AL-ADAB JOURNAL

The translation of legal texts is often considered one of the most difficult types due to the potential consequences of any misinterpretation. Translation students at the University of Duhok struggle with legal translation and make errors when translating legal documents from English into Kurdish due to the absence of sufficient resources. For the lack of research in this area, this study investigates the types and frequencies of errors made by senior students at the Department of Translation at the University of Duhok to identify common translation errors and understand the challenges faced by students in this specialized field. By employing a mixed method, the study analyzes the errors found in 58 samples of a legal document translated from English into Kurdish. The study adopted Na Pham's (2005) model for analyzing translation errors. The analysis of the data uncovered a total of 1272 errors. The errors were categorized into grammatical, syntactical, morphological, and collocational types. Grammatical errors were found to be the most frequent, constituting 49.89% of the total, with preposition misuse and case marker errors being the most dominant. Syntactical errors accounted for 22.01% and included missing verbs and incorrect word order. As represented by 26.10% of the total, morphological errors were primarily caused by wrong word selection. Collocational errors were the least frequent type at 2.98%. This research aims to contribute to improving the students' curriculum by identifying the most common areas of weakness for students and educators. The study also calls for further research in this area to better understand the challenges and strategies for effective legal translation

The problem of this research lies in the functioning of realities in Russian discourse, which refers to the functions of realities representing words or expressions unique to a particular language and culture in the context of communication. In discourse, realities are used to create the necessary atmospheres, contribute to the expressiveness of the text and play a significant role in conveying the author’s intent and emotional impact on the listener. The functions of realities in discourse can include emotive, volitional, referential, poetic and phatic. In general, realities play a decisive role in shaping the cultural and historical context of discourse. Furthermore,they contribute to its expressive and communicative functions.

Nusret Merdan and Mehmet Ömer Kazancı, are the founders of the Şafak “Dawn” poetry movement or community, who playpen in many literary genres of Modern Iraqi Turkmen Literature, have written down the themes of individual and social daily (positive-passive) life in their mutual correspondence in Hüzün Martıları “Seagulls of Sorrow”. Both poets have been fed and raised with many folk cultures since childhood and have had the opportunity to closely observe the traditions and customs of the Iraqi Turkmen society. The review that covered for the mutual correspondence work entitled The Hüzün Martıları which will be examined based on the published works of Siham Zengi, Yasemin Kot and Funda Kara.

Anthropogenic climate change has essentially affected the characteristics of the thermal seasons, hence the overall ecosystems, and human health. The characteristics of the thermal seasons in Iraq, and how they change are still unclear. This research has been conducted to: (1) evaluate the spatial characteristics of summer season in Iraq over the period (1960-2021). (2) Estimating changes in the length and timing (onset and end) of summer in Iraq using the Mann-Kendall test (MK) and Sen's slope estimator. The findings indicated that there are significant spatial differences in the average length of the summer season in Iraq. The difference reaching more than 30 days between northern and southern Iraq, It is longer in the south. Results of trend analysis showed that summer season length significantly increases by 3.33 and 6.67 days/decade respectively. Our results reveal that, all over Iraq, the onset of thermal summer season occurs earlier by more than 17 days during (1960-2021). The biggest statistically significant changes in summer advancing were observed in northern and western Iraq. However, the results revealed that the only western Iraq has been recorded advancing at the end of the summer, while the end of the summer at all other parts occurred later.

This research aimed at identifying the main themes and components of family protection policy in the UAE, in addition to examining the existence and availability of needed laws and services to protect family members from all forms of violence. This study used the descriptive method, where the researchers accessed the available data related to family protection policy in the UAE to conduct an intensive review of national legislation, laws, services, and programs related to the policy. Results showed that the policy consisted of five themes which are laws and regulations, protection and intervention mechanisms, increasing competencies, research and statistics, besides the prevention and community awareness themes. It was also found that the UAE government is highly committed to eliminating family violence through issuing several legislations and laws related to family rights and dedicating decent resources to support the provision of comprehensive protection, intervention ,and prevention services. However, the research showed that several improvements are needed in the areas of governance, law enforcement, accessibility, networking ,and effective participation from all the stakeholders. Several corrective measures were proposed by the researchers to improve family protection policy in the country, the most prominent of which is the establishment of the Supreme Family Council in the country to exercise the supervisory and oversight role over all policies and services related to the family as well as strengthening the awareness and preventive programs and conducting further quantitative and qualitative research, in addition to ensuring the activation of all legislations and regulations related to family protection.

Western civilization, led by America and its Anglo-Saxon Protestant cultural structures, is rapidly progressing towards control and possession through military, political, and economic superiority. However, the goal of American civilization is to reshape biological existence, transforming humans into intelligent machines and a combination of human and intelligent machines. This dangerous goal is often ignored by the world's population.
The American political establishment does not prioritize this goal, but shadow institutions, scientific, cultural, and informal studies have been working tirelessly for decades to achieve superior ability to transfer humanity through artificial selection, fulfilling Nietzsche's dream of reaching the supreme human.
America's shadow foundations are investing in Protestant anthropological linguistics, genetic engineering, and artificial intelligence to reshape human awareness of the world and its future consequences. From a linguistic anthropological standpoint, the study investigates the function of mythical stories in American film and how they prepare audiences for the post-human world. This study aims to uncover the linguistic and anthropological aspects of the anticipated structural disaster that is expected to impact the human race.

Revenge is a social phenomenon that accompanied the life path of pre-Islamic society until it became their souls, from which they were inspired by the pride of defiance and the dignity of confrontation. Revenge poetry in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry occupied great importance and special attention due to its novelty and widespread prevalence. The word revenge indicates the infliction of some kind of punishment against a person. Certain with specific motives arising from a force of anger.
The collections of poets were full of talk about revenge, whether it was revenge for the brother, the son, the father, the mother, or others. But revenge for the brother was more present in the collections of poets, as the death of a brother was considered one of the severe calamities that were difficult to bear and avoid, and (the psychological factor had a great effect in stirring feelings. The brother and the family of the murdered person towards the pursuit of revenge, as the brother reaches a desperate stage after the killing of his brother, and falls into the captivity of pain and sorrow from which he cannot escape unless he defeats the killer and takes revenge on him. Thus overcoming all the obstacles that stand before him that prevent him from achieving what they aspire to. To him, if he does not reach his goal, he will inevitably fall into disgrace, according to the principles of pre-Islamic society and its laws that relate to the principle of realizing revenge.
Poets who have tasted the bitterness of sadness shed tears and continuously weep, perhaps they contain the bitterness of the difficult situation, and they succeed in absorbing the estrangement of the soul to justify the poets’ launch into lamentation that includes remembrance and praise for the deceased, by preparing a psychological ground to prove the values, which are the focus of existence. Therefore, we notice their striving to consolidate. These values in their society, and the focus of this circumstance was embodied in many pre-Islamic poets.

Among the phenomena of vocal criticism according to Ibn Al-Sayyid Al-Batalyusi (521 AH), is what is related to reducing the hamza and achieving it. It is one of the common and well-known phenomena in Arabic dialects, as Al-Batalyusi followed the statements of linguists regarding this phonetic phenomenon and dealt with it with criticism, In doing so, he relied on the evidence of the linguistic industry, namely (listening, analogy, and consensus). Al-Batalyusi developed an objective, fair, and moderate critical approach, far from fanaticism and blind bias. His critical character was surrounded by caution against censure or sarcasm. Similar expressions that others often use, and most of his vocal critical opinions agreed with what was approved by the modern vocal lesson. Similar expressions that others often use, and most of his views agreed with his choice of making the hamza easier in some slurred words. It was consistent with the vision of the modern phonetic approach, which considered the hamza one of the most difficult letters when pronounced, so it was simplified to reduce it and save muscular effort in speech.

This research aims to highlight mosques in the Ayyubi era in Egypt and the Levant as well as the interest of the Ayubans for their religious importance as places of worship and for their political importance in advocating jihad as well.This research examined the efforts of the Iowans to build some mosques in belief in their importance as well as the renovation and reconstruction of a number of them built during the Fatimid State.
The research attempts to highlight the mosques built by Sultans, kings, and men of the Ayubian State in Egypt and the Levant as Asaduddin Shirku mosque in Aleppo and Nimdin Ayyub mosque in Zahir Bab al-Nasser, one of the gates of Cairo, the new mosque in Damascus.
Historical sources indicate that the mosques built in the Ayyubi era were very little and that the Eyubans may have replaced the construction of mosques with the establishment of schools, which are religious educational institutions that combine the mosque's religious function with that of the school.
The research also showed mosques renovated in the Ayyubi era and built in the Fatmi era as the mosque of Amr bin al-Az (the antique mosque) in Fattat, the Amwi mosque in Damascus, and the mosque of Ibn Toulon in Cairo.

This Paper aims to study the science of medicine in the Samanid state, as the Samanid state was one of the countries Independent in the East, specifically in Transoxiana, which was destined to play an important role in Arab-Islamic history due to the civilizational, cultural and intellectual achievements it made in that period, such that many of the cities of the Samanid state, such as Bukhara and Samar Qand, became scientific and cultural centers and began to compete with Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. It was visited by many scholars and thinkers. The Samanid princes, in turn, worked to encourage and spread science and knowledge among the segments of Samanid society by providing scientific institutions such as mosques, schools, libraries, and others. They also encouraged its scholars to write and translate many books from Arabic to Persian and vice versa as well. It reached a point of interest for the Samanid princes that they glorified scholars, as well as giving them gifts and blessings, in addition to many of them assuming high positions in the state. As a result of this interest, a scientific and literary renaissance took place, and the Samanid state became a scientific center, which was reflected in the progress and development of many sciences, the most prominent of which was the science of medicine and the state’s procedures in this matter. This field established many practices, such as the practice of irrigation and the provision of medicine to patients. Many skilled doctors emerged in the medical field in the Samanid state, led by Al-Razi, Ibn Sina and other doctors, who provided humanity with many scientific achievements in various fields of science and knowledge, so that their books were translated into many languages. Their books became a curriculum taught in many European universities and a reference for many doctors and scientists, in addition to their innovation of new methods for detecting diseases and methods of prevention and treatment.

Human practices refer to all the wrong actions carried out by humans, which in turn cause diseases. The ancient Egyptians believed that the occurrence of disease was a divine punishment for the sins committed by humans. If there were no sins, then evil spirits were the cause of the disease. Due to not being careful of omens or attacks by evil spirits without the knowledge of the gods, and not using appropriate spells to confront harmful magic, as well as the possibility of infection causing an evil spirit to enter the patient’s body, there was great interest in divination and dreams that indicated the possibility of diseases occurring. It has an important role in diagnosis. The inhabitants of ancient Egypt believed that if they maintained good relations with their gods, the gods would look at them with sympathy, and life on earth would continue and flourish. Therefore, they worked to please their gods and were keen to ensure that they did not make her angry because the wrath of the gods would bring destruction to them. What is stated in (The Teachings of Anni) confirms this, as stated in the text: ((God becomes angry with those who belittle Him)).

This research presents an insightful perspective on the relationship between faith and politics within the Ismaili Shiite sect of Islam. It highlights the distortions and misrepresentations that Ismailism has faced from various groups, including hostile Sunni and Shiite Islamists, as well as Western Orientalists and Crusaders. The current research aims to shed light on the interconnectedness between the religious and worldly aspects of Ismailism, particularly the concept of the Imamate, which is seen as a theory of religious message and worldly leadership.
The research suggests that much of the distortion surrounding Ismailism is rooted in political and religious interference, where Muslims accused Ismailis of infidelity and distorted their faith for political reasons. Similarly, Orientalists and Crusaders are accused of recreating and misrepresenting the image of Ismailis in the Western imagination, fueled by myths, tales, and hostile imaginations stemming from the Ismailis' opposition to both the Crusaders and the Tatars.
Interestingly, the abstract draws a connection between these fantasies about Ismailis and contemporary terrorism, suggesting that there is an attempt to link Ismailism with terrorism in a continuation of the historical hostilities against this sect.
The research effectively sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of the interplay between faith and politics within Ismailism, while also highlighting the need to confront the distortions and misrepresentations that have plagued this sect throughout history.

Soroush is considered to be at the forefront of innovative Iranian thinkers, as well as one of the symbols of the new science of theology, as we will see his interest in topics raised on the global scene, such as freedom, democracy, and religious pluralism, in his attempt at intellectual cross-fertilization between Islamic culture and Western culture. At the same time, we will notice that the Western culture, whose intellectual foundations Soroush relies on, will impact his idea, especially on religious reading, which will change how he deals with religious knowledge away from the traditional reading of religion.
Soroush gave great importance to the issue of freedom. This topic has become a major concern in the world, especially in the philosophical and theological field, and freedom is a lofty issue and goal for him. In addition, Soroush linked respect for freedom and truth, and this connection is what Soroush seeks; because humans need freedom.

The topic of education is one of the topics that has occupied the attention of many researchers, thinkers, and philosophers. This research addresses the topic of “philosophy and education” according to both the English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626 AD) and the French philosopher Rene Descartes (1596-1650 AD) It also shows the extent of the impact of educational philosophy on human thought, especially after thought was restricted by the clergy under the rule of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages. However, with the beginning of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, philosophy began to be liberated from this control and the sciences began to become independent of philosophy, and the emergence of many philosophers. The scholars who took upon themselves the task of liberating philosophy from all the restrictions that had controlled it throughout history. Therefore, both Francis Bacon and René Descartes tried to present their vision that serves human thought and liberates it from the restrictions of illusions, idols, and doubts that dominate or control it. In addition, what distinguishes the concept of the philosophy of education or educational philosophy from these philosophers is that it turned to the practical and critical side. Bacon sees education as the tool through which he can impose his control over nature to ensure the continuity of well-being or happiness for humans, or Descartes sees that education and upbringing are achieved through knowing the value of the mind. According to Descartes, reason is the fairest thing among people.

The current research aims to identify the “effect of the strategy of accelerating thinking on the achievement of Arabic grammar for first-year middle school female students”. To achieve this, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is the control group design with a post-test. The researcher intentionally chooses (Al-Yasmine Intermediate School for Girls) affiliated with the Baghdad Al-Rusafa Directorate/First. The number of classes of the first intermediate in this school was two . The researcher chooses, through random drawing: the experimental group, (40) female students, who studied Arabic grammar using the strategy of accelerating thinking. The other represented: the control group, (40) female students, who studied according to the traditional method. After the researcher determined the scientific material that he hoped to teach in the experiment, he formulated the behavioral objectives, and their number in the final form reached (51) behavioral objectives. The researcher prepared the teaching plans, and models of them were presented to experts and shaped in their final form.
The researcher formulated the paragraphs of his test and presented them to experts to choose what suits his research and modify what needs to be modified to represent the research tool. In light of that, the researcher prepared a test to measure the achievement of the Arabic grammar subject consisting of (25) paragraphs in three questions of the type (multiple choice, put in meaningful sentences, and true or false) distributed over the six levels of Bloom's cognitive taxonomy. After applying the experiment that lasted a full semester, the researcher applied the tool to the research sample, and used several statistical methods, including: the t-test for two independent samples to analyze the variance. The study yielded the following result: The students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the achievement of the Arabic grammar subject, and the differences were statistically significant between the students of the two groups (experimental and control).
The most important conclusions are:
1. The superiority of thinking acceleration strategy over the traditional method in increasing the achievement of Arabic grammar among first-year middle school students.
2. The effectiveness of teaching increases with the thinking acceleration strategy in academic subjects with a hierarchical structure (of information), including Arabic grammar.
In light of the results and conclusions made by the researcher, recommendations can be put forward, including:
1. Adopting the strategy of accelerating thinking in teaching Arabic grammar, to reorganize the learned material with what is in the previous cognitive structure of the learners.
2. The necessity of training teachers of Arabic grammar on the strategy of accelerating thinking and introducing them to training courses while they are in work.
The researcher suggested some suggestions including:
1. Applying this study on other academic stages.
2. Applying this study to show the effect of its independent variable according to the gender variable

Baquba is one of the Diyala governorate cities which is characterized by a concentration of urban activities that are distributed into various Shapes and patterns of distribution consequently, the emersion of the phenomenon of Shadow economics has accompanied this development of urban activities and its concentration inside the city. Booths and selling display tables have greatly become widespread to a large extent in most areas of the city, thus involving varied types and multiplied and increased in size, occupying unallocated places and dominating the streets pavements part of the street and empty places, these booths have expanded over the main and subsidiary streets of the city and the streets of the residential areas, public markets, city center and even inside residential district until the size activity has reached (1172) an urban economic activity shaped as Booths and selling display tables what made them take seven patterns locating patterns in their spread where the subsidiary streets occupied the first rank in the size of these overstepping activities . In the second rank the central commercial district and the main commercial streets after which these Booths come within the public markets in the rate and size of its spread and the gathered shadow economics in the last rank come the widespread and scattered shadow economics inside the local district.

The research dealt with the study of hydrological variables that are directly related to estimating the volume of flow in the basin of Wadi Abu al-Debs, which is located in the north and northeast of Anbar Governorate with a total area of 949 km2, and the study area contains five secondary basins varying in terms of area; the largest area is the first basin It has an area of 466 km2, and the smallest area is the second basin with an area of 45 km2, while the rest of the basins have an area of (109, 233, 96) km2 for each of the basins (third, fourth, and fifth), respectively.
The hydrological variables are represented by the volume of the total flow, which amounted to 500.87 thousand m3 and recorded its highest values in the first basin due to its large area, while the total flow speed reached 11.9 km/h and reached the highest values of the first basin for its large area as well, so it is considered one of the most severe basins, the total deceleration time was 12.29 per hour, which was estimated according to the Snyder model, where the highest values were recorded in the first basin due to the length of its main course, while the total concentration time reached 5.7 hours and its value was high and close between the secondary basins, except for the second basin, which was characterized by a low concentration time The total discharge volume reached (717.1) m3 /s and it was found through the results that the highest value of the volume of discharge was recorded in the first basin, which indicates its seriousness and the occurrence of a high peak of the flood, while the discharge time of the total basin reached (2.29) per hour and the results were close between the basins except for the second basin Its value was low, so it is considered the most dangerous basin to drain its water quickly.

The research examined the human characteristics that affect the efficiency of community services in the cities of Al-Mada’in District at the year 2022 in order to reveal the reality of the spatial distribution of community services (educational, health, recreational). This study came as a result of the increased requirements of the population in the study area for these services in order to Knowing the strengths and weaknesses and the appropriateness of the distribution and availability of these services in the study area, as the research dealt with studying the most important human factors that affect the efficiency of these services, the most important of which are (population growth, population distribution and density, population composition, which in turn is divided into age composition and gender composition (males, females) And the educational composition to show the impact of these characteristics on the services available in the study area
The study reached a number of conclusions and recommendations, including that the neighborhoods of the study area suffer from a lack of services, and if they are available there, they need to be rehabilitated and distributed in a way that suits the distribution of the population for the purpose of achieving their optimal distribution.

This research aims to study the geographical distribution of the infrastructure company in Al-Kadhimiya municipal unit (potable water service available for electricity specifically) because of its importance in daily life for choice
Service institutions have their geographical differences, including what is compatible with population growth and what these services need, and their connections, including their availability to enable the capabilities of that community, that is, its available natural and human resources that can provide it with a future that contributes to achieving development.
The study area includes six neighborhoods: (Al-Kadhimiya , Al-Zahraa , Al-Fajr , Ji Al-Salam, Al-Atifiyah, and Al-Taji), and there are drinking water services and electrical energy services. In the study area. These projects are distributed in proportion to the presence of residents within the old neighborhoods of the study area, while these services are significantly reduced in the Taji neighborhood, given that it is a newly established and developed .
As for the research problem: What are the drinking water and electric energy services projects in Al Kadhimiya municipality unit and what is their geographical distribution?
The number of drinking water stations in the study area was (2): the Kadhimiya Water Project and the Karama Water Project. The number of electrical power generation stations in the study area is (3 main and 7 secondary), and among these stations are the Justice Station and the Baghdad Belt.
One of the neighborhoods in greatest need of infrastructure services in the study area is the Taji neighborhood.

Popular proverbs are a reflective mirror of the culture of people. They summarize many events in a few words. They help bring the meaning closer to the soul and fix it in the mind. They also have an important role in preserving the identity of society as they represent the long human heritage. They are also a repository of social customs and traditions. They carry... Summary of social experiences. It also summarizes many human experiences and presents them to others in ready-made sentences so that they can take a lesson from them. This is why the importance of popular proverbs is no less than the importance of cultural heritage. This analytical descriptive study, in which we relied on the social survey method, was conducted using the sample across several sections, and one of its most important results was that there is a large degree of agreement between the three educational levels in their belief in popular proverbs, as the majority of them tend to believe in them.

This study addressed the social change and the rise of deviance in the UAE society, because deviance is one of the negative phenomena in society, especially if this deviance is towards children, which will result in many problems that negatively affect society and undermine its security and safety. Therefore, the study aimed to explain and analyze the social changes and the rise of deviance in the UAE society, by identifying the changes occurring in the public sphere of society and their repercussions on family structure as well as their impact on family functions, which greatly influenced the emergence of deviance, and the factors that also emerged from these changes culturally and socially that contributed to the escalation of deviance, in addition to analyzing the role of public control policies in preventing deviance. This study is an analytical study. It is concluded that the social changes that permeated the family and the larger society with the changes happening in various general, cultural, social, and economic fields, had a significant impact on the escalation of children’s delinquency in UAE society. The study also emphasized the state's role in establishing rehabilitation centers for delinquents and the necessity of making changes in the goals of some general policies pursued by some institutions that use punishment only and emerging it with appropriate rehabilitative and correctional programs to prevent deviance.

This study aimed to reveal the impact of gender variables on the importance of artificial intelligence in the UAE society. The study used the statistical method which was used as a tool for collecting data. The sample of the study consisted of (1000) workers in the Ministry of Interior in the United Arab Emirates.
The results concluded that the field of the importance of artificial intelligence came with an arithmetic average of (2.79) and with a high degree and the field of security quality of life came with an arithmetic average of (2.85) and with a high degree. The results showed that there were no statistically significant in the field of security quality of life according to the (gender) variable, while there are statistically significant differences between the averages of the responses of sample members in the field of (importance of artificial intelligence, and the total degree of the scale) according to the (gender) variable, and the differences came in favor of male gender.

The study aimed to analyze the role of innovative security methods in enhancing the sense of security among employees of the Sharjah Police General Command. This was achieved through evaluating the implementation of innovative methods in reducing crime rates and assessing the necessity of innovation in security work. The study employed a qualitative approach, collecting data from a sample of 15 individuals working within the Sharjah Police General Command. The findings revealed several significant results: innovative methods play a prominent role in reducing both organized and petty crimes, adapting and utilizing innovative methods in security work is crucial for enhancing awareness and efficiency among police officers, and contributes to the development of effective crime-fighting strategies and public safety enhancement. Additionally, the study confirmed that the application of innovative methods has contributed to crime rate reduction, indicating a positive transformation in security management through the adoption of modern and scientific approaches. It emphasized the important role of innovative methods in crime rate reduction, achieving general deterrence, and enhancing community partnerships in the field of security and public safety.

The research aimed to determine the role of women’s protection centres in the Emirate of Sharjah, in terms of different types of violence against women. To achieve this, a questionnaire was prepared consisting of (9) items that measure the role of women’s protection centres in dealing with violence and the most common types of violence that were dealt with. The study sample included (13) social workers, and the most vital finding is that there is a large and effective role for women’s protection centres in reducing violence against them. The results also presented that there are multiple types of violence against women, the most prominent and widespread of which is physical and verbal violence, where their percentage reached 69.2%, and then alimony, which reached 23.1%. The most important causes of violence against women are Lack of awareness of the rights and duties of both spouses, the wife agreeing to violence because she is afraid of her family and society, the lack of religious motivation, and lack of understanding of the issue of guardianship in the correct sense. The most prominent results of the study on the causes of violence against women are the wife’s educational level is higher than the husband's, and the fact that the woman does not work while her husband works, especially in the private sector.
The study suggests that to eliminate violence against women, education should be done about their rights and duties and encourage reporting of violence directed against them.