictatorial to preserve their privileges and interests , and after Francois Holland took over the presidency of the France Republic in 2012 , Paris sought A policy based on work under the umbrella of the European Union and cooperation with the peoples of the African continent , especially in the field of combating terrorism , promoting democracy good governance and promoting human rights, Chad was the first country to lead this cooperation , but French policy is now witnessing a decline , especially after the succession of centuries . Despite the loss of French influence in these regions, its policy has not been relegated to Chad, especially after the clear and unambiguous declaration by French Republic president Emmanuel Macron to support the 2022 Military Transition Council led by Mohamed, son of the late Chadian president Idriss Debye