Journal of University of Babylon

Objective: In order to improve the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). The present study has designed to evaluate the applicability of immunohistochemistry (IHC) by using polyclonal anti-BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guérin) antibody on tissue sections for detection of tuberculous bacilli or their components in granulomatous lymphadenitis and to assess its advantages over conventional Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) histochemical staining.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of forty one formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies of tuberculous granulomatous lymphadenitis, randomly selected from the archives of pathology laboratories in Erbil during the period from 2009 -2012. All specimens were subjected to ZN staining for acid fast bacilli (AFB) and IHC staining by polyclonal anti-BCG antibody; then a comparison of the detection rate of both techniques was done.
Results: AFB were identified by ZN stain in 27/41 (65.9%) of the cases; while IHC staining was positive in 39/41 (95.1 %) of cases.
Conclusion: IHC is a simple, sensitive and useful diagnostic technique, superior to conventional ZN staining, in detection of mycobacterium bacilli or their components in granulomatous lymphadenitis.

The estimates of best approximation using classical modulus of smoothness is not uniform. Also we sometimes need to improve the degree of best approximation near the end points. Thus we need to improve this classical modulus of smoothness. Here we define a new modulus of smoothness to achieve uniform estimates of best approximation and an improvement of a degree of such version of best approximation. Our modulus of smoothness is for k-monotone functions. Estimates for using our modulus of smoothness are introduced. Applications for these estimates are also introduced.

In the present work the optical properties have been investigated for the composite semiconductor material is Indium Nitrite (InN). In this study the multiphoton absorption phenomenon for the photon have been depended. The absorption spectrum for the Indium nitrite (InN) was recorded by using 5000 Varian UV-VIB-NIR Cary spectroscopy. The thickness of the thin film was calculated to be 3.5µm.

Objectives: The study is intended to evaluate the role of Ki-67 immunoexpression in the diagnosis of molar pregnancy & differential diagnosis of its subgroups from miscarriage.
Methods: Sixty eight formalin-fixed, paraffin- embedded specimens of products of conception , including 1st trimester miscarriage (n=15), partial hydatidiform mole PHM (n=24), complete hydatidiform CHM (n=24) and full term placenta (n=5), all were examined at Histopathology Department of Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Iraq during the period Sep.2012-Sep.2013. Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining was performed by using the monoclonal antibody MIB-1 and the standard streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method. The labeling index (number of positive nuclei/total number of nuclei) for villous, cytotrophoblasts , syncytiotrophoblasts and stromal cells were evaluated separately. Statistical analysis was carried out by Fisher’s exact test & statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.
Results: The study shows that all villous trophoblastic lesions showed high Ki-67 in all villous components especially cytotrophoblasts, being the highest in CHM mole(>50%) followed by PHM (>20%). Also found a statistically significant differences in immunoexpressins of Ki-67 that was useful in separating miscarriage from CHM, p<0.01 (highly significant), and partial hydatidiform mole p<0.05, (significant).
Conclusion: Ki-67 labeling index of villous cells ,especially cytotrophoblasts, is valuable in diagnosis and differentiation of hydatidiform mole from 1st trimester miscarriage as well as between different subgroups of hydatidiformmoles (CHM & PHM).

The level of pollutant of heavy metals (Hg, Co, Pb V, Cr, Ni, Sr, Zr, Mo, Cu, Rb, Zn, As,Th, U) , in the sediment samples on the banks of the Shatt al-Hillah River The study was conducted in the Department of Earth Science at the collge of Science, University of Babylon, 14 samples of sediments ware collected from the banks of the river of Shatt Al-Hillah. The average concentration of the heavy metal in the sediment of the river bank in descending order: Sr (360.6 ppm) ,Cr (285.9 ppm ), Ni (203.2 ppm), Co (169.9 ppm), Zr (166.3 ppm),. V (116.4ppm) , Zn (91.6 ppm), Cu (48.8 ppm ), Rb (41.9 ppm ), Pb (18.1 ppm), As(11.1 ppm), Hg(5.7ppm),Th (4.2 ppm),Mo(3.7 ppm), U(2ppm,. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) for Hg .

This study aimed to assess the status of cell mediated immunity for pulmonary tuberculosis patients through evaluation levels of Interleukins (IFN-γ ,IL-10, IL-12) and estimation vitamin D3 . Whole blood samples collected from 50 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who are admitted to consultant clinic for respiratory diseases in Hilla – Babylon province during the period from February 2016 to February 2017. Out of the pTB patients, there were 27 males and 23 females, the patients age range was between 12-80 years. Cytokines levels and vitamin D3 estimated by using ELISA technique. The mean of serum concentration of IL-10 and IL-12 revealed that there is a significantly increased (p˂ 0.05) in pulmonary tuberculosis patients as compared to controls (4.024 and 1.049)pg/ml (51.563 and 13.514) pg/ml ,respectively. While, the mean of serum concentration of IFN-γ showed no significant increasing (p˃0.05) in pulmonary tuberculosis patients compared to controls (36.505 and 25.019)pg/ml. The mean of serum concentration of VD3 showed a significant decreasing (p˂ 0.05) in pulmonary tuberculosis patients as compared to controls (18.186 and 29.321) ng/ml.
Conclusions:
The results provide a good correlation between the levels of IL-10 , IL-12, IFN-γ and Vitamin D3 with the cellular immunity against pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Endothelial NOS (eNOS) is one of important antioxidant enzymes contributed in oxidative redox modulation in body researchers improved that there wear association with complicated of some diseases like diabetes mellitus, the present study was carried out to investigate relation between deletion in eNOS gene with DM type 1 in Najaf province patients, about 25 patients and 25 controls were collected from DM center with data the DNA extraction to amplified eNOS gene, the results show that there were significant elevation in deletion pattern patient (84% samples) while lower in control (16%samples) at p< 0.0001, also significant differences in age and fasting blood glucose, the present study concluded that it is a strong association between deletion in VNTR repetitive sequence and diabetic patients type 1.

Thermal expansion of rolled material can threaten the mechanical dimensions if they are heated, this heat can softening the metal. Aluminum cold rolling strips are reduced to tight mechanical tolerances. Strips below the critical temperature run faster without loss any properties of metal. Due to friction between metal and rolls, metals suffer high compressive stresses through operation until the final product. Products of cold rolling are with high surface finishing and good mechanical properties. Cold rolling assist to close product dimensions. We are modeling the cold rolling mill by studying all factors affected and relations between them, so we improved the mill productivity with high quality and low loss scrap for products. We are also scheduling the cold rolling process to reach the optimal throughput.

In this research, the powder mixing technology has been used to control the ratio of added, where the addition of tin oxide to the bismuth oxide of by (1,3,5,7)% by using vacuum evaporation method. The range of thickness for thin films (40-100)nm . EDX analysis shows the results of the ratios were close to the required values. XRD analysis shows pure bismuth oxide crystalline of the tetragonal phase (β-Bi2O3), observed that the structural properties improves with addition (1)% and the composition of a triangular compound (Bi64SnO98), and with addition (5)% we have a new triple compound (Bi12SnO20). By increasing the impurities, the structural properties become close from random, the tin oxide begins with bismuth oxide separation. AFM measurement shows the thin films surface a pekes like (nano needle) and the grain size rises to (20.2-22 nm). In the case of increased impurities, the surface becomes smooth, and the nano needle decrease with grain size . The optical properties showed a rise in the value of the optical power gap (2.6-3)eV and directly allowed transitions are simply increasing from (3.3-3.5) eV, and directly forbidden transitions are simply increasing to from (2.48-2.73) eV.

Limit storage space, high traffic sensor data transfer and power efficient transmission are samples of the challenging issues in the development of Internet of Everything (IoE) apps. This paper tackles these issues by presenting a suggested lossless compression approach according to lightweight operations. The suggested approach is working efficiently even with a low-performance equipment. Furthermore, enhancing the sensor node effectively of IoE by minimizing energy exhaustion and resource utilizing. Hence, provision power and expanding the age of IoE devices. The suggested approach is evaluated by using two datasets as a benchmark by calculating compression ratio firstly, on messages between person to person and secondly, on healthcare sensors (HeartRate and Body Temperature) between machine to person pattern of IoE. In two tests, the suggested approach may obtain a significant compression ratio.

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Shatt Al Hilla River within Babylon Governorate is one of the main water resources in Hilla citys which uses for different purposes. The object of this paper is studying the quality of surface water resources in the study area besides determining its suitability for different anthropogenic uses and classifying the water type. This study included the analysis of (9) surface water samples along the river, those analyses included chemical parameters such as (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and main anions (HCO3=, CO3=, SO42-, Cl-) and other important anions, i.e. Nitrate (NO3=) and (PO43-), Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Salts. Results of Water quality index ranged from good to excellent type, Piper Diagram referred to water of class (c) which means the water of Earth Alkaline source with increasing in portions of Alakalis under prevailing sulfate and Chloride. Water suitability conducted by comparing with World health organization standers and Iraqi standers, the result of water suitable for different uses (drinking, irrigation, livestock, building purposes) except for industrial uses because of the high concentrations of the chemical parameters.

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The study area represented Al-Nile area at Al-Mahaweel district affiliated to Babylon governorate and just (90 km) south of Baghdad governorate and about (20 km) east of Al-Hillah city. This study covered an area about (300 km2) which located between (44°30' & 44°36') E and (32°32' & 32°36') N. The geological setting of the study area characterized by recent sediments of the quaternary period during the Pleistocene and Holocene involves the floodplain deposits. Topographically, the Babylon governorate characterized by a lack of slope with gentle gradient about (22 cm/km) descended from northern and northwestern sides towards the eastern parts and southeastern. The mainly target of this present study is to originate a hydrogeochemical modelling of groundwater in the study area to determine the dissolution and precipitation ratios of the mineral phases along the selected flow paths and also explained the effected ratio of the surface water (Babylon stream) on the groundwater by using the hydrogeochemical mixing technique. Ground and surface water parameters show significant spatial and temporal variations in major and minor element concentrations during the two periods of the study. The mixing process shows us a highly effect of the Babylon stream in the wells (1,7,13 and 21), while show low effected on the wells (3,5,14,19 and 20) with a different contribution.

Classification acts building model able to predict the class of objects whose class is unknown.
In this work, Sugeno fuzzy logic is presented for unsupervised classification database of iris flower. Forty four fuzzy rules are used to classify this database using 4 features (inputs) that are acted by three fuzzy sets using trapzoidal and triangular Membership functions .
The proposed classification system results proved its efficiency to classify the database using fuzzy rules.

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Aims: This study was designed to evaluate postoperative morbidity in patients underwent microdebrider intracapsular tonsillotomy as compared with Cold steel dissection tonsillectomy.
Patients and Methods: This prospective randomized clinical trial study was carried out in Al-Hilla General Teaching Hospital during the period from March 2017 to July 2018. This study included 40 patients between the age of 4–38 years, requiring tonsillectomy for variable indications. Cold steel dissection tonsillectomy on the right tonsils was compared to microdebrider intracapsular tonsillotomy on left tonsil. We took informed consent from patients and parent after describing operation technique and possible complications.
Results: On postoperative days one to 10, patients notes significantly a whole lot much less pain on the microdebrider intracapsular tonsillotomy side in comparison with the Cold steel dissection tonsillectomy side. By postoperative days 11th to 14th, the distinction among aspects disappeared. Twenty-eight patients (70%) mentioned otalgia, and and it became always unilateral. For those patients mentioned otalgia, there has been a 100% correlation among the aspect of otalgia and the aspect of Cold steel dissection tonsillectomy. There was no post tonsillectomy bleeding among the 40 patients.
Conclusions:
1. Microdebrider intracapsular tonsillotomy is equal to Cold steel dissection tonsillectomy for symptom remedy with a significant reduction in postoperative morbidity.
2. Microdebrider intracapsular tonsillotomy substantially lessen pain and a quicker resumption of a normal diet in comparison with Cold steel dissection tonsillectomy .

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Background
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a process which includes creating a drainage in the lacrimal pathway to the nasal cavity and its purpose is to facilitate the drainage of the lacrimal system.
Aim
To ensure and register the results and advantages of both : endonasal endoscopic and external DCR include the patency rate, complication and patient compliance.
Materials and Methods
The study was performed at Al-Hilla teaching hospital in Iraq lasted for about sixteen months with various patients, 50 case of them is endoscopic and 30 cases of them are external. DCR follow up previously obstructed lacrimal system might be at least 6 months. By using χ2 test , the surgical outcome and complications were evaluated and compared.
Results
Seventy-two patients were been included in this study with 6 having bilateral involvement, 20 patients were male and 52 were female. The age for endoscopic and external DCR was about 33 years for male and 46 years for a female in the mean. The right eye (64%) was more commonly involved as compared with the left eye (36%). Regarding the commonest presenting symptom was epiphora in percentage (63.7%). The duration of surgery was longer in the external (mean 120 minutes) than the endoscopic (mean 49 minutes) DCR. Regarding the most common immediate complication postoperatively was bleeding which has seen in 33 % and 10 % in external and endoscopic DCR cases. Regarding the success rate of surgery was 90 % and 96.6% for endoscopic and external DCR, respectively (P=0.045). In the endoscopic DCR group, 4 patients had been under went the revision surgery leading to a total successful surgical rate of 97% in 3rd month of follow up. The success rate was 92% regarding the endoscopic DCR while 93.3 % regarding the external DCR. The difference wasn’t greatly significant (P =0.60).
Conclusion
The procedure of the intranasal endoscopic DCR regards as a safe, simple, daycare procedure, minimally invasive and had comparable result with conventional external DCR.

This study includes determining the climatic conditions of the study area and the nature of the reservoirs in the region with the determination of the flow direction of the aquifer. The meteorological data for the Karbala station for the period 1976-2016 showed that the values of the monthly rates of temperature, precipitation, evaporation, relative humidity, wind speed and Sunshine duration are (24.19 C◦), (95.5 mm), (2828.6mm), (46.75%), (2.76 m/sec), and (8.61 h/day) respectively. Thorenthwait method was used to calculate the values of Potential Evapotranspiration (PE) then determine the annual value of Water Surplus( WS) and Water Deficit (WD) which equal( 28.11mm) and (941.94mm) respectively. Mean monthly water surplus for the period (1976-2016) was recorded about (9.36mm) in December, (13.11mm) in January and (5.64mm) in February of the whole amount of Rainfall and Equal to (29.34mm) of the total rainfall. The flow net map is shown by mainly that the groundwater flow in the area, it is from the northwestern parts towards the Eastern and southeastern parts.

The Barremian succession in the present study is represented by the Zubair Formation which the most significant sandstone reservoir in Iraq. The area of study is located in the Southern part of Iraq at the Majnoon oil fields, within the Mesopotamian basin.
The petrographic study showed that quartz mineral is the main component of the sandstone in Zubair Formation with minor percentage of feldspar and rare rock fragments to classified as quartz arenite. There are five lithologic changes (lithofacies) that have characterized the studied succession: - course to medium sandstone well sorted, fine sandstone well sorted, course to medium sand poorly sorted, clayey sandstone poorly sorted, and shale. These lithofacieses were deposited in the deltaic environments as three associated facies [delta plane, delta front and lacustrine(marsh)].
The different lithofacies contributed to division of the Zubair Formation into three distinct rock units, which had been used in interpreting and distributing the suggested environments. The lower unit is composed of shale with lenses of fine sand with high organic matter, and it was deposited in the flood-delta plain environment. The presence of the delta plain associated facies overlaying the unconformity surface (SB1) refer to the transgressive system tract (TST). This stage finished with appeared the channel fill deposit to mark a high-stand system tract (HST).
The middle unit is composed of sandstone with the shale inter layers with high amount of heavy minerals, which was deposited in the distributary-mouth-bar within the delta front environment. There are two sequences as TST in this part which end with the maximum sea level rise (mfs) to mark the upper part of the Zubair Formation.
While the upper part is composed of shale with high amount of pyrite and organic matters. This represents the lacustrine (marsh) associated facies within the delta plain environment which deposited during the high stand stage. The sea level rise was marked the end of this stage when deposition the upper part of Zubair Formation, and the beginning of deposition the Shuaiba Formation as shallow carbonate marine.

Background: Shisha (wp) smoking will be getting to be a widest type of tobacco use, also may be developing worldwide, particularly "around the youthful age class in the center east particularly Around school students, urban youth, and adolescent experts. There will be restricted information about the impacts for Shisha (wp) smoking.
Objectives: the object is to survey the impact from claiming Shisha (wp) smoking on pulmonary function test with respect to the amount and duration for smoking "around different group of male smokers: water channel smokers, cigarette smokers, and associate the result with control (never smoking).
Methods: the study is cross sectional and comparative. 300 male persons were enrolled in this ponder, divided in to three groups of smokers: 100 Shisha smokers, 100 tobacco smokers and 100 nonsmokers (control group), all the members were healthy matched for gender, they were chosen from irregular cafes over al Nasiriya city. Information was gathered through organized questionnaire Also pulmonary function test might have been performed by convenient Spiro lab iii spirometer, afterward putting on the member assent.
Results: there might have been statistically significant values between the mean ages of the investigation Assemblies (p value<0. 05). Water channel smokers (34.3±10.79) smoke smokers (45.1±10.6), and nonsmokers (35.5±11.1). The exhibit study discovered that there might have been a huge decrease in the pulmonary function test parameters :”( FEV1), (FVC), (FEF25-75%) (PEF), (FEV1/FVC) and (MVV)”for those two groups from claiming smokers in comparison with never smoking group (p ≤ 0. 01). Lung function test impairments might have been extremely severe in the water channel smokers in comparison with cigarette smokers (p ≤ 0. 05). There were significant opposite correlations on all pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters, duration, number of Shisha smoked and total amount of Shisha smoking per week (P ≤ 0.01).
Conclusion: the outcomes starting with this study indicated that there might have been significant impact for WP smoking on the pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters, which were more extreme in comparing to the effects of cigarette smoking.