Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The research aims to identify the effect of using the Swom model on graduate students acquiring and retaining the skills of using the statistical analysis program (Spss). There was a negative perception among postgraduate students of the subject of statistics and their low attainment , as it contained a large number of lows , algorithms and circulars that were difficult for graduate students to understand and retrieve , as well as difficulty in mastering the skills of the statistical analysis program (Spss) , and its algorithms , and from that came the idea of this research , as the use of the Swom model can help create a functioning learning environment that can contribute to stimulating graduate students minds attracting their attention and developing their self – learning Skills , and motivating them to learn and master the statistical analysis program (Spss) . It was conducted on a sample of graduate students in a number of colleges at the University of Damascus. The research sample is divided into two experimental groups have reached (62) studied the skills of using it. The statistical analysis program (Spss) using the Swom model and a control group have reached (64) studied the skills of using the statistical analysis program (Spss) using the traditional method, then a post-achievement test was conducted for the control and experimental groups, and the same achievement test was applied after three weeks, and the following results were reached:
The study shows that there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group and the control group in the post-achievement test in favor of the experimental group, and the presence of statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group and the control group in the postponed post-achievement test in favor of the experimental group, and the absence of statistically significant differences between The average scores of the experimental group in the post-achievement test and the postponed post-achievement test. This confirms the effectiveness of using the Swom model, and the absence of statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group due to college specialization

Water vapor is one of the most important variables that affect the thermal balance of the Earth and the hydrological cycle, and the hydrological cycle and relative humidity are key measures of atmospheric moisture. Therefore, the current study aims to assess the temporal and spatial trends of relative humidity variations on an annual and seasonal scale for twelve stations over the period (1971–2020) at six levels (surface, RH1000, RH850, RH700, RH500, and RH300). This study relies on observed data from the General Authority for Meteorology at the surface level and reanalysis data for upper levels in the troposphere from the European site, using the Mk trend test and Sen's slope. The results indicate a general decreasing trend at all levels, with the percentage of negative trends ranging from 52% to 79% for all stations, with the highest percentage of negative trends at the RH1000 level. The highest annual change magnitude (-0.72) % occurred over the decade, while seasonal changes showed significant variations, especially in winter and spring, which experienced the most decline. The rate of change in winter (-1.78, -1.26, -0.94, -0.88) % for the decade for levels RH850, RH1000, surface, RH700, respectively, was observed with the southern regions experiencing the most decline. Conversely, autumn and summer showed a noticeable increase at the surface and some levels, with the highest change magnitude (-0.86) % for the decade at the RH500 level. Correlation results revealed strong relationships between the surface level and upper levels, with the highest correlation coefficient (0.78) statistically significant. This study serves as evidence of climate change in Iraq.

The current study aims to reveal the level of literary culture among Arabic language students at King Khalid University. To achieve this goal, the descriptive approach is used, and the research tool is prepared, which consist of: a measure of literary culture, then ensuring the stability and validity of that tool, then selecting the study sample from Arabic language students at King Khalid University, then applying the study tool to the research sample, then analysis. The results show: a low level of literary culture among the students in the study sample. The research recommends paying attention to the linguistic and literary culture among university students, especially those specializing in the Arabic language.

Global food security is under risk due to the significant impact the Russia-Ukraine conflict has had on economic indicators worldwide. Concerning determining how that war affected the Iraqi government's response to the world food crisis, the degree of reliance on neighboring nations to supply the local market with food items, particularly grains, where the Iraqi policy's processes were observed Iraq saw both positive and negative consequences from the Ukrainian crisis in terms of addressing the war's implications on the country's ability to provide food security for its citizens. As Iraq was affected by Russia's invasion of Ukraine because of its dependence on the agricultural products of the belligerent countries, and on the other hand, the war will be a positive factor because of the increase in Iraq's oil revenues. The war had had a great impact on the political situation and food security in the Middle East.

The agricultural pattern is a classification process of agricultural phenomena, which share natural and human facts within the cadastral units represented by the administrative units represented here in the districts of the study area in the district of Ghammas, and that the large increase in population requires a corresponding increase in the agricultural aspect to achieve a balance between food and housing through land reclamation and raising the productivity of one acre of agricultural land, whether it is grain crops, vegetables or palm fruits, as well as the use of agricultural mechanization (modern) in agricultural land in addition to the use of improved seeds and fertilizers to raise soil fertility during the cultivation process as well as the use of irrigation methods in raising water levels in order to face many problems, including water scarcity and low soil fertility to come the method of the main components - factor analysis to measure the characteristics of agricultural investment in the study area through the use of a matrix saturation factors that showed five factors agricultural structures explain the total variance of variables to end the study with conclusions .

The study of personalities is one of the important topics in writing history, especially those personalities who had a pivotal role in political, economic, social and cultural life, as the scholar Ridwan Liu Lin Rui (1917-1995 AD) is considered one of the Chinese Muslim scholars who played a major role in spreading science. Arabic and Islamic in China by extending the roots of communication and knowledge between the two cultures. This is in addition to being one of the founding pioneers who officially transferred the teaching of the Arabic language from the ancient mosque education to formal higher education in China. Hence the idea of research came to shed light on his biography and his scientific and intellectual efforts that made him respected by the Arab and Chinese worlds alike.

The media of the Islamic was a tongue of call was expressed it, and this concept promotes the spread news and information within the Islamic community quickly in line with the educational natural of Islam. The necessity of searching for namely knowledge in God’s saying (I read) is alive and renewed in people’s souls, which indicates the media natural of the Islamic religion.
In this study, we will explain the Islamic media in (Arjouza, Systems of Behavior in the Prophets, Caliphs, and Kings) by the poet Abdul Aziz Al-Malzuzi, poet of the Marinid-Berber state, which carries various Islamic media messages.
In the seventh century AH and the thirteenth century AD, the Arab Maghreb witnessed a significant increase in the literary movement, in addition to the encouragement of the Moroccan sultans and their princes for writers and poets in their state, as a manifestation of the intellectual and cultural movement in the country. The Sultans of Banu Marin greatly patronized poets and writers, as they reached a prominent position. In the state, they even held important positions, such as the position of hisbah held by Al-Malzuzi, the owner of the Arjuza.

The aim of the research is to address phonological issues among learners of Arabic as a foreign language through a program based on the humanistic approach. The research group consisted of 30 learners, and a humanistic approach program was implemented to address the phonological issues faced by these learners. A pre-test and post-test for phonological problems were conducted. The experimental treatment materials included the proposed program and a teacher’s guide outlining the procedural steps for presenting and delivering the program's topics and content. The research tools comprised a phonological issues test. An experimental design (single group) was employed, with pre-test and post-test assessments. The research results indicated a statistically significant difference at a significance level of 0.01 between the mean scores of the learners in the pre-test and post-test for the phonological issues test, favoring the post-test. There was also a statistically significant difference at a significance level of 0.01 between the mean scores of the learners in the pre-test and post-test for the subcategories of difficulties, favoring the post-test. The effectiveness of the humanistic approach program in addressing phonological issues among beginner learners of Arabic as a foreign language was confirmed.

The current research aims to find out a proposed educational system for teaching social studies and its impact on the achievement of first-grade middle school female students. The current research is limited to first-grade middle school students at Umm Al-Muminin Girls’ Middle School in the city of Baghdad for the academic year 2023-2024. The researcher has adopted an experimental design with partial control ( An experimental group and a control group with a pre- and post-test. The research sample consisted of (66) female students from the first intermediate grade, with (33) female students for the experimental group and (33) female students for the control group. The researcher relied on to measure the variables dependent on the research, which was represented by constructing a written achievement test. Of (40) multiple-choice type items, its validity and reliability were confirmed. To analyze the data, appropriate statistical treatments, T-test, and arithmetic averages were used. And the Cronbach alpha equation, and the results of the achievement test showed that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group that studied using the educational system. The research experiment continued for one semester, namely the academic semester.

This study aimed to build a questionnaire to familiarize yourself with the blended learning (electronic - physical) in teaching Arabic literature from the point of view of the preparatory stage students in the Babil Preparatory School for Girls in the education of Baladruz. The number of (85) female students of the fourth year of middle school, and the (honesty and reliability) of the questionnaire were extracted by using the law of (Pearson's simple correlation) and (Alpha Cronbach's coefficient of values). The researcher used the (T.Test) test and the hypothetical mean; In order to identify the differences towards the advantages and disadvantages of blended education, the results of the research showed a questionnaire consisting of (31) items distributed over the two fields of study, namely: (the advantages and disadvantages of blended education). teachers from the Ministry of Education towards blended education, including them in training courses on the methods of its use, and educating female students on the necessity of using blended learning technology in teaching literature; For its positive results in the educational process.

Administrative competence relates to school administrators’ capacity to establish a friendly and productive learning environment for teachers, which impacts their work performance. This study examined the association between the administrative effectiveness of headteachers and teacher job performance. The descriptive research design of the survey type was employed for this investigation. 520 participants served as the sample for this study. The questionnaire employed was a researcher-developed with 0.83 reliability index. Percentage was used to answer the research question raised. PPMC was used to test four hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that most respondents had a modest degree of work performance. Also, there were significant relationships between headteachers’ vision and leadership, management skills and ethics and professionalism, and teacher’s job performance. One of the recommendations was that to improve headteachers’ communication, teamwork, resource management, and instructional leadership abilities, educational institution proprietors should fund extensive programs for professional development.

This paper examines the current problems in South Africa's higher education sector. There has been a considerable increase in the number of enrollments in South Africa's higher education institutions since 1994. This increase has led to significant problems that threaten the quality of South Africa's higher education output. A qualitative research approach was employed in this paper, and a narrative literature review was used to examine the current challenges in South Africa's higher education sector. Findings revealed that the massification of higher education, increasing rate of students dropping out, infrastructure deficits, student accommodation and challenges around funding have given rise to numerous issues, such as riots and protests, which have, in the process, damaged university infrastructure. The paper concludes that without an alignment between what higher education produces and what the market needs, there is likely to be an increase in the production of graduates who struggle to find employment, further impeding the need for inclusive socio-economic development.

This study seeks to examine two female characters from different cultural contexts in terms of the women’s issue which is not confined to geography, culture, race, or nationality. Moreover, the study attempts to compare Belgheis Soleimani’s Khale Bazi and Doris Lessing’s The Fifth Child in the light of Butler's notion of performativity which reveals how human beings are shackled by gender binaries, gender norms, and heterosexual hegemony. Each individual was born within such limitations and raised in a way to reproduce them in a repetitive pattern to guarantee heterosexuality. In the same fashion, the main female characters in novels under scrutiny are expected to shape and reshape gender binaries and heterosexual norms emanating from such contexts. There is a discrepancy between what society expects from women and what women, as human beings, expect from themselves in practice. The dichotomy between one's true self and social norms and expectations exerts too much pressure on the women's psyche. Both main female characters move toward an abstract idea, namely, sanctity in their specific ways desiring to be holy and sacred.

The research has discussed one of the topics that significantly affect the educational process. The research has discussed the impact of teaching reading strategies in the intermediate stage in Iraq on reading comprehension. The questionnaire and observation were relied upon as tools for the research. The research sample is 100 teachers and students in the intermediate stage. Many results were reached, namely that reading comprehension is considered one of the most important factors that help in the educational process, and there are many methods of teaching reading that students experience in the educational process over time and years of study, and sufficient time must be provided for reading in the educational process, and teaching strategies help increase reading comprehension. Reading comprehension has a major role in developing the practical aspect of a student’s life. Reading helps increase awareness of other subjects and helps increase the student’s success rate, and the teacher’s diversification of teaching and reading strategies increases student achievement.

Basin the valley Abu Kreisha is one of the river valleys with modern developments. To determine the measurement of morphometric characteristics, which include the characteristics (area, shape, and topography) and hydrological characteristics in the Abu Kreisha Valley Basin, northeast of Ali Al-Gharbi district in Maysan Governorate, the program and the satellite visual sensor (Landsat) were used. 8-7), dated (2021-2023) and the digital elevation model for the year (2021) with a height of (8) m and using the program (ARCGIS-(HEC-GIS)-WMS-HEC-HEC-HAS4).
The area of the basin was (79.2 km2), the length was (18.2 km), and the average width was (5.9 km), while the perimeter of the basin was (48.6) km, while the formal characteristics of the basin, especially the elongation ratio and... The roundness was recorded (0.96), the basin shape factor was recorded (0.21) and the ocean cohesion ratio was (1.06). It was found that there is a close relationship between the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the basin. Therefore, the morphometric and hydrological characteristics had a role in providing Two proposals to take advantage of rain and flood water to store, control, and achieve economic feasibility.