Journal of University of Babylon

The policeman , same as to his fellows of state employees civil and martial employees, deserves normal vacations and special vacations, these vacations were enacted by the Iraqi enactor in the law of service and retirement of internal security forces no. (18) for the year 2011 based of the arts of no. (26,27, 28, 29,30,31,32,33 , 34).
Due to the importance of this vacations in the life of the policeman, so we have studied this subject according to a plan included preliminary question about the importance of vacation for the policeman in the above mentioned service and retirement law, plus to two sections, first one is specialized to tackle with the normal vacations of policeman, the second one is to search the special vacations of policeman, then an epilogue included the most important suggestions and results that we have come up with, in addition to the list of references, and an abstract in both languages Arabic and English.

The theater is the place where all the ideas and artistic visions forbidden by the taboos (social and religious politics) are stored to address the individual's needs and to know his suffering in indirect ways, reaching the recipient through a cinematic.
This study was devoted to uncovering the silence in the Iraqi theater discourse. It included four chapters: The first chapter included the methodological framework of the research, which included the problem of research. How is the silence represented in the Iraqi theater discourse? And the importance of research and research objective, which is identified in the detection mechanisms of the silent operation in the Iraqi theater discourse. The limits were limited to theatrical performances in the National Theater in Baghdad for the period (2005 - 2015). The chapter concludes with the definition of terms.
Chapter Two: Theoretical framework, which included three questions. Combining the first topic: The concept of silence, concept, the second topic: the silent in the proposals of psychology, the third topic: silent in the world theater discourse. The chapter concluded with previous studies, discussions and the theoretical framework.
While the third chapter included: research procedures, the research community and its tools and the methodology of research and analysis of the sample (play Ahlam Carton by Karim Shugaidl and directed by Kazem Al-Nassar 2013).
Chapter 4 contains the findings, conclusions and recommendations, as well as a list of sources and references.

The usual in Arabic words-names and verbs –is the triple stracture then the quartery,fiftry stractures .these are the Original.They can reach the sixan form by adding some voices.
The aunsent and modern linguestics mainsend duas forms and they did their best to make them triple.
The modern linguesties said that they was Akkadian or Akamision words missed the derelop ment .some of them aaid that they are duas in origin there is no need to make them triple .
This research study the single voice forme,we tried to mind openiones about them .Some of these words are pure names ,like (fem).Some of them are relative names ,the others are for pointing .like (tho).Some are proverbs kike the (ta)of subject.
a Satsfide that these words explained We copelet meanings. as the quartral ,and fiftral forms do ripple.

The explosive ability and speed characteristic of the two men is the most important physical ability to be linked to the performance of most of the skills in the game of football lounges and since the modern style of play is characterized by strength and speed and the way to play in defense and attack throughout the game, so it is imperative to pay attention to develop these capabilities and using exercises to be effective In the development of this development, after the researchers learned a lot of studies and research and through watching the Premier League it became clear that there is weakness in the explosive power and the speed of speed in the futsal players, which reflects the cause of low and poor performance of the And thus the negative impact on the outcome of the game, which is an obstacle to the performance of some skills with the speed and strength required and special scoring skill as the boundary between winning and loss, so the researchers decided to study this problem through the establishment of exercises in the method of ballistic training in a standardized manner and using scientific means Which can develop the two physical abilities (explosive ability and speed characteristic) and their impact in the development of skill scoring football clubs. The goal of the research to:
1 - Preparation of a training curriculum in the form of ballistic training to develop the explosive ability and speed of the two men and the skill of scoring for football players lounges.
2 - Identify the explosive and distinctive speed of the two men and the skill of scoring for football players lounges.
3 - Knowledge about the impact of the ballistic training method in the development of explosive power and speed of the two men and the skill of scoring for football players lounges
1 The researchers used the experimental approach to suit the nature of the problem. The research community defined the clubs of Al-Qasim and Al-Mahdahiyya as football clubs. The class of applicants was 28 players and a randomly selected sample of 20 players was divided into two equally control and experimental groups.
1 - The training curriculum of the control group has improved the explosive capacity and speed of the two men and the skill of scoring for football players lounges.
2 - The ballistic training curriculum prepared for the experimental group had the advantage in developing the explosive ability and speed of the two men and the skill of scoring for football players lounges.
3 - explosive ability and distinctive speed of the two men have a positive impact to develop the skill of accuracy of scoring for football players lounges.

At the beginning of the 20th century, and especially after the First World War, a tremendous openness was opened to modern art with its overlapping, especially Surrealism. (Surrealism) is a comprehensive, intellectual and aesthetic pattern in different aspects of life. The Surrealist painting may overlap with the previous doctrines that formed the patterns of the crisis era and the cumulative cultural shocks of the early 20th century Selective integration and integrated its overall vision to produce a violent speech against the speech (center institution, state, system) was drawing surreal one of these doctrines.
From the beginning, the surrealist painting was concerned with the philosophies of existentialism and influenced them, including:
1 - Call existential philosophy to idle, and push it to despair.
2 - Strengthening the spirit of individual dream, which distanced from the current problems of society.
3. The impossibility of achieving any production of a general social character.
Based on the above, the current research problem is highlighted by the following question:
To what extent does the Surrealist painting represent existential philosophy?
The importance of the research is that it highlights an important aspect of drawing surreal
The urgent need for the current research as it investigates the representations of existential philosophy in the surreal drawing, adopted by (artists of that period).
It also highlights the importance of research in standing up to the totality of existential philosophies, and through the drawing of serials, which in itself is a special need through a comprehensive multilateral study, will provide aesthetic and artistic studies and critics of plastic art with the necessary information. It will be of assistance to researchers from graduate students and specialists in the field of art and painting in particular.
The objective of the research: was known: - Representations of existential philosophy in the surreal drawing
The current search is defined by the following limits:
1 - Chronological: the artistic products (works of drawing surreal) extended during the period (1917 - 1970)
2 Possibilities: Europe
3 Objectively: Representations of existential philosophy
The most important terms are: Surrealism - existentialism
The second chapter comes from the theoretical framework (existentialism, existentialism).
The third chapter addresses the research community and its procedures.
The sample of the research was selected using the selective method in the selection. The sample reached (8) technical works and the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method.
In light of the analysis of the sample of the research sample and the achievement of the research objective, the current research results in the following results:
1. The body of the artist surreal human (individual) so that it made the center of the subject affected by the existential philosophy.
2. Look at the interpretation of the artist Surrealist being open to other reading and critical approaches modern.
3. The work of art (surreal), with multiple readings through continuous processes of understanding and interpretation of the artist.
4. was (the most surreal drawing) in the period (1917-1970m), in all its strange and exciting practices.
The most important conclusions were:
1. The emergence of existential philosophy 0 in modern art, was linked to the mood and atmosphere of war.
2. Effects of existential philosophy 0 in modern art on the levels of artistic work all.
3. Modern art appeared features and existential level of form the structure of the work of art, the research ended with recommendations including:
1. The researcher recommends preparing a comparative study of the surreal movement and its relation to the world art.
2. activating the experiences of contemporary Iraqi Surrealist artist, and the extent of communication with the contemporary surrealist artist.
The most important proposals were:
1. Studying the Iraqi surrealistic features of a modernist nature.
2. Conducting a comparative study between Surrealist and Iraqi art.

That everyone's target is very normal man, a man psychologically sound personal coordinated and perfect, and his character is distinct from the others in a position to predict and control the response as well as the full use of his capabilities, and compatible with the environment a positive consensus. It concludes that the self-consistency of the consistency of the actions of a person and his dealings with other people in the roles of a period of time, and for this, the self-consistency can be determined on the basis of continuity of any long-term contact over time. Hence the problem of current research identified the need for an objective measure of self-consistency among university students, Which Current search is addressing and processing.
Search goal: building self-consistency scale for the students of the University of Babylon
The research community and specimens: It includes the students of three college they are; fourth and first-grade students at the Faculty of Fine Arts, the fourth grade students in the College of Pharmacy, and fourth-grade students at the Faculty of Law/ University of Babylon. Total research community in these colleges for the year stood at (2015- 2016) (957) students, of which 456 males and 501 females. Due to the researcher to build scale of self- consistency, it has required the withdrawal of three samples from the original research community: the reconnaissance sample reached (64) students pulled intentionally, and sample of building a measure amounted to (394) pulled in a random stratified way 50% of the orgional community, to withdraw the basic research sample, the researcher used the percentage way of the remaining the fourth stage male of The Faculty of Fine Arts as the percentage of males (0.53) The percentage of female fourth Faculty of Fine Arts was (0.47), and the total (224) male and female students.
Research Tool: The researcher built an objective tool to measure a variable (self-consistency) according to the following steps:
1. Defining the concept of (self-consistency) procedural definition and analyzing its content into four areas: the relationship with others, and uniqueness, work, and gaining knowledge. And drafting (67) items distributed among them.
2. Sincerity tool: the researcher used two methods for the sincerity, they are:
A - making sense method: Through content analysis or substance which resulted in the deletion of (11) paragraph of the measure after presenting it to the arbitrators, bringing the number of paragraphs (56) items plus four paragraphs to detect objectivity the scale became a paragraph consists of (60)items and after the researcher has checked the sincerity of scale logically, she has put a the Quintet estimation scale of in front of each paragraph and planned a correction key accordingly. Then she has applied it to build a sample to extract the pilot sincerity.
B. Pilot method: extracted in three ways:
First - Peripheral comparison method between the upper and lower sets.
Second - internal consistency method.
Third - factor analysis method.
3. The stability of the tool: stability of the tool has been achieved in two ways:
A method (Cronbach's alpha): the stability of the scale amounted to (0888).
(B) Midterm Fragmination method: the value of the stability of half-scale (744) since this value represents the stability of half scale, so the researcher used the equation (Spearman - Brown) to edit and extract the full value of scale and get a degree of firmness reached (0853), which confirms that the scale has a high degree of constancy and reliable.
Statistical methods: The researcher used the social statistical Pouch (spss) for data processing were used, the Pouc was used in the following topics:
1. Percentage: used by a researcher to unload arbitrators responses, used in the interpretation of the accepted factors and to withdraw the basic sample.
2. Mean: Use in substantive response extraction, strength discriminatory clauses. As well as to find Means for computational research samples.
3. Standard Deviation:
4. The standard error:
5. Test (T-Test) independent and equal number of samples. To measure the moral significance of the scale paragraphs, which is used to compare Means when samples are big and equal.
6. Person Corrlation coefficient)): To calculate the internal consistency (ratified paragraphs of scale) and to find the relationship between each paragraph of the scale with the total score of the scale, as well as a way to extract the fortitude fragmentation midterm.
7. (Sperman Brown Formula): used to modify the scale and extract the value of the stability of the entire measure, since after measuring the correlation coefficient between the two halves of self-consistency for estimating half of the test, has been modified the mentioned equation.
8. Cronbach's alpha formula: to calculate the tool stability.
9. Test (F) to calculate the harmony between the two halves of the scale.
10. Used in the factorial analysis procedures.
These procedures have resulted in a measure consists of four areas include (45) items and (4) items were added to detect the objectivity, the researcher used the scale of the Quintet estimation in front of each paragraph and prepared correction key accordingly.

The production of any written or spoken text differs from one person to another as a result of personal motivations, political/social attitudes and ideologies. Each group seeks to express its ideological thoughts to convince others, using different strategies to achieve this aim. Implication is one of the ideological strategies used by Julia Gillard, the former Prime Minister of Australia. The present study is an attempt to detect implication in her speech. To accomplish this aim, the paper starts with a theoretical background that explains Critical Discourse Analysis, ideology and sociocognitive approach. It proceeds to analyze Gillard's speech depending on van Dijk's sociocognitive approach. The study concludes that Gillard tends to express her ideology implicitly. It also reveals that implication can be expressed through other ideological strategies mainly that of positive self-/negative other-presentation.

This study aims at identifying the differences between the 1st and 4th year college students Department of English - College of Education –Ibn Rushd for Human Sciences/ University of Baghdad in Learning Strategies LS and Listening Comprehension CL. The study is limited to the 1st and 4th year since 1st year students represent the beginners level and the 4th year college ones represent the advanced level during the academic year 2015-2016.
The number of the whole population is (418) which are distributed into two types: pilot and main. In order to achieve the aims of the study and to test its hypotheses, the instruments are: a questionnaire: by adopting the Oxford's (1990) LS classification system and the TOEFL to assess students' performance. The obtained results in section one of the TOEFL indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between 1st and 4th year students. And there is a statistically significant difference between 1st and 4th year students in the total score of the questionnaire in favor of the 1st year students.

The American poet Hart Crane has published his masterpiece The Bridge in 1930. This long poem which consists of fifteen lyric poems is considered a modern epic. Crane, who can be compared with Walt Whitman in the 19th century and T.S. Eliot in the 20th century, mixes between mythology and modernity and the poem could be considered an example of how modernist forms could be used to express uplifting ideas. The Bridge bridges the gaps between America's past, present and future by imagining a journey through America's past. The American land is seen as a female embodied in the poem as the most famous Indian woman.
The study focuses upon the image of women in Hart Crane' poem The Bridge and is divided into three sections. Section one is introductory with two parts: Biographical and Crane's Poetics. Section two discusses the image of women in The Bridge. Section three is the conclusion that summarizes the findings.

The study deals with the difficulties encountered by English Specific Purposes (ESP) learners in using pronoun. There are many types of pronoun, each one has a special function. Therefore, the study aims at investigating the difficulties encountered ESP learners in using pronouns. The study hypothesizes that: most of Iraqi ESP students face difficulties in using different types of pronouns in studying English as a foreign language. Finding out the causes of the students errors.
To verify these hypotheses, a diagnostic test has been adopted and applied to a sample of (40) Iraqi (2) stage students, Computer Department, Technical Institute of Babylon to investigate their ability in using pronouns in studying English as a foreign language.

The title of the research is: (The comparable past tense indication in the root in Holy Quran ), and I meant similar (the similarity of the image), as interpreters accustomed to.
I divided the search into three topics due to the similar formulas mentioned in the Holy Quran as follow;
Topic One : Indication the verb (Faala waafala)
Topic Two: Indication the verb (Faala waiftaala )
Topic Three : Indication the verb (Faala waafala)
The research concluded that similar past tense in the root that mentioned in the holy Quran – represented in the formulas (Afala), (Faala) and (Iftaala) the most similarities with the abstract past(Faala)
The most formulas mentioned in the Holy Quran are (Afaela) that mention in (234) verbs, followed by a formula( Faala) that mentioned in (170) verbs , the formula ( Iftaala) mentioned in (98) position only.

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the most honorable of his creation, Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Nasah Al-Amin, God Almighty created man, and his generosity, and his preference over all his creation, he says: ((We have honored the sons of Adam and carried them in land and sea and gave them from the best and preferred them to many of us created a preference)) (Isra: 70), and among the honor of this man Is the very purpose of taking off the dress, and the word Aya does not call on the great commandment of the dress, and dress is a great favor God Almighty to the children of Adam, the Almighty said: ((O sons of Adam, we have sent you to wear my clothes, (26), and make for this dress conditions mentioned in the books of jurisprudence, and interpretation, the purpose is to show this man in the best form of discrimination against him from all other creatures, but it is regrettable indeed what we notice from the underestimation The issue of women's hijab has become one of the most prominent issues that have imposed itself on reality, an attempt to shake up the religious constants ordered by God Almighty, and received by His Blessed Prophet (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) (Peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) B women, which found him on deaf ears of some weak souls, began calling Ptberg women and Sforha fulfillment of his instincts.
Based on the principle of enjoining what is good and forbidding evil, we have discussed in this research some of the bad habits of the hijab, the inappropriate dress worn by some young men and women in schools, colleges, markets or public places. Three investigations, and a conclusion. We ask God to accept and please and be sincere to His holy face as we ask Him to grant our young men and women on behalf and repentance. He said: "And if those who believe in our revelations come to you, say peace to you. For he is Oft - Forgiving, Most Merciful. (Al-Anaam, 54).

The parliamentary studies on several pillars, the most important of which is the pilgrims, the speaker uses various mechanisms, whether rhetorical or semi-logical to influence and convince others, and often comes the speaker (poet or other) arguments broadcast in his speech, and then classifies and arranges a logical arrangement must The speaker is familiar with the recipient's qualifications and intellectual, emotional and religious culture, and may invoke special compositions in order to persuade him, because persuasion is one of the highest functions of language, whether the meaning of the speech is real or imagined. And pilgrims effective effectiveness in others, both guidance and evaluation.

The study consists of four chapters; the first talks about the problem and the necessity which conduct such topic to be researched. The aim of this chapter is to explore the aesthetic values of the voice performance, while the limit is restricted on these aesthetic values of the voice performance an actor has, in child theatre shows, during 2003 to 2012 in Baghdad. Chapter two discusses the theoretical background and the previous studies. It embodies three perspectives; firstly is the charm of the voice performance , secondly, the actor and his role, and the third is the child theatre, followed by the results and previous studies. Chapter three applies the procedures on the proposed samples based on the theoretical background in establishing the analysis forms. chapter four includes the results which lead to the conclusions, some recommendations and suggestions for further research are put forward, and the bibliography and the abstract are written at end.

The balance of the contract financially is one of the most important criteria for achieving justice in that contract, but this balance is sometimes broken either because one of the parties in an economic center through which to impose conditions without discussion with the other party or to exploit weakness in the other party or to deceive and fraud it, or other reasons, in all those cases, the other party will suffer damage, or a loss in the contract. The legislator has put in place rules that protect the injured contractor, in those cases, in order to achieve justice. These rules affect the principle of the binding of contracts of netting to make them subject to amendment or revocation. Justice in the contract is a pillar of its binding force.

The research has shown that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) says on the occasion between them, and this was supported by mental and analytical evidence, and how this opinion has had an impact In the Muslim scholars: linguists, grammarians, and literalists, and that the best of those who benefited from it are the Erafani, as they established a theory in the interpretation of texts, especially the Koran. And discussed the views that denied the occasion between them and their contradictions, as well as that the arbitrators have no evidence to prove, and the answer to the reasoning of the existence of tandem and common verbal and anti-language, and proved that the existence of these phenomena in the origin of the status of the language; Led to the emergence of these phenomena is a deviation from the origin. He explained the serious consequences of saying arbitrarily.

The first chapter deals with the problem of research, its importance, the need for it, its purpose, and the definition of the most important terms in it. The space is that varied space of physical space and when we say material Space is not an abstraction, and space is the basis of relations of all its functions, and the similarity in the incoming forms does not mean anything except by formal organization. In this case, the output is not (similar to the parts except the initial case) that similar and convergent cubes do not mean that they are interrelated. By answering p The following question arises:
How did Khaled Al-Jader handle the photographic space?
The current research aims at identifying (how to use the photographic space in Khaled Al-Jader drawings) and the time limits from (1950-1988).
The second chapter deals with the theoretical framework and the previous studies. The first topic: the roots of the structure, and the first section of the research into two axes, the first axis: a historical approach, dealing with space in Mesopotamia, space in Islamic art, and the second axis: the concept of space in philosophy; : The life of the artist Khaled Jader style and work.
The third chapter includes the research procedures related to the research community, the research sample, the research tool and the research method, and then the analysis of the samples (5) samples.
The fourth chapter deals with the results of the research and its conclusions, and summarized the researcher to a set of results.
1. The artist adopted in his commitment and tendency to flatten the shapes and ease the entry into the depth.
2. And the colors in the drawings Khalid Aljader, we see sometimes quiet and angry in other areas of the painting.
The researcher reached a number of conclusions, including:
1-The shape of the product of Mesopotamia in the treatment of space one of the pillars of the artist Khalid Al - Jader.
2- The artist Khalid Al-Jader was based on flattening the shapes in his works, where he dealt with the Arab Muslim artist, who avoided stereotyping and treated space flatly.

Montagny is one of the most famous skeptics of the modern age , so he is counting on doubts in modern thought in contrast to p in the face of ancient doubt. The research is an attempt to show the extent to which he influenced some of the most important thinkers who followed him with the importance of skepticism and their conviction in their scientific and practical feasibility , although there were differences between them and Montagni. The research dealt with both.

The aim of this research has proven that Sayed Al-Khoei tried to gather as much information from the previous researchers such as:(Ali bin Ibrahim Al-Qimi (Al-NAgashi) and (sheikh Al-Tousi) into one from of translated scripture inorder to from a clear study that everyone fall under this some sort of uncertainty (who ever enters my house is someone to be trusted) Most researchers have applied this quote on many people however Sayed Al-Khoei has a very valid points on this quote we must understand the difference between meaning of trusted and certified person. It's very hard to understand that this quote can be applied to anyone without complete certain evidence and clarification from others.

The current research dealt with the "intellectual and aesthetic dimensions of the Babylonian cylindrical seals" in an attempt to identify the intellectual and aesthetic dimensions inspired by the Babylonian artist in cylindrical seals.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, which included four chapters, the first of which was: the methodological framework of the research, starting with the problem of research and through the research objective: (the intellectual and aesthetic dimensions of the cylindrical cylinder seals).
According to the time period (1894 BC) - (1595 BC) for the ancient civilization of Babylon. And analysis of photographic models of cylindrical seals with different subjects. As well as identify the terms to which the research.
As for the second chapter of the theoretical framework, it contains three topics. In the first part, the focus is on cylindrical seals from ages before writing to post-writing times (Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Sumerian, Assyrian).
The second section included a full and concise review of the ancient civilization and arts of Babylon. The third topic focuses on the ancient Babylonian cylinder seals.
The third chapter deals with research procedures in terms of limiting the research community. The method was adopted descriptive analysis of the sample analysis, which was (5) illustrated technical models of cylindrical seals of the old Babylonian era.
The fourth chapter included the results and conclusions that emerged from the research and the most important results:
1- The system of shapes on the surfaces of the ancient Babylonian cylinder seals is characterized by a combination of a realistic world represented by the worshipers and the mythical myth of the image of the human gods. As in (1), (3), (4).
2- Most of the topics that were carried out on the surfaces of the cylindrical seals of the ancient Babylonian era have ideological and ideological dimensions, which are of great importance in the life of the ancient Babylonian society, as in the heads of the broken model (3) and the water waves model (4).
3- The artistic creativity which characterized by the cylindrical seals of the old Babylonian era is a creative and interactive child with a fully dynamic and dynamic interaction and all that surrounds it. As in (1), (2), (3), (4), (5).

This research concerned with the study of (the childishs, features of Art of modernity and Reflections in products, students of the Department of Art Education), The research divided into four chapters, the first one deals with the research problem ,its importance and the need of it, its aim, its limits and the terminology.
The research problem deals with the childish, features subject at the products, students of the Department of Art Educations which has undergone a major transformations and a wide interest with Monitor changes Conceptual and structural in the aesthetic discourse of art, As a result, every change occurs in that thought Reflected on the nature and achievements of artistic trends, New approaches have emerged in the nature of dealing with drawings to reveal the updated handling frameworks in the plastic paintings through the emergence of features and characteristics of effective children’s of effective children’s fees.
The research aims to reveal the childish features of the arts of modernity in products, students of the department of art educations includes charges for childish features in technical schools (Brutality and expressionism) ,As well as the definition of the most important terms contained therein.
The second chapter contain the to the theoretical border of the research and the past studies , the theoretical border contain two sections, the first section contain the childish, features and phases of the growth of artistic expression , the second section contain Art of Modernity .
The Third section contain the research society and his sample which contain (5) art works, and the analyzing tool, and select the method of the research by the description Analytic method in analyzing students, drawings and appropriate statistical means and analysis of sample research samples.
The four chapter contain the Results and conclusions and the recommendations and proposals, the most important results:
A. Childhood visions varied in childhood productions, among several cargos distributed between realism, expressionism, miscellaneous, brutality.
B. The recurrence attribute appeared in student productivity that played an active role in the embodiment of optical units through the echo of structural elements color and linearity which serves the technical work unit.

The study focused on studying the role of the school activity in the development of gifted students in the drawing competition. The research was divided into four chapters. The first included the methodology of the research. It included a definition of its problem, importance and need. The second chapter deals with the aesthetic and pedagogical dimension of graphic art in children, the second is the mechanisms of plastic activities in school activity, and the ways of discovering talented students in drawing. Include The researcher used the descriptive approach in the method of content analysis. The research tool was a content analysis form, and included the sincerity and persistence of the sample. The results were summarized in the fourth chapter, including: The drawings were characterized by high accuracy in coloring, as the colors did not exceed the outer lines of the form, and the conclusions, including: The activity of the school has an important role in the development of talented drawing competition. The chapter contains recommendations, proposals and a list of sources and annexes.

This article tries to study Russian attempts to control the Arctic or most of its lands which are rich with oil and natural gas to the degree that it represents fourth of the world's reserves.
Russia believes that it has the right to own the Arctic lands, which have no owner, since they border Russia in increasing manner as a result of Global Warming which causes melting of Arctic Ice that covers vast lands.
Russian steps are faced with opposition from its four Arctic neighbours – namely: U.S.A., Canada, Denmark & Norway –who demand similar rights.
Russia rejects their demands, and this creates an international tension in the Arctic with military bases equipped with all kinds of weapons on all sides.