Iraqi Journal of Biotechnology

Due to the great need in treating some diseases and the popularity of natural herbal medicine with lack of side effect. This study was conducted to analyze the chemical component and determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ethanolic extract of the leaves and the stems of C. acutum against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The ethanolic extract of the leaves and the stems of the plant were analyzed, using gas mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) techniques. Ten compounds were identified for the leaves extract. It contains seven Flavonoids, (78.14%), and three Terpenes (21.87%). As for the stems extract, It was found contain twenty-four important peaks, fifteen of which were flavonoids, (83.31%), and six Terpene compounds, (11.47%) . The Steroid had one peak (2.93%) as well as the Tannin and the Resin (0.84%) and (1.38%) respectively. In this research, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the leaves and stems extract of C. acutum against S. aureus bacteria were determined using the microtiter plate method at different concentrations, of the plant extracts and resazurin dye. It was noted that a concentration of 125,000 µg /ml of leaves extract was lethal (MBC) for most of the isolates, with the exception of one isolate that was highly resistant, for which the lethal concentration reached 250,000 µg /ml. The lowest concentration following the lethal concentration is recorded as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). As for the stems extract, the lethal concentration (MBC) reached 250,000 µg/ml for all isolates, which indicates that the leaves extract was more effective inhibitory than the stems extract. It was concluded that the type of bacteria was detected by various methods, including traditional and molecular methods, and the Vitek was used to increase accuracy in diagnosis.

An imbalance exists between the forces preserving the patency of the airway and those attempting to constrict or close it in asthma, a lung deficiency illness. The purpose of this study is to determine if SNP (rs20541) in the IL-13 gene is linked to asthma in the sample of Iraqi population as well as to assess the relationship between total IgE serum level and eosinophils count with IL-13 SNP (rs20541). At the central allergy center in Baghdad, a cases-controls study was carried out from September 2019 to November of 2019. Asthma patients with ages of 10 to 65year, of both genders, were enrolled in this study and matched in age and gender with the control group of healthy individuals without a history of chronic disease. There were 60 subjects total, including 20 controls and 40 asthmatic sufferers. The average age of asthma patients was 34.9±15 years, compared to 37±12.4 years for the control group. According to the study, the difference in asthmatic mean age from the control group is not statistically significant (p=0.3). The rs20541 (AA+AG) genotype SNP was found to have a significant genetic connection in this study with IL-13 and the protective factor (GG) in the Iraqi population (AA+AG: OR=7.36, 95% CI= 1.50 - 36.04, p=0.006, GG: OR= 0.14, 95% CI= 0.03-0.64, p=0.008). It was concluded that A allele has a substantial relationship to the severity of asthma and is associated with higher levels of the biomarkers (Eosinophil count and Total IgE). In individuals with allergic asthma, this polymorphism (rs 20541) significantly linked with higher Eosinophil count and Total IgE levels

Bacterial infections that caused by Staphylococcus bacteria remain a significant global health concern, necessitating the development of alternative treatment strategies. Hyaluronidase an enzyme produced by Staphylococcus enzyme that breaks down primarily hyaluronic acid thereby disrupting the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) found in connective tissues which considered as virulence factor. The aim of this research was Study the effect of curcumin that separated from Curcuma zanthorrhiza as inhibitor agent for Hyaluronidase enzyme that isolated from Staphylococcus aureus which considered as virulence factor. The 120 clinical isolates were collected, Hyaluronidase enzyme was extracted and purification from Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that identified by performing standard laboratory techniques, and genotypic detection by 16S rRNA gene, and the enzyme was inhibited using effective plant compounds that were isolated from plant extracts. Results: showed that 100 out of 120 clinical samples growth of bacteria hen cultured on blood agar medium. Also, it was found that from the 100 isolates, the 56 (56%) isolates belonged to S. aureus. In order to test the ability of S. aureus isolates to produce hyaluronidase enzyme, the inhibition zones were measured by using brain heart serum albumin medium. The results revealed some that S. aureus isolates were able to produce hyaluronidase with zones of hydrolysis ranged between 5-20 mm. Among them, isolate Staph 21 was the most efficient in on by giving highest diameter of hydrolysis (20 mm) on brain heart serum albumin medium. It was concluded that the burn samples had more S. aureus than other bacterial isolates. A synthesis medium containing 0.5% yeast extract and 0.25 mg hyaluronic acid, pH7, and 37°C, and ammonium saturation to generated the enzyme. Curcumin inhibits hyaluronidase in certain quantities

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are now recognized as a major cause of nosocomial infections in blood samples especially the species Staphylococcus hominis. S. hominis is often detected as a one of the pathogenic bacteria implicated for catheter-related blood stream infections and infective endocarditis. The aim of the study to isolation and identification of S. Hominis. The blood samples (150) was collected that this species was identified. The results of antibiotic resistance pattern showed a complete resistance (100 %) to pencilline and High resistance to Oxacillin (97.1 %) and Erythromycin (88.5 %). Also, high sensitivity was recorded for Teicoplanin, Vancomycin, and Linezolid. Molecular screening of fibronectin binding protein genes using PCR technique. It was concluded that fnbA gene was detected in all isolates (100%), while fnbB gene was present in 17.14 % of the isolates.

The elevation in inflammatory cytokines suggests a cytokine storm could significantly contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis. It was concluded that Interleukin-6 playing a crucial role in the immune response with virus. Specimens were collected from 70 patients admitted to the ICUs of Medical City Hospital in Baghdad suspected of being infected with COVID-19, in addition to 35 healthy controls. Specimens were collected from both genders during the period from June 2022 to April 2023, with an age range of 15 to 80 years. The diagnosis of patients was so severe that 35 patients out of 70 showed severe infection, while the other 35 patients showed moderate infection. The IL-6 serum level was measured using the ELIZA assay, and the expression level of the IL-6 genes was measured using RT-PCR. Among 105 samples, the results of the IL-6 level showed a significant difference between the severe and moderate COVID-19 and control groups with IL-6 in a higher-level severe infection followed by moderate infection to control (263.71± 87.63a and 92.54± 27.47b vs. 27.16± 3.78c, respectively). The IL-6 gene expression level in the COVID-19 patients showed a significant difference between the COVID-19 with severe and moderate compared to healthy control IL-6 gene expression relations upon moderate and severe infection of SARS-CoV2 (10.66±6.12 and 5.19±2.72, respectively). A significant difference was also obtained for each IL-6, CRP, and D. dimer among the study groups. The patients with severe disease were high in all three biomarkers, and neutrophilia with lymphopenia, where it found the mean concentrations of them were 15.03 ± 9.61, 100.335±22.379 vs. 551.49±270.53, respectively, were higher in the patient’s group than in controls. The study found a significant positive correlation between IL-6, CRP, and D-dimer, while it showed a significant negative correlation between lymphocytes.

Gastroduodenal diseases, often associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, represent significant global health challenges. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and gene expression patterns involved in these conditions is essential for advancing therapeutics. Two key contributors to gastroduodenal disorders are c-Jun and NF-kB (p65), transcription factors that regulate gene expression and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. This study delves into the gene expression profiles of c-Jun and NF-kB (p65) in H. pylori-related gastroduodenal disorders. Quantitative PCR was employed to evaluate gene expression in gastric biopsies from 88 participants categorized into four groups based on H. pylori status and gastrointestinal conditions: H. pylori-positive gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer patients, and H. pylori-negative healthy controls. The comparison in fold change among these groups revealed upregulation of c-Jun and NF-kB (p65) across all patient categories. Notably, gastric cancer patients exhibited the highest fold change in c-Jun (2.49745), while peptic ulcer patients displayed the most substantial increase in NF-kB (p65) (4.87057). It was concluded that c-Jun and NF-kB (p65) signaling pathways play pivotal roles in H. pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases, offering valuable insights into molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.

As the interest grows in bacteria that populate the human body rather than merely those that infect it, research is attempting to manage the microbiome in a specific niche to promote human health. Probiotics has experienced significant growth as a result of this utilization of beneficial bacteria. The aim of the study that several isolates of Lactobacillus were examined in order to use it as a probiotic for treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with burn infections. Thirty-six Lactobacillus isolates were collected from different sources and subjected to a screening program to evaluate their antagonism activities against MDR P. aeruginosa that collected from patient with burn infection. Based on results, the isolate Lactobacillus HLB12 showed a highest bacteriocin production which was further characterized as Limosilactobacillus fermentum through 16s ribosomal RNA. Several tests were performed to study the properties of L. fermentum HLB12, in particular its biosafety and suitability to be a successful probiotic. Results showed that L. fermentum HLB12 was resistance to β-lactams group such as Ticarcillin/Cavulnate whereas, it was sensitive to Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin. Moreover, results confirmed that L. fermentum HLB12 was safe as probiotic without any health impacts because it has no haemolytic activity. Furthermore, results revealed that this bacterium was strongly adherent and good biofilm producer; had high auto-aggregation capability and high ability of adhering with P. aeruginosa. It was concluded showed a highly antagonistic activity against P. aeruginosa which supported the idea of using L. fermentum as a probiotic that can be used as an alternative for the treatment with antibiotics.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) a type of diabetes mellitus 2, a glucose tolerance disorder, first diagnosed during pregnancy especially after the first trimester, in women who have never been diagnosed with diabetes. TCF7L2-related SNPs (4506565) whose type 2 diabetes-associated risk alleles were also associated with a higher risk of GDM.This study aimed to highlighted association between TCF7L2 gene polymorphism (rs4506565) and increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in samples of Iraqi women and found the relationship between this SNP and some serum Biochemical levels. The age range in both patient and healthy groups was 17 to 49 years. This study carried out at Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Baghdad, the samples were collected from laboratories of Yarmouk Hospital from November of 2022 to February of 2023. Genotyping of rs4506565 was done by HRM technology. The biochemical test of (FBS, HbA1c, ALT, AST, ALP) was determined automatically by COBAS C111 analyser System. The results of genotypes and alleles frequencies of TCF7L2gene (rs4506565) SNP, in controls versus Iraqi Women with GDM showed that the Heterozygous genotype AG and the Homozygous genotype mutant GG at (P=0.0005**) in patient in comparison to control. In addition, allele frequency G was statistically significant difference in women with GDM and without GDM groups at (P=0.001**). The results of Biochemical parameters indicated that increase in the mean of serum FBS and HbA1c concentration in the GDM than the control group with highly significant differences at (P=0.001). The results showed that the association between ALT, AST and ALP and risk of GDM, were non-significant at p-value (0.2, 0.09 and 0.2) respectively. The results also revealed that the relationship between (FBS, HbA1c, ALT, AST, ALP): and the genetic variant (rs4506565): the differences were non-significant with all alleles for patients and controls. The conclusion of this study found The GG and AG genotype may represent a risk factor against the incidence of patients with GDM in Iraqi pregnant women.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated, heterogeneous disorder, which affects 6–20% of women of reproductive age, causes a range of problems in the reproductive, metabolic, and endocrine systems. Polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, and prolonged anovulation are its defining features. It appears differently as a result of a number of interconnected factors, including heredity, dietary habits, and environmental exposure. This study aimed to study of leptin gene polymorphism rs7799039 and some serum parameters in Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome. By using ELISA kits, the levels of leptin and the soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) were measured. Except for anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), which was assessed by Elisa, and the lipid profile parameters, which were measured by spin 200 full auto, other hormones were measured by cobas E411. HRM-PCR was used to determine the genotypes and allele frequency of rs7799039 SNP at Leptin gene. PCOS patients had significantly (p˂0.05) higher serum leptin and sOB-R levels than controls (4303.28±71.55 versus 3854.84 ±213.96 pg /ml and 144.09 ±5.51 versus 122.16 ±7.64 ng/ml, respectively). The frequency of GG genotype was in PCOS patients significantly lower than in apparently healthy subjects (18.3 % versus 60%, respectively),while the frequencies of GA and AA genotypes were significantly greater in PCOS patients compared to controls that appear to be healthy (56.7% versus 36.6% and 25.0% versus 3.4%, respectively).The G allele frequency was higher in apparently healthy subjects than in PCOS women (78.3% versus 46.6%, respectively) while A allele frequency was significantly greater in PCOS patients compared to people who appear to be healthy (53.4% vas 21.7%, respectively). It was concluded an A allele-related risk factor for PCOS in iraqi patients. Sgnificant difference between GA and AA genotypes in estrogen hormone and significant difference between GG,GA and AA genotypes in AMH hormone were noted.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and diabetes have a complex relationship that works both ways. UTIs are more common in people with diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of the study a potential role of TLR-4 in the dynamics between diabetes and UTIs . Blood samples were collected from 100 patients with UTI and 100 patients with DM patients groups in addition to 100 apparently in individual (control group). The IL-6 and TLR-4 genes were amplified upon DNA extraction and submitted for sequencing. In addition, bacterial DNA has been extracted and the specified DNA sequence of the PapA gene was amplified. The results of rs1800797 showed higher frequency of the AA and AG genotypes within the patients than control group. The GG genotype showed a higher frequency in control group than patients group. The genotype frequencies of the SNP showed a none-significant higher frequency of the GG in control group than patient group. The genotype CG showed a non-significant higher frequency in patients (27.27) than in control (10). The genotype GG showed a significant (P-Value=0.0065) higher frequency in control (80) than in patient (19.09) with a high protection value (odd=0.0278). The genotype AA showed a none-significant (P-Value= 0.5383) higher frequency in control groups (90) than in control (72.72) with high-risk ratio (odds=0.444). The genotype AG showed a non-significant higher frequency in patients (18.18) than in control (10) (odd= 2.25, P-Value= 0.5383 and C.I.= 0.1701 to 29.7687). 25% of samples were positive for E. coli, underscoring a notable prevalence of this bacterium within the group under investigation. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and diabetes have a complex relationship that works both ways. UTIs are more common in people with diabetes mellitus (DM). Blood samples were collected from 100 patients with UTI and 100 patients with DM in addition to 100 apparently healthy control group. The findings revealed that the expression levels of IL-6, TLR-4, higher in individuals with both diabetes and UTI than in those with diabetes. There was a Investigations into the relationship between IL-6 (TLR-4) inflammation and immune system regulation have shown that IL-6 can control the immune response by either upregulating or downregulating

Thalassemia is a genetic blood illness that can cause haemoglobin to develop abnormally and is inherited from a person's parents. Thalassemia has two primary subtypes: alpha and beta. The number of the four alpha globin genes or the two beta globin genes that are absent determines how severe alpha and -thalassemia is. The Mediterranean region, Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and South-East Asia all have a high prevalence of thalassemia. This study's goal is to determine whether there is a relationship between serum ferritin levels in Iraqi patients with major -thalassemia and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs10421768 A>G and (rs1173345431C>T) in the Hepcidin gene. The study is divided into two groups: fifty individuals with -thalassemia (35 females and 15 males) and fifty individuals who appear to be in good health (13 males and 37 females). The participants ranged in age from (14 – 40). All information about the study groups, including age, gender, family history, length of blood transfusions, and severity of the disease, was gathered in questionnaire form during the recruitment period, which lasted from June to October 2022, at the Ibn Albaladi Centre for Thalassemia Disease in Baghdad. The level of ferritin in the blood serum and the whole picture of the blood were determined, and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated using the (real-time PCR-HRM) technology. The results of the survey for the group of patients and persons who appeared to be in good health were as follows: a significant decrease (p0.01) in the level of haemoglobin (Hb) for beta-thalassemia patients (8.57+0.22) compared with the control group (11.15+0.24): while the result shows no significant increase in white blood cells of beta thalassemia patients (11.31+2.15)x109/L when compared with the control group (8.81+0.35)x109/L. The red cells distribution width (RDW) results in a significant increase in beta-th The patients with severe symptoms (31(62.00%) and those with moderate symptoms (19(38.00%) had the highest severity percentages, respectively. Blood transfusion duration shows a significant difference increase in duration over two weeks (21(42.00%): three weeks (18(36.00%): and four weeks (11(22.00%) with P-value (0.0073). Patients with -thalassemia had a significantly higher level of serum ferritin (2929.16+1877.54 ng/ml) compared to the control group (21.96+14.21) ng/ml, with a p-value of (0.0001): in the laboratory. The genotyping and allele results for the SNP (rs10421768 A>G) did not reveal any appreciable differences between the control group and the sick population. Additionally, there was no discernible difference between the two groups of patients and controls for (rs1173345431C>T). In conclusion, environmental and genetic factors such family history, the severity of the disease, and the presence of the A allele and AA genotype in the Hep. gene (rs10421768 A>G). They could be viewed as crucial contributors to the pathophysiology of Iraqi patients with -thalassemia major.

Concerns have been raised about the safety of using the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin due to its harmful effects on animals. The purpose of this research was to see whether citrus peel extract might prevent the toxicity caused by deltamethrin in rats. Seven groups (n=6) of adult male Wistar rats were used, each receiving either a placebo, deltamethrin (6 mg/kg), or a combination of deltamethrin with either mandarin or lemon extracts. Ten weeks into therapy, researchers looked at how things were doing from a biochemical, antioxidant, hormonal, and histopathological standpoint. Hormonal disruption was indicated by lower levels of estrogen, progesterone, and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), as well as substantially raised levels of liver enzymes and altered kidney function indicators due to deltamethrin exposure. These deltamethrin-induced changes were attenuated when subjected to a co-treatment with citrus peel extracts, especially a mixture of mandarin and lemon. The combination of mandarin and lemon improved antioxidant status, normalized indices of kidney and liver function, and restored hormonal balance. Citrus peel, which is loaded in antioxidant phytochemicals, may be responsible for its beneficial properties. It was concluded that citrus peel extract with your deltamethrin exposure may help reduce the risk of adverse effects. Its therapeutic use against pyrethroid toxicity would benefit from further research into the bioactive chemicals and the processes through which they work.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic condition of autoimmunological nature marked by inflammation in multiple small joints, known as polyarthritis. The aim of the study that complex illness affected by a numerous of factors involving lifestyle choices, genetics, and environmental elements. The presence of both joint-related and systemic symptoms in RA can ultimately lead to unfavorable long-term consequences, including disability and mortality. The aim of this study was to explore the role of IL-35 gene polymorphism and the presence of Epstein Bar virus (EBV) in RA Iraqi patients. The results revealed that the EBV IgG antibodies index was significant increase in RA patients than healthy control. Such findings suggest that involvement of EBV in RA disease. in addition, all RA patients were sero- positive for ACCP antibodies in this study and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis revealed the predictive significance of ACCP in differentiating RA patients from healthy controls (HC). Furthermore, the RA patients revealed sero-negative for ANA-8S antibodies in 57% of total patients and the ROC curve analysis revealed the predictive significance of ANA-8S in differentiating RA patients from HC as well. It was concluded that no correlation found between the presence of EBV IgG antibodies index and ACCP or ANA-8S presence in RA patient's sera.

Inflammation plays a significant part in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 which is caused by SARS-CoV-2. Severity of this infection is linked with dysregulation of inflammatory immune responses, which sequentially inhibit the development of protective immunity to the infection. The aim of the study to evaluate serum cytokine levels throughout the acute phase are linked also to a higher risk of disease severity and death rate. Interlukin-29 (IL-29) also known as Interferon AI, as an inflammatory cytokine, is an early line of defence in upper respiratory tract infections like SARS-CoV-2. It's of critical importance in innate immune regulation and modulation of immune responses during acute viral infection and tissue inflammation. Therefore, this study evaluated IL-29 serum levels in 80 COVID-19 Iraqi patients and 50 apparently healthy controls. ELISA technique was used for the quantitative detection of human IL-29. Findings indicated that median IL-29 serum concentrations differed insignificantly between moderate cases, severe/critical cases and control groups. It was concluded these differences in IL-29 serum levels were not affected by sex, age, or underlying disease. II-29 mRNA showed up-regulated in PBMC in COVID-19 Patients.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterium of considerable importance that is frequently linked
to nosocomial infections, notably within the confines of intensive care units (ICUs). This specific bacteria
, known for its opportunistic behaviour, can be easily acquired from many sources like water, soil, and
healthcare establishments. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and patterns of
resistance exhibited by Acinetobacter baumannii strains that were isolated from the intensive care units
(ICUs) of Diwaniyah Hospitals. Over a span of six months, specifically from January to June 2023, a total
of 100 specimens were gathered from the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of hospitals in Diwaniyah. The
isolates were identified as A. baumannii through the use of traditional phenotypic and biochemical
testing, and this identification was further validated by conducting PCR assays targeting the 16sRNA and
blaOXA-51like gene. The susceptibility of isolates was assessed using the standard disk diffusion method.
From total of 100 sputum sample, 20 isolates were identified as A. baumannii. The antimicrobial
susceptibility patterns of isolates showed that 100 % of isolates were resistant to Azithromycin and
ceftriaxone, 85% to Levofloxacin, 100% to imipenem meropenem. The results of the study
demonstrated that the presence of adeA, adeB, and abeR genes in A. baumannii isolates
was seen in all isolates The findings of this investigation demonstrated a notable level of resistance
exhibited by A. baumannii towards a diverse array of antimicrobial agents.

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly malignant neoplasm and is fatal in women around the world.
The increase in drug dosage does not improve therapeutic results and may potentially result in severe
adverse effects. Many cancers in humans are commonly believed to exhibit elevated levels of drug
resistance that have been attributed to multidrug resistance genes. The aim of the study to excess
expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC): including ABCB1 and ABCB6, is a primary
factor that contributes to the increased effluent of cell-toxic drugs and subsequent resistance to treatment
and failure in various types of human BC. Therefore, the current work aims to explore the role of ABCB1
and ABCB6 in chemoresistance activity against paclitaxel in breast cancer cells. The cell was evaluated
by a cytotoxic assay and quantitative RT-PCR to measure how much ABCB genes are expressed. The
study revealed that the breast cancer cell lines AMJ13 and MCF-7 subjected to paclitaxel showed a highly
significant resistance (IC50: 175.6µg/ml and 34.73µg/ml, respectively, P-value: 0.0001), that was
associated with their overexpression levels of ABCB6, while ABCB1 showed inconsistent expression in
both cell lines. It was concluded that the ABCB6 gene plays an important role in resistance to paclitaxel
and, as a result, may provide a possible therapeutic target to help BC patients overcome resistance to
paclitaxel.

Salmonella species stand as notably significant foodborne pathogens worldwide. The objective
of this research was to compare the outcomes obtained from standard microbiological methods and the
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique for detecting Salmonella spp. Each isolate was subsequently
subjected to validation through various cultural media, including Tetrathionate Broth Base as enrichment
media and desoxycholate citrate agar, SS agar, and XLD agar, which were utilized to distinguish colonies.
Moreover, the antibiotic susceptibility profile was assessed, revealing resistance to Penicillins ,
fluoroquinolones, and third-generation Cephalosporins while displaying sensitivity to aminoglycosides,
Sulfonamides, and carbapenems. Polymerase Chain Reaction has been employed to identify the presence
of Salmonella, specifically the Typhimurium strain, implicated in cases of foodborne diseases within
chicken markets in Iraq. Salmonella identity was accomplished by detecting the invA gene, which is
indicative of the Salmonella genus. Additionally, the stm gene specific to Salmonella Typhimurium was
targeted using PCR, allowing identification of Salmonella spp. and specifically Salmonella Typhimurium.
Furthermore, the outcomes unveiled that PCR identified Salmonella spp. presence in 20% of the
specimens. Paralleling the findings of conventional microbiological techniques. The PCR approach
successfully detected Salmonella Typhimurium in 15 out of the 50 samples, accounting for 32% of the
total.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune; inflammatory neurological illness affecting
the central nervous system (CNS). MS damages the myelinated axons; in the central nervous system;
partially damaging the myelin sheath and axons. Helicobacter pylori promotes stomach inflammation and
because of the maintenance of chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa therefore, the virulence factors
of bacteria directly affect the development of symptoms of multiple sclerosis. The aim of present study
was to evaluate the association of H. pylori infection with multiple sclerosis disease One hundred blood
samples were collected between January 2022 and June 2022 from individuals aged 13 to 65. These
samples were evaluated and diagnosed by the consulting medical team at Dr. Saad Al-Witry Hospital for
Neurosciences. The patients were subjected to a comparative analysis with a control group consisting of
30 individuals who were deemed to be the healthy control group. The patients were divided into three
groups. The first group consisted of 36 patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis who were also found to
have H. pylori infection. The second group comprised 34 patients with multiple sclerosis who did not
exhibit H. pylori infection. Lastly, a control group consisting of apparently healthy individuals was
included in the study. The levels of anti-H.pylori IgA, IgG, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ antibodies were
quantified utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and IL-8 genes were detected in the
serum of multiple sclerosis patients and the control group using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
(RT-PCR) technique. The statistical analysis demonstrates a substantial and statistically significant rise
(P≤0.01) in the levels of anti-H. pylori IgA, IgG, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ antibodies in the blood
samples of individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis who also have H. pylori infection. In comparison
to the control group, the experimental group exhibits a statistically significant rise (P ≤0.01) in multiple
sclerosis (MS) conditions in the absence of H. pylori. IL-8 gene expression indicate highly significant
difference (P≤0.001) in sera of patients with MS disorders and H.pylori compared to the control group,
and highly significant elevation (P≤0.01) in MS disease without H.pylori. It was concluded demonstrates
that H.pylori infection plays a significant role as a triggering factor for multiple sclerosis disease.

Asthma fist attack incidents can happen at any age, with the majority of occurrences
happening in people under the age of 10, with boys more commonly affected than girls. However, in
adults, women are more often affected than men. Asthma in adults is sometimes associated with exposure
to particular items during work, including pesticides, and wood dust. The purpose of this study was to
determine if Resveratrol (RES) could reduce the allergic asthma that ovalbumin (OVA) induces in rats.
60 adults, 10-week-old rats were divided into the following groups at random: The first group (G1) was
regarded as naive, the second group (G2) consisted of rats getting resveratrol, the third group (G3)
consisted of asthma-induced rats using ovalbumin and the fourth group of rats (G4) received both
resveratrol therapy and asthma induction. Blood samples were taken at the end of the experiment to assess
total white blood cells and red blood cells, and Broncho Alveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) to assess redox
system activity. Furthermore, lung and trachea tissue were collected for histopathology. Moreover, the
Foxp3 gene was detected in the spleen. Data analysis showed that the number of total white blood cells
decreased significantly p<0.05 after resveratrol treatment. While the number of red blood cells was
increased statistically by p<0.05 with resveratrol therapy. Resveratrol increased Glutathione (GSH)
concentration significantly p<0.05 and decreased malondialdehyde concentration significantly in BALF.
Resveratrol was able to alleviate the epithelial mucosa thickness, mucosal obstruction, and light
mononuclear leukocyte infiltration in trachea tissue and attenuate severe interstitial pneumonia with
infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes, congestion of interstitial tissue, and alveolar dilation in lung
tissue. Overall, the study concluded that resveratrol possesses the biological actions that are necessary to
boost the pulmonary system's defences against the harmful effects of ovalbumin-induced asthma

Fusarium oxysporum is a species which is a source of many mycotoxin producers, capable of
synthesis Cu nanoparticles as they produce significant amounts of secondary metabolites which act as a
reductase and stabilization agent for the produced nanoparticles. The objective of the current study was to
demonstrate copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs), biosynthesis was process using Fusarium oxysporum culture
filtrate has not been previously used in Cu NPs biosynthesis. It was used for the first time as a reducing
and stabilizing agent to measure its effectiveness as an antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant
(MDR). Clinical bacterial was isolates, including Gram positive bacteria (Streptococcus thoraltensis) and
Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus mirabilis). Fusarium oxysporum isolate were diagnosed by PCR and
secondary metabolites determined by GC-MASS. One hundred and sixty specimens of pathogenic
bacteria were collected from different sources (wounds, urine, sputum and vagina) then the bacterial
isolates were diagnosed as Streptococcus thoraltensis and Proteus mirabilis by using the Vitek-2 system,
biochemical assays, and conventional morphological assessment. F. oxysporum culture filtrate done by
cultured the fungus using modified Czapek Dox broth media which the cornmeal is added, incubated for
14 days with shaking at 27±20C and filtered by Millipore. The biosynthesis of Cu NPs was prepared by
adding 1 g of Copper (II) hydrogen carbonate (CuCo3 Cu (OH)2) to 10 ml of Fusarium oxysporum culture
filtrate, the NPs were diagnosed using modern methods, FT-IR, AFM, FE-SEM, and EDX techniques. The
prepared Cu NPs was examined against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus thoraltensis and Proteus
mirabilis. It was concluded that the prepared NPs inhibited pathogenic bacterial isolates. The inhibition for
the Streptococcus thoraltensis indicated at concentration of 500, 250, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml., and for
Proteus mirabilis indicated at concentration of 500, 250 and 125 mg/ml.

People with COVID-19 infection experience a range of problems, each with differing degrees
of severity. Because of this, assessing its analytical values is essential to anticipating and minimizing the
dangers and difficulties associated with this condition. This study was conducted to determine whether
the COVID-19 severity is correlated with the polymorphisms of SNP(rs761162880), in the IL-22 gene.
Investigations the role of serum ferritin, D-dimer and C-reactive protein in COVID-19 severity. For the
detection of SARS-COV-2, RT-PCR was used. The samples were subjected to D-dimer, ferritin, and CRP
tests. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing was used for genotyping. The findings
showed that there was a significant increase in ferritin, D-dimer and CRP (p value <0.01). In order to
forecast and avoid potential COVID-19 consequences. It was concluded the crucial to analyse the
biochemical parameters of individuals infected with the virus in order to evaluate the severity and course
of the illness. COVID-19 severity is not correlated with the polymorphisms of SNP(rs761162880)

Nattokinase (NK) enzyme has been mentioned to have effective fibrinolytic activity and it has
amenities over other commercially used medicines in preventative and prolonged effects. Therefore, this
study aimed to characterize, immobilize NK from local isolate of P. aeruginosa and applies its
fibrinolytic activity on blood clot. A previously isolated P. aeruginosa, which was obtained from wound
burn infection and identified using different examinations, and it diagnosed employing PCR with
16SrRNA gene (956bp), then previously screened to produce NK enzyme under optimum conditions. The
results indicated that partial purified NK has the best activity in pH 7.5, with enzyme activity of 34.33
U/ml. Also, the stability of NK was detected in pH range from 4.0 to 8.5. The best temperature of NK
activity was 45°C the NK stability was at temperatures ranging from 25 to 45°C. Casein was the best
substrate with high activity (70.6 U/mg protein) of partial purified enzyme, then the activity decrease with
bovine (47 U/mg), fibrin (63.36 U/mg), gelatin (31.36 U/mg), collagen(32.22 U/mg). NK has been
successfully immobilized covalently on the functionalized carbon nanotube (MWNT). The enzyme
loading was 67.14% by using amount of (706 U/mL) NK per 3 mg of MWNT. It was concluded the blood
clot degradation by NK was determined by dissolving human blood clot, and the result indicated that the
NK display excellent fibrinolytic activities in vitro.

Kunitz Trypsin Protease Inhibitor enzyme is a type of protein found in legume seeds that
works as a protease inhibitor. Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitors are usually specific for trypsin,
which is secreted by the pancreas, leading to a lack of trypsin in the body and resulting in dyspepsia of
proteins, pancreatic expansion and other health problems. The aim of the study to evaluate the glycine
max genome sequences have been retrieved from GenBank-NCBI for cultivars Wm82, Lee, and ZH13.
The targeted trypsin sequence
(KTI-2) was searched through the assembled genomes using map to
reference tool. The KTI-2 sequence was about 872 bp and existed in the three assembled genomes with
100% match. Searching through mRNA sequences of the three genomes revealed that three copies of
KTI-2 were found in Wm82 and Lee cultivars each, while only one copy found in ZH13 cultivar with
different consistency percentages and lengths. The amino acid lengths ranged between 91 and 216 amino
acids, however, 210 amino acids. corresponded to 100% pairwise identity. It was concluded the
convergence of mRNA sequences and amino acid lengths among the studied cultivars refers to appear
some modifications in the structural gene. The results revealed that the KTI2 gene is a stable and
conserved feature in the studied soybean cultivars.

The most common sexually transmitted disease in postmenopausal women is human
papillomavirus genital infection. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated to HPV infection persistence
and the development of cervical pre-invasive lesions. The current study's aims were to detect HPV virus
using RT-PCR and show a link between HPV infection and its influence on vitamin D3 levels, BMI, and
age groups who are more infected than others. From November 2022 to February 2023, 100 women were
recruited from Al-Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospitals and the Central Health Laboratory in Baghdad.
The samples were separated into two groups: those with various gynecologic disorders (patients) and
those with normal Pap smear results (control). Cytology, hematology, and hormonal testing were
performed on the samples. A study of 50 women with cervical anomalies discovered that 80% were
negative for HPV testing, whereas 20% were positive. Also there were nine genotypes discovered among
HPV infected patients. Regarding D3, the data suggest that (70%) about 7 of the infected individuals had
levels equal to or lower than 30ng/mL. and around 30% (3) of the total ten infected patients were greater
than 30 ng/ml. The age distribution of the infected patients was 40% under 30, 60% 30-50, and 30%
greater than 30ng/mL. BMI measurements revealed that 80% of patients were overweight, whereas the
remaining 20% were obese. The total HPV infection incidence changes modestly between age groups
before and after menopause, with the highest rate occurring between the ages of 30 and 50. Vitamin D
concentrations Low 25(OH) D levels in blood have been associated to impaired innate immune response
and increased vulnerability to HPV infection. Obesity causes a hormonal tangle, reducing immunity and
increasing the chance of HPV infection.

The polymorphisms in the genes of NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3)
and inflammatory markers are related to the severity and Susceptibility of coronavirus 2019 (COVID
19). The aim of the study to determine the role of variants in the genes of NLRP3 and their effects on
severity and/ or susceptibility in COVID-19 disease we used allele-specific primer method to analyze
NLRP3 variants rs35829419, rs10754558 also, The infection with COVID-19 in the first stage leads to
Neutrophilia, while the increased severity of the disease leads to lymphopenia, and the first indicator for
storms of cytokine is the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Therefore, the current study is designed
to offer data for local information about parameters of hematology among patients with COVID-19 and
evaluate their relationship with further factors. Between December and October, 2022 blood specimens
and nasopharyngeal swabs (99) were taken from patients with COVID-19. Samples were established by
antibody IgM and IgG for COVID-19, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT
PCR) assay, as well as analysis of blood samples to test the hematological parameters. The results
exhibited NLPR3 rs35829419 A allele and genotype CA are related to susceptibility and the presence of
COVID-19. NLR, CRP, D-dimer, Ferritin, LDH were increased significantly and associated with the
disease severity. It was concluded the NLR can be used as a suitable biomarker assistant to laboratory
records in the progression of disease and evaluating the severity of the cases

The genome of the Transvaal daisy (Gerbera Jamesonii) contains several transposable
elements, including long-term repeat retrotransposons. Nevertheless, little is known about the species
specific variability linked to retrotransposons. The study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of
the retrotransposon section of the Iraqi Gerbera jamesonii's genome in terms of quantity and quality of
intraspecific variation relying on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Iraqi Gerbera
jamesonii's genome was commercially sequenced using Illumina Novaseq6000 reads by DNA LINK Co.
in Korea. The data have been utilized to recognize the tandem repeat clusters within the genome
sequences using Geneious Prime software and the Repeat Explorer platform. Iraqi Gerbera jamesonii
genome of 78485920 input reads of the random sample comprised approximately 80-82% repetitive
elements, providing a total coverage of 2.37X. Out of 3928601 reads, 3209438, representing 72% of the
genome, were clustered in 243 clusters. The majority of the top clusters were unannotated by Repeat
Explorer. It was concluded that the annotated cluster proportion was 8.6124 of the LTR-RTs of Gypsy
(2.4561) and Copia (6.1563)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a prominent culprit of hospital-acquired infections, is progressively
linked to epidemics and poses a global challenge across diverse medical facilities. The aim of the study to
emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa has assumed paramount clinical importance, from
October 2022 to January 2023, 150 specimens were collected from patients referring to the medical City
hospitals in Baghdad and a private laboratory in Baghdad. The strains were isolated from clinical
specimens: 46 burn swabs, 43 urine sample, 8 Blood specimens, 39 sputum sample, 12 wound swabs and
2 ear swabs of patients, these samples were taken from patients of different ages, men, women and
children, all samples underwent bacteriological and biochemical examinations for diagnosis. Out of the
total 150 specimens, 38 (25.33%) were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the remaining 112
(74.67%) exhibited different bacterial strains. The P. aeruginosa isolates were verified using the VITEK2
system and demonstrated positive outcomes for oxidase, catalase, and hemolysin production. The
pyocyanin test results were mixed, ranging from negative to positive, and confirm diagnosis tests the
ability to grow at 42°C conducted for further confirmation (heat tolerance). It was concluded That PCR
analysis was performed on 38 isolates, targeting the 16SrRNA (housekeeping gene) as well as the
virulence genes Phzm, Phzs. The findings revealed that all samples tested positive for the 16SrRNA gene.
And also, 36 (94.74%) were positive for Phzm, 31 (81.58%) for Phzs

Salmonella Enteritidis is the most common serotype of Salmonella isolated from cases of
foodborne gastroenteritis’s throughout the world. This study aimed to characterize and identified of
Salmonella Enteritidis bacteria from layer chickens. Intestinal cotton swabs samples have been collected
from layer chickens. samples were grown in appropriate culture media and inspected both aerobically and
under a microscope. Using the VITEK 2 system and biochemical testing, the diagnosis of the bacterial
isolates was verified. The 2019 criteria from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) were
followed in interpreting the data. Five isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis were characterized using the 16S
rRNA gene and the PCR method. The NCBI received five positive isolates whose sequences were
compared to isolates in the bank gene. These isolates were then given accession numbers, which are as
follows: PP955421.1, PP955422.1, PP955423.1, PP955424.1, and PP955425.1. Only three Iraqi isolates,
according to phylogenetic analyses based on 16SrRNA, have the highest percent identity (100%), and are
most closely related to Canada, China, South Korea, Australia, USA, China, Switzerland, Brazil, Russia,
Egypt, Taiwan, and Turkey. The remaining Iraqi isolates have 99% identity. These findings all suggested
that the SE clone may be propagated in these farms since the isolates were very genetically related and
overwhelmingly dominant

Colitis can have a negative impact on an animal's growth and productivity as well as its health.
Animals who consume dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) may develop colitis. The aim of the inquiry was to
assess the beneficial effect of butyric acid as one of the gut microbiota metabolites on the inflammatory
response and physiology of the colon in DSS-induced colitis. Rats were distributed equally into four
distinct sets. At the final stage of the trial, blood samples were obtained to measure total white blood
cells, red blood cells, and interleukin 17A, interferon-gamma in serum. Colon tissue was also gathered for
histopathology. In addition, the spleen's interleukin 10 gene was identified. Following sodium butyrate
treatment, data analysis revealed a considerably lower total number of white blood cells. While sodium
butyrate therapy statistically raised the number of red blood cells. Sodium butyrate drastically dropped
serum interleukin -17A, interferon-gamma values. Also, the Section of the colon D group showed severe
thickening of mucosa-associated with the marked proliferation of submucosal solitary lymphatic follicles,
with expansion into tubular glands. Further, we discovered that oral sodium butyrate treatment reduced
the severity of colitis in rats, modified the diversity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract so that
pseudomonas aeruginosa predominated in the combination of drugs group, and elevated the expression of
the interleukin 10 gene. These findings suggest that sodium butyrate, by reestablishing the equilibrium of
gut microbiota dysbiosis, can alleviate DSS-induced colitis in rats

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a persistent inflammatory condition. The exact cause is not fully
comprehended. The study aimed to detect the methylation level of STAT5a and E-Cadherin genes in OLP
and compare the findings with control. A total number of 60 samples of formalin-fixed paraffin
embedded tissue blocks were divided into 2 groups: 30 OLP and 30 normal oral mucosa collected from
laboratory archives of the Oral Diagnosis Department at University of Baghdad/College of Dentistry.
DNA was extracted, and bisulfite treatment was utilized, Then HRM-PCR was performed.The results
found a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the methylation level of STAT5a, while there was a significant
increase (P<0.05) in the methylation level of E-Cadherin in OLP compared to controls, In addition, there
were significant molecular alterations in methylation level of studied genes accumulated incrementally
from control to reticular to erosive form were present in higher-risk erosive variants of OLP. It was
concluded that the aberrant methylation profile of studied genes may be associated with the pathogenesis
and progression of OLP