Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences

This study was conducted in quail as a particular work for the of histopathological disorders between Sept6, 2018 Nov23, 2018 (77 days), to determine the effect of adding cinnamon alcohol extract to diets in ovulation and the fertility rate of the ovary and oviduct tissue in the quail, there are (3 treatments), and they were divided into 12 cages, each group consists of 10 males with 5 females. In the first group, quails were fed on a standard diet without any additives, while in the second treatment, 300 mg/kg of alcoholic extract of cinnamon was added to the quails’ diet, and the third treatment include the addition of 400mg.kg-1 of alcoholic cinnamon extract powder, the results of the histological study showed that the quail diet includes alcoholic cinnamon extract of additives (400 mg per kg) a physiological reproductive activity changes, ovulation and fertility rate were increased without any side effects. In conclusion, the results showed an increase in growth rate and cilia number and ciliated epithelial layer cells in their numbers and shapes in the oviduct, despite the rapid growth and rapid ovulation, unless there was no change in the shape of the egg or a change in its components.

This study was conducted in one of the private orchards in Babylon province for the season 2021 - in which 54 fig trees of homogeneous size and growth strength were selected and planted at distances (5 x 5 m).: The experiment is implemented by factorial experiment with RCBD and with three replicates of cytokinin were 0, 100 and 200 mgL-1 and western buds extract 0, 10 and 20 gL-1 and CuSo4 0 and 2 gL-1.Storage experiment .It included the selection of a quantity of fruits at the beginning of maturity and the healthy fruits were selected from them and were placed in polyethylene bags perforated with 12 holes with a diameter of 5 mm at a rate of 1 kg of fruits in each bag for each treatment and then stored at a temperature of 5 ° C and relative humidity of 85 - 80% for 8 days After the storage period, the traits were measured. The results were analyzed using the same design method in the field experiment. The use of the study factors led to good results in the traits of the stored fruits after 8 days of storage Where the use of the study factors led to a reduction in the total spoilage of fruits, weight loss, and respiration rate, and total soluble solids (3.19% – 4.12% - 8.82 mg.co2/h 14.08 %), respectively, compared to the highest percentage of these traits and amounted to( 6.37 % , 10.58 % , 10.05 mg. co2 /h , 16.96 % )

Almond is considered the most common and essential nut grown in the rainfed area. It has many species wildly distributed in the Iraqi Kurdistan region, which are called Chaqala by local people. To understand and improve the characteristics of cultivated almonds, a comprehensive study of wild almonds in terms of population structure and genetic diversity is needed to transfer new traits into domesticated almonds. So, twelve different genotypes were collected and analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The results revealed polymorphic bands for both markers, the mean value of 5.8 for the RAPD marker and 7.6 for the ISSR marker was also documented. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values were obtained for RAPD primes that range between (0.64-0.84) and ISSR primers were also verified between (0.52-0.91), which shows the discriminatory power of these markers. “Jaccard similarity coefficients” were obtained between 0.34 (G11 vs. G12) to 0.77 (G1 vs. G10), and clustered into four groups with a mean similarity (0.35) for ten RADP markers. For ten ISSR markers, 0.35 (G8, G10) to 0.79 (G6 vs. G11) were also observed, which is clustered into four groups with a mean similarity (0.39). Overall, these findings showed the diversity between the studied genotypes and among groups which are highly important for future almond breeding and conservation programs.

This experiment was carried out during the 2021-2022 growth season to test the effect of the sowing date (1st October and 21st October), three levels of bio-health (0.0, 5.0, and 10.0 g.L-1), and three levels of the amino acid (0.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ml.L-1) on different growth and yield parameters of the pea plant. The experiment was implicated in a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) and replicated three times. The result showed that the 21st October sowing date was superior to the 1st October in branch number plant-1, pod number plant-1, and total yield (t.ha-1). Applications of bio-health significantly increased most traits. It was also noticed spraying amino acid at a concentration of 2.0 ml.L-1 had a significant effect on branch number plant-1, total chlorophyll%, pod number plant-1, pod weight (g), and total yield (t.ha-1). The combination of sowing date, bio-health, and amino acid significantly enhanced all studied traits, especially on 21st October, 5.0 g.L-1 bio-health and 2.0 ml.L-1 amino acid.

Current study was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa from 22/10/2021 to 25/11/2021 (35 days) to evaluate the efficiency of fermented local corn on the productive performance of broiler. 300 chicks of one day old hybrid Ross 308 with primary weight of 39g were used. Chicks were obtained from private Anwar hatchery in Babylon province then raised in closed house divided into pens with 3m2 for each and distributed randomly on 5 treatments with three replicates for each treatment (60 chicks for each treatment and 20 for each replicate). Treatments were prepared as follows: T1: Imported corn, T2; Unfermented local corn, T3; Replacing fermented local corn instead of imported corn in a ratio of 50%, T4; Replacing fermented local corn instead of imported corn in a ratio of 75% and T5; Replacing fermented local corn instead of imported corn in a ratio of 100%. The outcome indicated that fermenting local corn by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1g.kg-1 corn for 24h) was improved the nutritional value of corn particularly crude protein and fat as well as decreasing aflatoxin B1 to very low level. Replacing fermented local corn in a ratio of 50 or 75% instead of imported corn was gave close results for final body weight, total weight gain, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compare to imported corn. While, the results of using fermented local corn (T2) was reduced values significantly (P≤0.05) between treatments for most studied characteristics.

This study was carried out in Pirmam,, Erbil Governorate - Iraq for two years, from 15 March 2020 to 15 March 2021 in the spring season and from 15 September2020 to 15 September 2021 in the autumn season, to study the responses of three turf grass genera, including Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L. var. cd4), Tall fescue grass (Festuca arrundaceae L. var. Barleroy) and Creeping bent grass (Agrostis palustris) cultivated by seeds to two shading levels of 0 and 75% and sprayed with three paclobutrazol concentrations at 0, 750 and 1500 mg. l-1. The experiment was performed by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a split-plot design with three factors and three replications. The results showed that the shading level (0%) led to a significant increase in most studied characters like mowing number, cumulative dry weight of turf grass clipping yield, dry root weight, total chlorophyll and carbohydrate percentage and was superior to those grown under 75% shading. Both levels of shading had no significant effects on color degree and coverage percentage of the used turf grasses. It also showed that foliar spray of paclobutrazol had a significant impact on those traits. The highest values of plant density, mowing number, and cumulative dry weight of clipping yield were recorded when turf grasses were unsprayed with paclobutrazol, while the highest values of color degree, coverage percentage, total chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate percent were obtained when turf grasses were sprayed with 1500 and 750 mg.l-1 of paclobutrazol, respectively. Significant differences were shown among turf grass genera that were grown from seeds in those traits. Agrostise genus was significantly superior to other genera only in plant density, while Festuca genus was significantly superior to other genera in the rest of the other characteristics. As for triple interactions, the highest significant values for most characteristics were found in Festuca genera that were sprayed with 750 and 1500 mg.l-1 concentrations of paclobutrazol and grown in open fields.

Dohuk city represents the center of the Dohuk governorate which is considered the third governorate in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Duhok is accounted as one of the safest tourist cities in Iraq. It located in the Northwestern part of the Iraqi Kurdistan between the latitude 36° -38°N, longitude 42°-43°E and on elevation 565 meter above sea level with area about 76.06 km2. The approximate population of the city for the year 2021 is about 405636 persons according to the Duhok Department of Statistics. The tools and programs used in this study were Image satellite, Google Earth, GIS, GIS and remote sensory (NDVI), Field survey. This study aimed to evaluate the green space (Parks) to provide the best management and improve the quality of life by providing a sustainable green space within Duhok city. The results are summarized as following. Nine parks in Duhok city (Alin, Barzani, Buhar, Azadi, Bekhal, Kani Xishmana, Tahsen Taha, Nawroz and Dilshad M. Said). The total area of these parks was 217318 m2, 71.66% of this area was green area. So that the green area percentage for each person in this city was 0.536 m2 per person when compared with some city per capita share we found that this figure was less than the least one Damascus city (0.7) m2 per person and far away from Vienna city that reach (124.6) m2 per person. The evaluation degree of this parks was ranged between 55.2 for Nawroz to 86.6 for Azadi Park (from 100 mark). The irrigation system for all parks were sprinkle. The largest area was Barzani Park with 55879 m2 whereas the smallest area was Alin (7494) m2. The total number of plants are (7280) plants, 2254 of them include many kinds of tree, the highest number was cupressus sempervirens (428) tree then Robinia pseudoacaia (338) whereas the less one was Acer negundo just have (6) trees.

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma longibrachiatum against damping-off pathogens on four commercial cultivars of cucumber in vitro. Various sites of Najaf province including (Abasia, Quzwenia, Haydaria, Manathera and Meshkab) were surveyed to detect the spread of studied disease. Pathogenic fungi were isolated from roots and stem parts of infected cucumber plants that collected from studied sites then diagnosed morphologically. The pathogenicity test was conducted on fungal isolates and the susceptibility of four different cucumber varieties (Superina F1, Beit alpha F1, Cucumber short and Hybrid cucumber) to these isolates was tested in laboratory with the presence of the fungal bio-control T. longibrachiatum. One isolate of Fusarium sp. and another isolate of R. solani found to be very virulence which increase the percentage of damping off on seedlings up to 90and 100% respectively compare to control treatment of the four studied varieties that recorded 100, 95, 90 and 85 respectively and reduced vegetative and root growth indicators of cucumber plants (the weight and the length of plumule, the weight and the length of radicale) and these isolates were chosen to complete the later studies. The diagnosis of these two isolates then confirmed by (PCR) to F. solani and R. solani as both isolates were registered in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under ON394603 and ON398997 accession numbers respectively. Results showed that T. longibrachiatum treatment was increased studied indicators when it was added alone or with other treatments to the soil of plastic pots and provided a protection for cucumber plants from the infection by the disease. The susceptibility of the four studied different cucumber varieties to F. solani and R. solani showed that Cucumber short and Beit alpha F1 varieties were more susceptible to the infection by damping off pathogens compare to moderate susceptibility in Hybrid cucumber, while Superina F1 showed less susceptibility which clearly indicated in the studied vegetative and root growth indicators of cucumber plants.

A factorial experiment under randomized complete block design with three replication was conducted in the field in a collage of the Agricultural Engineering Science/ University of Baghdad in March 2022, to study the effect of two types of moldboard slatted and general purpose in some physical properties, pulverization of soil, the volume of disturbed soil and number of clods > 10 cm under two depths of tillage 15 and 25 cm and two speeds of tractor 4.146 and 7.224 km. h-1. Slatted moldboard recorded a least (best) number of clods > 10 cm 4.58 clod. m-2, soil bulk density 1.259 g.cm-3, higher porosity 52.48 % and higher volume of disturbed soil 804.14 m3. h-1. Depth of tillage 25 cm a got higher volume of disturbed soil 967.21 m3. h-1. Depth 15 cm got lower number of clods > 10 cm 4.91 clod. M-2, 1.209 g.cm-3 and higher porosity 54.35 %. Speed of the tractor 7.224 km. h-1 got higher volume of disturbed soil 983.79 m3/ h and least number of clods > 10 cm 7.50 clod/m2. Speed of tractor is 4.146 km. h-1 got least bulk density 1.259 g.cm-3 and best porosity 52.48 %.

The Probe trap was tested with three types (empty, water, alcoholic extract of (Vicia faba) respectively and for three periods of time (1, 2, 3) days respectively to catch the cowpea weevil C. maculatus that infests the broad bean seeds prepared for cultivation. It gave a trap Probe catching percentage on the third day of placing the traps respectively (19.16, 62.5, 88.33)% respectively, and the lowest catching percentage on the first day was (5.83, 20, 41.67%) respectively, while the highest percentage of catch was for the Indicator device trap with three species (Grease as sticky material , water, Vicia faba flower extract) for the third day with placing traps (52.5, 70, 72.5%) respectively, and the lowest percentage of catching was on the first day, which was (27.5, 40, 47.5%) respectively. From the experiment, the efficiency of the Probe trap and the Indicator device trap, to which bean flower extract was added, in hunting C. maculatus adults for the same time period, where the extract increased the efficiency of the two traps, followed by water for the same period of time.

The experiment was conducted in the fields of Al-Hilla - Babylon province, with loam soil, during the autumn season of 2021, to study the effect of different irrigation methods and levels of depletions on the growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.). The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was an as complete split plot with three replications, the main plot included the treatment of depletion levels and subplot irrigation systems, and the treatments were distributed on the experimental plots randomly. Irrigation systems included three levels of subsurface drip irrigation - surface drip irrigation - surface irrigation with furrows, and the levels of depletion for each treatment were 20%, 40%, and 60%. The result showed that the subsurface drip irrigation treatment with 40% depletion achieved the highest plant height (206.92). While there was no significant difference with the surface drip treatment. The furrows irrigation system has the lowest plant height, which reached (174.14). There are significant differences between the treatment and the level of depletion in the area of the leaves of the plant. Also, the irrigation methods used did not significantly affect the weight and depth of the roots, while there were significant differences in the values of yield weight for the treatments and water depletion rates.

Application of Chitosan (CH) and salicylic acid (SA) in controlling the fungus Botrytis cinerea that causes gray mold on tomato fruits is a successful and safe alternative approach to chemical pesticides. Chitosan and salicylic acid were applied as Pre-harvest treatment at the concentration of 2000 mg/l and 250 mg/L under field the conditions on three different ripening stages of tomato fruits Turning, Pink, Light Red stages and to determine the best stage for application. The best concentration was determined in enhancing plant defenses against the pathogen and studying the effect of factors on the levels of some enzymes related to induction of resistance, such as peroxidase enzyme POD and PAL enzyme. The application of SA and CH had a significant effect in increasing the activity level of both enzymes, and treatment with salicylic revealed to an increase in the activity of POD enzyme in the treated plants and for the three fruit maturity stages (Turning, Pink, Light red), where the enzyme level was 17.33, 16.72 and 15.5 min /gm. The three stages of fruit ripening had an effect on increasing the activity of the POD enzyme, as it recorded 12.27, 12.12, 12.1 min/gm fresh weight, and the ripening stage affected the PAL enzyme, which was recorded at a level of 32.27, 31.53, 31.87 mg/gm fresh weight, for the three stages, respectively. Chitosan and salicylic did not differ in extending the shelf life of fruits and reducing losses depending on the rate of healthy fruits for the three stages at the end of the storage period at 25°C. Chitosan at a concentration of 2000 mg-1/L differed significantly from other concentrations in inhibiting the pathogenic fungus, as well as salicyac at a concentration of 250 mg-1/L was superior in its effectiveness compared with other concentrations. However, chitosan had a significant effect on the biofilm formation of B. cinerea, which displayed an average absorption degree of 0.53 (OD), while salicylic did not affect fungal biofilm formation, as the average absorption degree was 1.2 (OD) which did not differ from the control treatment.