Tikrit Journal for Political Science

The international interest in the Republic of South Africa is highlighted by its regional and international standing، and through the study of South Africa’s relationship with the United States of America، the American interest in South Africa is linked to its comprehensive strategic vision and the need for South Africa’s national economy، especially its position among the countries of the continent، as well as support for democratic transformation. In it، and to contain the Chinese and French influence، as for the relationship of South Africa with China، as the common goals between China and South Africa are to seek to demand a multipolar international system based on justice and equality، as well as the importance of strategic partnerships with China، which in turn is a great need for trade and investment exchange And openness to Chinese markets، just as China sees South Africa as the leading country in energy and mining globally and a vital source of goods.

After 2017, Iraq witnessed clear transformations in the political, security and social scene, especially after the end of the military control of the terrorist ISIS groups in the lands and some Iraqi cities after 2014.
The liberation of these Iraqi cities from the clutches of ISIS terrorism was not the end of the road, but rather created a set of challenges for the stage following 2017, as it became very necessary for everyone to move forward to strengthen the Iraqi national values that were one of the reasons for the events of 2014, within the framework of restoring bridges of trust between society and the state, and between society itself in the form of national identity and societal unity in all its aspects.
The means of developing Iraqi national values have implications, the first of which is developing the educational system that leads to love of the homeland in the behavior of young generations, considering that youth are one of the resources of the present and builders of the future, and that the Iraqi national political decision should be a true partnership, far from sectarian extremism and ethnic and regional division.
The media, in all its forms and diversity, must achieve the development of societal coexistence and acceptance of the other because he is a citizen like all citizens in the country and confronts any danger that threatens societal peace. And qualifying the youth who are aware of their challenges, as they are a fundamental pillar in the country’s present and future, is one of the most important resources for developing national values in society and the country.

The South Korean development renaissance provided the world with lessons for a successful and unique renaissance and experience, Among the geopolitical determinants of the country's small area, harsh terrain, scarcity of energy and natural resources, as well as its geopolitical location, which placed it in a hot and difficult regional environment. Despite all these determinants and constraints, South Korea has provided A renaissance and a successful experience that dazzled the world, transforming South Korea from a country that lived on foreign aid to an advanced civilized country at all levels, This renaissance was reflected in the country's standing, and it recorded its name in gold among the list of big on the global level.
This rapid development elevated South Korea’s global standing, making it one of the "Asian Tigers" and a model for emerging economies. The country’s influence is evident in its membership in the G20, its role in international development aid, and its soft power through cultural exports like K-pop and Korean dramas, known as the "Korean Wave" (Hallyu).
South Korea’s ascent underscores the potential of resilience, innovation, and strategic governance. Its developmental renaissance not only enhanced its citizens' quality of life but also redefined its role as a key player in global politics, trade, and culture, contributing significantly to shaping international norms and fostering global cooperation.

The political system in Iraq، which suffers from a stifling crisis، among its external and not essential manifestations، and the inability of the political class of the regime to form a government and the paralysis of the basic constitutional institution of the regime، i.e. the parliament، and the inability of the regime to provide basic services to citizens at a minimum، political and administrative corruption، and the phenomenon of corruption and sectarianism، which played a major role in the crisis of the political system during the period of the occupation of Iraq in 2003، as it cast its shadows on all aspects of life and thus became one of the issues that threaten the effectiveness of the political system in all its forms، whether political، economic or social، and all these factors that led to the collapse of the political system and the emergence of the identity crisis in Iraq.
The crisis of the political system is due to internal and external factors، but the internal is linked to the nature of Iraqi society and its specificities in addition to the policies pursued by the narrow traditional milieu that exceed and overcome the effects of the transition to modern society with its various complexities، while external interventions also have a major role in the crisis of the system and ethnic fragmentation، starting with the American intervention and ending with neighboring countries، some of which play on the sectarian chord، exploiting the presence of political groups loyal to them.

This study addresses the future of Iraq's oil revenues in light of Iraq's exit from Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. It analyzes the potential impacts of this development on Iraq's economy and future economic policies. This transition represents a historic opportunity for Iraq to regain full sovereignty over its oil resources and strengthen its economic position. However, it also entails significant challenges that require precise strategies to address.
The study highlights the importance of adopting sustainable fiscal and monetary policies that balance leveraging oil revenues and achieving economic stability. It also emphasizes the need to diversify income sources to reduce excessive reliance on oil, which forms the backbone of Iraq's economy. Furthermore, this phase necessitates enhancing the investment environment and attracting foreign capital by improving infrastructure and developing legislation supportive of economic growth.
The study underscores the significance of international cooperation in supporting development and reconstruction efforts, contributing to economic and social growth. It also points out the necessity of effectively managing oil revenues to achieve sustainable development and ensure equitable distribution of wealth, positively impacting Iraqi society

The administration of President Barack Obama represented the clear model of American foreign policy in dealing with Iran in a special way of change and continuity. It adopted a special approach to dealing with the necessity of dealing with the necessities of the American interest and the circumstances surrounding it politically، economically and militarily. With Iran at the same time mistakenly committed to the continuity of the US policy of conflict and the linkage between the two parties in light of the worsening problem in the United States of America Iraq. ..
As a natural problem، Iraq represented a model of conflict and cooperation between the two parties under the policy of US President Barack Obama، whose priorities in Iraq marked the beginning of the US withdrawal from Iraq in the first period of Obama's rule، which led to a series of understandings through covert and overt channels for the successful withdrawal of US forces. Increasing Iranian Influence and Influence in Iraq After a crisis of daesh، the level of US-Iranian coordination has increased in order to reduce the force first and then expel it from the territories it occupied، with several tensions and mutual accusations between the parties at different periods of war.

The impact of economic sanctions on the digital economy in both Iraq and Iran is of great importance at the present time. Although both countries face similar challenges, the nature and effects of these sanctions differ significantly between them. This study aims to compare the impact of economic sanctions on the digital economy in both Iraq and Iran, and to analyze these effects on the digital sector and on the macroeconomic indicators in the two countries. The research relied on the deductive approach through the descriptive analytical method. In the case of Iraq, the sanctions imposed on the digital sector come mainly from the United States of America. In contrast, Iran faces more comprehensive sanctions from a variety of international parties, which extend to the banking, commercial and technology sectors alike, which has led to greater challenges in the growth and development of the Iranian digital economy. The results of the study showed that the economic sanctions imposed on Iraq and Iran have significantly affected the digital economy sector in the two countries, as the digital economy sector witnessed a decline in growth and investment rates, with a decline in indicators of e-commerce and digital financial services. The sanctions also led to an increase in unemployment rates in this sector. Despite these challenges, both countries have made great efforts to adapt to these sanctions and maintain the sustainability of the digital economy, but the success of these efforts remains subject to debate as the sanctions continue to impact this vital sector.

The liberal school which sought to build its intellectual model (paradigm) in political analysis, analyzes human political activity at the local, internal and international levels and identify motives behind that activity. Internally or internationally, setting binding standards to meet basic and primary human needs and interests that cannot be achieved, stabilized or sustained except by those agreements, treaties, rules and laws.
Thus, the issues of human freedom, human rights and women’s rights were raised as not only ideal and basic moral human issues, but also part of the vital life interests associated with peace, its sustainability, stability and tranquility, and closely related to security, economy, growth and progress. These aspects were also considered as criteria and elements of examination, testing and evaluation of the ideas, orientations and behavior of political forces as significant joints and indicators and a preventive approach to block the path of negative forces and trends with regard to peace and security.

Water is one of the national axes of any country, and the importance of cooperation and climate change is highlighted in relation to a strategy related to national security according to nationalism. The basis on which there is a strategy is to achieve security harmony between means and goals, especially since it affects the existence and life of peoples, their entity and sovereignty. Given the existence of more than one resource beyond borders, countries exist to secure a sufficient amount of water due to the lack of their development plans, so scientific patents are enacted and not considered national assets.

This research aims to study the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis on European security, especially in the energy aspects, as it is a global crisis with wide-ranging effects, especially on European countries because Ukraine is a transit country due to its geostrategic position for Russian energy supplies to Europe. European countries face a deficit in the domestic energy production as a result of this crisis.
By studying the strategic importance of both Ukraine and Russia and the repercussions of this crisis on security in the state environment, and knowing the direction of the superpowers dominating the global system represented by the United States of America from this crisis, and trying to predict future scenarios for the Russian-Ukrainian crisis.

The study deals with the development of Eu's defense policy after the Russian war on Ukraine in February 2022. The Russian war on Ukraine contributed to the emergence of security and geopolitical dimensions and challenges for Europe, most notably the growth of the Russian nuclear threat and the decline of the US security role in Europe. Which in turn forced the Europeans to develop European defense policy and also move forward with steps towards complete defense autonomy. The most prominent manifestations of this development were the significant increase in military spending and the launch of a program for European defense industries. Despite the unprecedented developments after 2022, these developments face some challenges, most notably the challenge of military spending and the continued absolute confidence in the American protection umbrella. As a result, achieving complete defense autonomy for Europe is an impossible matter.

The Latin American region is considered one of the strategically important areas globally. Consequently، international powers strive to compete in the region، seeking to gain and expand their influence. One of the most significant competitors in the region is China، which historically has had trade relations with Latin American countries since the latter half of the 16th century. After World War II and China's emergence as a major power، it began to broaden its influence in Latin America. The second stage، from 2001 to 2009, marked the actual establishment of Chinese influence in the region. Due to the region's importance to the United States and its perception of the looming Chinese threat in its backyard، the U.S. began attempting to reclaim its traditional influence in the area. This competition between the two powers intensified due to the geopolitical significance of the region.

The American National Security Strategy announced by Donald Trump (former president) in 2017 is considered one of the most rapid American strategies in its preparation, as it was announced in the same year of Trump assuming power. This strategy carries with it a set of political, military, security, and economic goals, which gave great scope to the side. The military and security aspects are two essential elements of American national security in ensuring American hegemony and protecting interests and influence around the world, as achieving military and security objectives depends on what is determined by the strategy and directions of each administration, and this became clear in Trump’s strategy as his strategic directions were to dominate militarily and economically. It played a major role in forming a major and dangerous turning point in the history of successive administrations of the United States of America, starting with the actual use of military force, cyberattacks, leading military alliances, and ignoring several international issues. This was evident in the increased efficiency of the American army in launching strict strikes against terrorist groups and armed factions and cutting off the supplies of armed groups. Among its main funding countries, strengthening cyber defense systems against external threats and launching multiplying attacks against countries that destabilize American national security.

Political culture, as a set of values and behavioral standards linked to individuals and then the group through their relationship with political authority, or more precisely with the ruling political system, is an important philosophy in achieving the privileges of decent living, civil peace, and social cohesion, and this in turn, if achieved, will dispel the outburst of violence and religious extremism that has spread in the country. The joints of society, including the educational institution, require the guidance and guidance of all energies and government institutions to reduce the wave of violence and extremism, for the sake of an Iraq free of violent and terrorist tendencies. From here stems the importance of the religious institution as it is the most influential influence on the values, behavior and behavior of individuals to guide them and overcome the manifestations of violence and extremism.

The study concluded that Freemasonry is a destructive intellectual doctrine and one of the most dangerous movements produced by the hateful Jewish mentality to extend its control over the world and rule according to the will of the Jews. Its goal is to preserve the Jewish person and enable him to control the course of human societies and direct them in a manner devoid of the controls of faith in God Almighty, in preparation for a long and far-reaching battle against Islam. Freemasonry was a Jewish invention and they, the Freemasons, are the Jewish executive hands for the plans of oppression and conspiracies of persecution. The relationship between them is strong and deep-rooted. In fact, Freemasonry is linked to a number of Jewish beliefs, such as the building of Solomon's Temple. Freemasonry also contains three classes: a symbolic primary, a royal intermediate, and a universal, global class, in which members progress according to their service and loyalty.