Journal of Kufa - physics

Carbon nanostructures with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were successfully
grown on silicon (100) pre-coated with gold nanoparticles as a catalyst using
electrochemical method. Different thicknesses of gold films (10nm, 20nm, 80nm,140nm,
170nm, and 280nm) were used. These films were thermally annealed at temperature of
600ºC for 1h with argon environment. The CNTs were grown at 700ºC, argon and
acetylene as a precursor source of carbon (Ar -500sccm, C2H2 -200sccm). The gold
deposition after annealing was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The
produced carbon nanostructures were also characterized with scanning electron
microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The observed carbon
structures of the SEM and TEM results are straight, curved, helical, and Y-junction with
diameter rang of 100nm-200nm, which is attributed to carbon nano fibers with different
size and shape of gold catalyst nanoparticles.

In this research, GIS techniques have been used to produce vector contour line layers for
some archive climate elements that observed in 1953. These elements are average maximum
temperature, average minimum temperature and the precipitation for 10 metrological stations
within different regions in Iraq in two months (January and August).The outcome of this
research is getting a set of new vector contour line layers as a result of using the two dimensional
interpolation methods according to kirging method.

In this research , the effect of obstructed circular aperture from the sides by line or by
hyperbola has been studied to the specific values of the obstruction (0.25,0.5,0.75) on the
image of triangular object by studying triangular spread function of triangular object for ideal
optical system or contains focus error (W20= 0.5λ, 1λ) or spherical aberration (W40 =1λ ) or
astigmatism aberration (W22=1λ) with rotation angle)ϕ=0(,the results have been compared
with the circular aperture and obstructed circular aperture centrally in same values of side
obstruction.
The results showed that increasing the side obstruction in the ideal system leads to increase
depth of focus of the image while the increasing ratio of central obstruction leads to increase
the resolution power of the optical system, as for when there are focus error or aberrations in
the optical system, the side obstruction is working to increase the intensity in the formed
image and reduce the effect of aberrations on the distribution of intensity at plane of the
image, while the central obstruction lead to distortion the formed image by the triangle.
The side obstruction gave good results for the distribution intensity of image and increase the
side obstruction lead to increment image clarity, so the value of side obstruction (0.75) better
than the other cases selected in the search, so that using the aperture obstructed by line better
than using aperture obstructed by a hyperbola as given the preference in values of intensity of
the formed image.

Image and video image compression techniques are paramount in the
development of digital image and video systems. It is essential to develop
compression methods which can both produce high compression ratios and
preserve reconstructed quality in order for the creation of high quality,
affordable image and video products. In this rsearch was produce New
algorithm to optimize the compression performance by DCT classification
scheme for the image blocks is adopted, a bit allocation matrices them, designed
to assign a given number of bits for each retained transformed coefficients. Also
was introduce New Three Step Search (NTSS) for motion estimation technique
was produced.

Ninety nine soil samples were collected from Madloom region in Al-Najaf
Al-Ashraf. The gamma rays spectral measurements were done for all
samples by using Sodium Iodide activated by Thalium NaI(Tl), its
dimension 2"× 2", from the spectral analysis identified Potassium 40K
radionuclide. The activity concentration was calculated for 40K, ranged from
66.53±1.39 Bq.Kg-1
to 225.32±2.84 Bq.Kg-1
, and the mean value were
142±2.16 Bq.Kg-1
.

Several geologic stations were visited and recorded in Germany during
2006 , especially around the area of upper Rhein Graben.
Tectonically, in this area the Paleozoic Basement was affected by the
Variscan Orogeny . Due to this compression many folds and reverse
faults and thrust were recognized and measured . they have a direction
NE-SW. this direction coincide with the direction of compression which
was NW-SE.
During Permian and Mesozoic the concerned area was affected by
tension stress field. Many large normal faults were cutting in the area and
bounded the upper Rhein Graben .The Tertiary deposits were laid down
in side the rift and the tectonic activities due to tension was continuous in
the present days . these activities were proved by the presence of active
seismicity and elevated geothermal heat.

Nanocrystalline Tin Oxide SnO2 thin films have been grown on cleaned glass
substrates at 450 C○
using spray pyrolysis deposition technique, prepared from two
precursor solutions SnCl2.2H2O and SnCl4.5H2O.The XRD analyses showed that these
films have polycrystalline in nature with tetragonal rutile structure with preferred
orientation of (110),(200),(211) and the crystalline size (grain size) of thin films are
found to vary from 32.6 to 56.98 nm .

UV -VIS spectra of the films were studied using the optical absorbance measurements
which were taken in the spectral region from 190 nm to 1100 nm. The transmittance and
ref1ectance spectra of the films in the UV -VIS region were also studied. Optical
Constants such as optical band gap, absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient,
were evaluated from these spectra. All the films were found to exhibit high transmittance
greater than (~ 85 %), and high absorbance values at ultraviolet region which they
decrease rapidly in the visible / near infrared region. The optical band gap energy was
found 3.98 eV for sample A and 3.97 eV for sample B.

Thin films of copper sulfide (CuS) with various molarities values of Cu concentrations
(0.2,0.3,0.4)M have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique on glass slides
substrate at room temperature . The prepared films with different ion concentrations were
annealed in air at constant temperature 400 ºC and constant time (180) min .Structural and
optical properties of CuS thin films were investigated and analyzed extensively before and
after annealing . The structure of the prepared films has been found with amorphous structure
at different Cu ion concentrations , annealed CuS films also showed amorphous structure. The
optical properties of CuS thin films has been studied by transmittance and absorbance spectral
in the range of wave length (190-1100)nm by using UV- Vis. spectrophotometer.
Transmittance decreased with increasing the Cu ion concentrations of CuS films, also the
transmittance increased with annealing process for (CuS) thin films. The fundamental
absorption edge of (CuS) thin films shifted to word the lowest photon energies with increasing
the Cu ions concentrations before and after annealing. From the absorption coefficient values
which calculated from the absorbance spectrum which is larger than 10-4
cm-1 gives an indicate
that CuS films were direct semiconductors and the electronic transition was a direct transition.
The optical energy gap values of CuS thin films for allowed direct transition found vary in
the range between (2.433-2.526) eV with (0.2- 0.4 M) Cu ions concentration and in the range
of (2.416-2.349) eV for the same concentrations after annealing. The optical constant such as
reflectance ( R ), absorption coefficient (α), refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (K)
were evaluated and analyzed .

Ground state energies and other properties of the atomic systems at open shell of three
electron systems for N+4 and O+5
are given by Hartree-Fock-Roothan wavefunction
published by Clementi and Roetti(see ref.41) (1974). The radial expectation values for one
electron 〈????1
????〉 and for inter electrons〈????12
????〉where m=(-2,-1,0,1,2) ,repulsion energies 〈Vee〉
,attraction energies 〈Ven〉 ,potential energies 〈????〉 ,kinetic energies 〈????〉 , and Hartree-Fock
energies are tabulated by using partitioning technique ,wherever in this series there are three
shells K-shell , αLα-shell, βLα-shell . with analysis the one electron radial density function
D(r1) and inter electron density function f(r12) for each shell .

Effects of substrate temperature on the microstructure, morphology, and optical
properties of ZnS thin films were investigated. ZnS films were deposited on glass substrates by
pulsed laser deposition at different substrate temperatures using a pulsed 532 nm Nd:YAG laser
is presented . The structure and morphology of the film were studied by X-ray diffraction
and atomic force microscopy, the average surface grain size and RMS surface roughness of the
films increases with increasing substrate temperature. Optical properties of the films were
determined from the transmittance data using Swanepoel model,Transmittances of film were
measured by spectrophotometer. Additionally, the increase of the substrate temperatures
increase the pores and the transmittance in the films, it was observed that the energy band gap
is increased from 3.4 eV to 3.6 eV of the films are decreased with the increase of substrate
temperature . Moreover , considerable improvement in blue response of the films was noticed
with increasing substrate temperature .