Journal of University of Babylon

The chronology has formed an intellectual concept throughout the historical ages. It is necessary to delve into the concept of this concept in the artistic form. The first beginnings of these historical epochs, whose arts have undergone different changes as a result of the political, social, economic and cultural developments that took place in different directions through their chronological sequence, By intellectual standards.Therefore, research is concerned with the study of the concept of chronology in the grammatical composition of modernity and postmodernity. The research included four chapters. The first chapter contains the methodological framework for research, beginning with the problem that ended with the following question: What is a chronology? What are the aspects of their work in the composition of the grammar? The importance of research lies in the fact that it highlights the themes of chronology as a conceptual construct in the morphology of modernity And postmodernity, which is a new reading of the texts of sculpture dating back to this era of history, and then the goal of research, which is to identify the chronology at the level of thought and form in the composition of the grammar of the modern and postmodernity, also included this chapter on the boundaries of research,The stereotype) in modernity and postmodernity, and domestically in Europe and America, and a period of modernity and post-modernism, and then the terms in the title were defined linguistically, in terms of terminology and procedure.
While the second chapter included the theoretical framework and the previous studies of the research. It included two basic topics about the first subject: chronology in the modern artistic achievement. The second section came under the title of chronology in the technical composition of the postmodernity. The researcher reviewed the works of art, The period of time of this era, and then followed by the indicators produced by the theoretical framework.
The third chapter was based on the procedural framework that included the research community. It included the composition of modern and postmodernism, which consists of the specific models studied in relation to the exploration of the concept of chronology in the morphology of modernity and postmodernity. Of the research community (25) as sculptural texts that refer us to the reading of the concepts of chronology in accordance with the objective of the research and its problem, as it was chosen in a fundamental way according to the reasons of the researcher to achieve the goal of research.
The models were selected based on the diversity of the method of implementation and the variety of materials and methods used in the presentation of the chronology in the morphology of the prominent and stereotyped. The researcher also relied on the cognitive and aesthetic indicators resulting from the theoretical framework as a research tool and then analyzing the sample to obtain specific data. On the (descriptive analytical) approach as the approach used in technical and aesthetic studies.
The fourth chapter was a presentation of the most important results reached by the researcher after analyzing the sculptural models that represented the research sample. The most important of these were: The concept of chronology is embodied in the subconscious mind, in the narration of events and facts in an attempt to link awareness and unconsciousness. The most important of these conclusions are: The concept of chronology is achieved in the composition of the grammar through the movement in the human bodies employed by the modernist artist, followed by the recommendations and suggestions presented in the present study. Finally, the sources and references that contributed to the theoretical foundation of the research were established.

The research aims at identifying the effect of good teaching in the development of creative thinking skills in the subject of language training for the fourth grade in the General Directorate of Education in the province of Baghdad / Rusafa III..
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated the following hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean of the experimental group and the control group in the post-cognitive test of thinking at the level of significance (0,05)
The current study was determined by: (2017-2018 school year), primary schools at the Directorate of Education of Rusafa III, grammatical concepts found in the book of language exercises for the fourth grade of primary.
The research community consists of fourth grade students who study language training as a branch of the Arabic language in the schools of the General Directorate for the education of Baghdad Rusafa 3 for the academic year 2017-2018 of (12003) students distributed to (112) primary schools according to the information obtained The researcher from the Directorate General of Education.
(A) was chosen to be the experimental group, which taught the language exercises in the manner of good advice. (43) students, and the number of students in Division (A) (43) students, after the exclusion of the depositors..
The researcher prepared a test in the skills of creative thinking of (40) paragraph has been verified the validity and the coefficient of difficulty, and the strength of discrimination and stability. The researcher used the statistical methods in his research procedures and analysis of the results: (T-test for two independent samples, square (Ka 2), Pearson correlation coefficient, and Kronbach-alpha equation.
The researcher studied the two groups of research in the experiment, which lasted a full semester, applied at the end of the study tools, the results showed the following:
- The students of the experimental group who studied according to the good advice of the students of the control group who studied according to the usual method in the language exercises.
In light of the findings of the present study, the researcher concluded a number of conclusions, including
The method of good advice is one of the effective teaching methods in the teaching of the language training for the fourth grade students. The average achievement of students who were taught in this method was higher than the average of the students who were taught in the traditional way.
The style of good advice leads to a variety of methods of presenting grammatical subjects in various logical ways, resulting in a marked increase in student motivation
In light of this, the researcher made a number of recommendations concerning the study results, including.
Adopting the method of good teaching in teaching the language training for fourth grade students because of its impact on their achievement.

The memory and its presence in the narrative of Iraq or the Arab, makes us stop at the limits of the concept that opens up to a number of questions, namely that memory is a technical time and a narrative material that is stressful on the course of events and may be creatively effective. In which we explain the memory, but we start from those points that look at memory as a narrative technique present in the body of the Iraqi women narration, and sometimes the story of her present in the past, present and future, and memory the amount of attendance in the creative work, and as we deal with the narrative, These are I hate in the narrative, and perhaps this is problematic in attendance represented in the body of work, but it is the foundation feature that makes it work is different from the rest of the business.
The presence of these techniques confirms the effectiveness and presence of memory in the Iraqi women's novel. Among these techniques, which indicate that the female novel is a retrospective novel, its main focus is memory. In different narratives, it stems from the relationship of memory with time. Memory is able to rewrite the text according to its will, with the legitimacy of entering into the vast field of imagination. From any point in the narrative path.

Those who are familiar with the phenomenon of Orientalism and the Orientalists see the increase in the number of orientalists who study the Orient from all its religious, political, economic, cultural and even scientific aspects, which led to the formation of two oriental orientations:
The first is equitable orientalism, which deals with the East with a neutral and positive view.
Second: unfair orientalism, which begins looking for the shabby and abnormal of the novels and actions of some of the misguided from the East and thus circulate to the eastern community.
As a result of these two trends appeared many orientalists, many of whom were similar in the trends topics and even visions that were formed in the minds of some of them and this can be accepted and can not cause suspicion among researchers.
But it appeared that a number of Orientalists were carrying the same name, which left a number of researchers in error Vtahoa attributed each other's writings and thus the suspicion and especially the findings of the Egyptian researcher Marwa Mohammed Mahmoud Bassiouni in her letter ((collection of the Koran to the orientalist John Gilkrist analytical know-how) ) To obtain a master's degree from the Faculty of Arts, University of Alexandria in 2014, in which he forgot the book collection of the Koran and other writings of orientalist lawyer John Glcrist contemporary born in 1944 to the Oriental surgeon John Glcrist, born in 1759 and died in 1841, To reveal The suspicion in which the researcher

Among last year the efforts of agricultural development evidence large increasing in plant agricultural produce because of several problems which strike the agricultural sector where the most prominent is the neglecting whom strikes wide areas from agricultural grounds because policy of government which allowed to importation of agricultural groceries then negatively reflect on plant agricultural sector development, this research aims to report the sustainable development and it importance in the (plant) agricultural produce, and the negative effect which strike it ,and the researcher rely on descriptive and quantitative analysis and the research came to study the reality of plant agricultural produce in (Abo Qark township) and what the vouch ways to develop this pivotal produce in which have available possibility.

Abstract
At the beginning of the twentieth century a number of modern art movements like Cubism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Futurism and Abstractionism appeared with cogently various styles. As these so-called schools of art have parodied modern life, the researchers have found it quite necessary to account for the concept of geometric modeling that marks modern art, hence being the core of the study. Based on an analytical and historical approach, the study has been concerned with this phenomenon from several angles .
The research approach accounts for the problem, significance, objective and limits of the research in addition to the terminology. The theoretical framework takes into consideration the references of geometric modeling from historical, philosophical and artistic angles. Then light has been shed on geometric modeling in the modern European painting, hence tackling such movements as Cubism, Futurism and Abstractionism. The study has also included the research population, samples in line with analyses of some of artists' works, reaching a number of outcomes, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions the first of which relates to the crying need for more studies dealing with the controversy over the concept of geometric models in modern European painting. (words)

Generalisation is the ability to apply the results from a study or experiment to the wider target population. In this article, I open a debate about the generalization problematic in psychological research. We have addressed the definition of generalization and its logic, and we reviewed the types of generalization in both quantitative and qualitative research. Three models of generalization, as proposed by Firestone, are discussed in this paper: classic sample-to-population (statistical) generalization, analytic generalization, and case-to-case transfer (transferability) At last we presented some criticism of generalization, which was flowing in its entirety on the insufficiency of inductive arguments (POPPER, 1959), or because of the nature of psychology and the instability of its phenomena.
We analyzed the thesis published on level of the University of Oran between the years 2012-2015 in terms of Sampling mode and appropriateness for a set of standards relating to the generalization. We found that there are errors in sampling methods is mainly centered on the selection of the Accidental Sample and call it random Sample. It also is not followed steps required to identify the sample, which makes it difficult to be considered representative of the population original and therefore not possible to generalised results.

The theatrical art is a general art which depends on the whole of fine art particularly musical art which is considered as an important part in this art since it comprise physiological and social tasks, add to this its magic power to the soul of the recipient, as such the directors of the opera gave them the best luck in their performances. The researcher looks for studying the impact of music on the other elements of presentation as well as the mechanism of working in order to reach a state of harmony and integration, especially study its role on the whole part of theatrical process. This study contains four chapters, the first one tackles research\'s problem -what is the constructional role for the music in the shows of academic opera?- the current research focusses on the importance of the study of educational musical act in the displays of academic opera on the level of construction due to its important in delivering aesthetic values for the recipients (students) in addition to the role of music in configuring the theater unit, the aim of the research is to identify the role of music constructional in the views of academic opera. the temporal limit of this research is 2013, whereas the spatial limit is Najaf governorate, while the objective limit is to study the role of constructional music in the displays of academic opera. Chapter two deals with two levels the first one (music in the shows of opera) the second one titled (the elements of picture in opera and its relationship with music) , it ends with the indicators of theoretical frame. Chapter three regulates research methodology, the data of the research and the instruments of analysis, it ends with analysis of (The happy journey) ,add to this it concludes the most important findings of this research.. they are:
1- The music in the analyzed data regards as a spoken language since its ability to detect situations that can not be detected that\'s why it enable human to express themselves.
2- It considered as paintings that varied between lyrical and dialogue, and the songs complemented the idea of the show, where the music acquired its special character, namely songs and play music as well as the use of lyrics
3-The rhythm help in adjust the physiological atmosphere for the opera particularly its accompany to songs and music also its adjust of dance movement.
The sample includes indicative functions as well as it links the scenes in addition to its emotional effect, this chapter include the conclusion, proposals, recommendations and the lists of sources and references.

The research attempts to monitor the semantic breadth in the literature of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him),We relied on the methodological approach, It was necessary to divide the research into three sections, The first section is the structure of the branch,The research dealt with tandem and verbal participation, In the second section, the contiguous structure,To engage in the third structure of displacement (metaphor and metaphor,The most important sources we have adopted, Musnad Imam Hassan peace be upon him, Collected and arranged by Sheikh Aziz Allah Al-Atardi).

The Koran wall was celebrated with the fundamentals of management science and its branches. Including Noah's Surat. In which the genius of the Prophet Noah (peace be upon him) was manifested in planning, leadership, organizational behavior and decision – making. The planning was strategic and leadership was wise and organizational behavior was inspiring (clear, purposeful and flexible goal of guiding his people and brining them to the religion of God) and was conducting this behavior by personal communication, and the management of time is open, and consistent with the thinking of people and awareness, as that behavior varied : My explanation, and my warning to my interpretation, and from general to illustrative , earned by the satisfaction of God, and satisfaction himself and the believers.
The behavior of his people was of the collective type hostile , passive paid and non – interactive, and is linked to the current psychological, social and political situation.

Modern universities in education have become increasingly interested in developing the students\' awareness of thinking, forging a more modern way and means of technology, in addition to integrating the development of science and computerization into the processes of education and developing their abilities in the practical arts. In general, it develops their abilities and urges them to tend to raise their technical, scientific and cultural levels and gives a great incentive to them, which in turn is reflected on the educational institutions and creates a positive atmosphere based on cooperation and avoid mistakes in addition to the exploitation of time and effort, T keep pace with the educational process.

The concept of rebellion and its preoccupation with conceptual art - Joseph Boise model - dealt with the concepts of the insurgency, its multiple meanings, and the mechanics of its work in conceptual art, specifically the German artist Joseph Boise. The problem of research was the following: What is the preoccupation of the rebellion in the works of the conceptual artist Joseph Boise? The first chapter deals with the methodological framework of the research, which included the problem of research, the importance of research and the need for it, and the objective of the research, which is to detect the exploitation of the insurgency in the works of artist Joseph Boise. The first chapter also included the limits of study and the definition of research terms. The second chapter (theoretical framework and previous studies) included two topics dealing with the first topic, the definition of the concept of rebellion and its meanings, while the second section on the foundations and the emergence of absurdity and rebellion of the philosopher Albert Camus, and the second section included the rebellion in psychology and psychosocial rebellion, With theoretical framework indicators and previous studies reviewed by the researcher.The third chapter included the research procedures used by the researcher to identify the research community and the sample of the research, the method of preparing the research tool and verify its validity and stability as well as the statistical tools and methods used by the researcher, and ended the third chapter analysis of the research sample consisting of 4 works of the artist. The research ended with the fourth chapter, which included reviewing the results of the researcher based on the analysis, which was the most important:
1- The philosophical insurgency, in its multiple senses, is the most expressive space of the insurgency's preoccupation with Boise's work through its strange forms and unusual raw materials.
2- The work of Boise with its materials, shapes and contents is a point of boycott with the arts. He did not go into his works to the elements of art known and did not employ the forms of art traded, but revolted on all these shapes with materials and forms not with a functional function, but Boise is technically employed.
The most important conclusions were:
1- With the belief that the insurgency is old and present in every age, but his philosophical preoccupations in the works of Boise emerged at the peak of their situations through the use of forms and raw materials in an unusual manner and to the extent that it is a challenge and rejection and violation of previous contexts and customs and traditions of all kinds, at the level of shapes and materials and their contents , In addition, the fourth chapter included the conclusions drawn up by the researcher according to the results in addition to the recommendations and proposals. The research ended with sources and references in the language in addition to the annexes, the abstract of the research and the title in English.

This paper deals with the common characteristics of children's drawings and primitive drawings as they are the problem of this research.
The common characteristics are known as children's drawings and primitive drawings. The limits of the search are limited to drawings of the period from (2,5000-10000) A.M (Upper Stone era)
And drawings of children of the year (7-9) years.
The theoretical framework includes:
The first topic: What are the fees for children.
The second topic: the concept of primacy.
The third chapter contains research procedures from the research community, which is open to unlimited dimensions in terms of the number of drawings that are the original research community. The research sample chose the sample of the research selectively through the drawings in the original sources and references of the books, Sample represents the current research community.
After the researcher conducted the analysis of the samples came out a set of results and conclusions from them.

1 There are five main characteristics common to children's drawings and primitive drawings (distortion, transparency, repetition, use of perspective rules, configuration).
2 Some of the main characteristics include secondary characteristics such as distortion: this feature includes a lack of detail or a multitude of details.
The main conclusions are:
The characteristics shared by primitive drawings with children's drawings are the result of the psychological, physical and mental motivations and needs of both primitive man and child.

That the arbitration is of great importance in reconciling the spouses and seeking to restore life between disagreement and stand on what complain to the spouses and therefore arbitration is necessary and necessary in my call to differentiate the difference and the damage and the two parties to make efforts to reform and if unable to submit their report to the Court them and the two judges have an important role in investigating the causes of on its endeavors The court must judge what it has done and enforce the ruling between the spouses in truth and justice To clarify the aspects of this research we found it appropriate to divide the research on the subject of arbitration between the spouses on two topics dealt with in the first section of the judicial procedures for the provision of the provisions by distributing it to three demands in the first demand cases of the judge's quality of arbitration and in the second request we presented the terms of the provisions. The second subject we devoted to the judicial procedures for the exercise of the two referees. We dealt with this issue on three demands in the first demand, showing the mechanisms of the work of the two judgments, and we specified the second requirement of the judge's authority over the judgment report. The third topic deals with the authoritative opinion of the two judgments in the differentiation between spouses. We concluded by concluding with the most important conclusions and recommendations derived from this research.

All contemporary cultures are hybrid and in the amount of their hybridity, their purity is the opposite of the concepts of purity, purity and monotony. The issue of hybridity does not rise to the forefront of the perception and vitality of cultures and does not adopt hybridity in its extreme manifestations. Cultural maturity is one of the other terms that have been developed to describe what happens to culture as a result of globalization trends The currents of globalization are one-way, spreading one culture, American culture, resulting in a cultural similarity all over the world that destroys any local cultural differentiation and those terms that focus on the elements of difference and the mixing of cultures and resist the ideas of cultural purity and Unified original cultures.
The current research (the intellectual dimensions of hybridization in postmodern arts) has been addressed through four chapters. The first chapter includes the methodological framework of the research, in which the research problem was raised in answering the following questions:
1. Are the intellectual, aesthetic and cognitive frameworks of hybridization applied in the visual field?
2. Did the phenomenon of hybridization give an aesthetic and artistic perception in the postmodern
arts represented by the works of the artist (Robert Rochsenberg) as a model that made his work with this excellence?
Then comes the importance of research that contributes to the clarification of how the intellectual dimension of hybridization works in postmodern art. And openness to the diversity of performance of the hybridization of postmodern art, especially in the works of Robert Rochenberg.
The first chapter includes the research objective: the detection of the intellectual dimensions of hybridization in postmodern art (Robert Rochtenberg model). Limits of research were determined in the temporal boundaries of the period (1955-1980) and the spatial boundaries of artistic productions in the United States and Europe. By defining objective boundaries in the study of the intellectual dimensions of the hybridization of postmodern art by analyzing models of the works of art (drawing - compilation) of folk art represented by the works of the artist (Robert Rochsenberg) model. And defining terms to serve the current research.
The second chapter dealt with the theoretical framework and the previous studies. It included two subjects. The first topic was specialized in the study of hybridization in postmodern thought through diversity and difference in contemporary thought. The second topic dealt with the representations of hybridization in pop art The research community consisted of (150) paintings, and the research community was about (80) works by the artist (Robert Rochenberg) limits of the current research And as a framework for the research community. The researcher then chose (4) a sample of the research sample. The research took the method of "content analysis" as a service to the research purposes and relying on it to achieve its goal. The fourth chapter presents the results and the conclusions and discusses them in order to clarify the research topic. The research concluded by presenting a set of recommendations and proposals. The main findings of the research:
1. Cultural hybridization is the explanation for the emergence of new cultural forms in the world of postcolonial multiculturalism. It is one of the other terms that have been developed to describe what is happening to culture as a result of the currents of globalization. The currents of globalization are one-way, spreading one culture: American culture.
2.The hybridization of the technical formation of multiple materials, commercial products and technical symbols known in popular art (POP ART) was concentrated for the intellectual and aesthetic dimension to activate the signs of hybridization as a result of achieving the responses and requirements of the people in political, economic, commercial and advertising issues.
3.The hybridization of folk art opens in front of the game of presence and absence to assert itself at the level of visual discourse embodied not to seek realism but aspires to create a diverse hybrid of different civilizations and then dismantled from the real world and transferred to the parallel world is the world of art.
Among the conclusions reached by the researcher:
1) The recognition of sensory knowledge and recognition of all what is partial led to the intersection of hybridization in the technical achievement in the work (Rochenberg), which is composed of the senses of the changing and scattered, they promote the formula camouflage and dreams.
2) The hybridization of races in folk art contributed to the dynamics of the different reality through contradictions, skills and accumulations, all of which represent the composition with its own human and societal extensions.
Based on the research findings and conclusions, the researcher recommends a set of recommendations and proposals.
1)Activation of applied experimental studies by hybridization of species to detect the creative aspects and within the preliminary studies of the students of the Department of Fine Arts.
2)Contribute to the production of research and the translation of English books on postmodern arts in general.
In order to complement the research requirements, the researcher proposes the following research:
1. The intellectual dimensions of hybridization in Islamic art
2.The aesthetics of hybridization in modern European art

And then seal the search to a list of sources.

Abu Taleb was the Sheikh of "Al'abateh' and the head of 'Beni hashem' tribe. In his time, Abu taleb was a great poet. He recited his poem when the Prophet (PBUH) took refuge in outskirts of Mecca "al'shi'ab". In this poem Abu taleb addresses guidance, blame, and threat to his cousins and his tribe. the main features of this poem are clearness, avoiding uncommon and weird words and expressions. Therefore, the poem had a deep impact on people at that time. The article discusses the poem in four sections:the main reason behind writing this poem, Praising the Prophet (PBUH) and enumerating his virtues, Hostility, Names of personalities and places. this article sheds the light on moral and religious subjects the poet tackled in his poem. Yet, shows how far the poem shows the characteristics of the poet.

The present study aims at finding out the impact of strategy maps of the mind in the acquisition of geographical concepts and retention among students in the first grade intermediate. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher chose an experimental design with partial adjustment. The random selection of the sample was the selection of Al-Majd secondary school for boys belonging to the Directorate of Education of Karbala. The number of students in the first grade was 63 students and 32 students in the experimental group And 31 students in the control group.The researcher conducted an equivalence between the students of the two research groups in several variables (age calculated by months, IQ test and grades of geography in the first semester test for the academic year 2016-2017, the academic achievement of the parents and the academic achievement of the mothers.There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average score of the students of the experimental group who study the principle of general geography according to the strategy of mind maps andthe average score of the control group students who study the traditional method in the results of the test of acquisition of geographical concepts and for the benefit of the experimental group.
There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average score of the students of the experimental group who study the general principles of geography according to the strategy of the maps of the mind and the average score of the control group students who study the traditional method in the test of retention of geographical concepts and for the benefit of the experimental group.
The researcher recommends the following:
1. Teaching students, especially students of colleges of education on how to apply modern methods in teaching, including maps of the mind.
2. Including the curricula of the geography of the prescribed for students in colleges of education to be steps to build maps of the mind and training on how to prepare them.

This research has undertaken following and testing the reality of the criticizing the fictional criticism in Iraq and tackled with the criticism via method, to let the critic method as a subject for criticizing the criticism. The research dealt with this kind of criticism by observing, following and analyzing through two sections. First one focused on criticizing the critic methods when the method identified as a way of thinking. Therefore we have fined that criticizing the criticism concentrates on adaptation of the critic method for the discussed subject, like the social or historic subject.. remarks of the fictional criticizing of the criticism during the period of the research focused on how much a critic was prosperous in picking up a certain method. All of that was taken under account of matching between method, nature of the subject and aims of the research. The fact doesn’t limit to failure in selection only, because the turbulence in application of the method was a subject in which the fictional criticizing of criticism have dealt with sometimes.
Second section targeted to test the criticizing of criticism from the respect of methodical when it means the origins of the method of literary research. So the section has followed the fictional criticizing of the criticism when it takes the applied breach in this field as a subject to study. The pivots of it's samples were the problem of scientific deposit and worsening of choosing the fictional texts to be a material for criticizing in addition to the plan of the research and how much it appropriates the subject.

The research included four chapters which included the first chapter on the problem of research and its importance and need for it, and the purpose of research and its limits and identify the terms contained therein. The problem of research was determined by the following question: What are the psychological dimensions of artistic transformations in Picasso drawings؟.
To achieve the aim of the research, the researcher identified the study to include the paintings completed for the period (1900-1906), which represents the two phases of technical (blue - pink). The second chapter included the theoretical framework, and included the first two (artistic transformations of Picasso), the second (the artistic expression and the psychological dimension), the third chapter included the research procedures, the research society reached 567 works, The researcher developed the research tool by building the content analysis form and presented it to a group of experts to verify its veracity and judging its paragraphs in terms of validity of each paragraph. The fourth chapter dealt with the results and conclusions, as well as the recommendations and proposals. : Blue phase: The research sample reached this point (32) paintings, and the dimensions of psychological (sadness and depression - anxiety - despair and pessimism) through (font, shape, color and structural composition) and obtained a significant proportions at the level (0.05). The most important conclusions are: Picasso has a mental and imaginative ability to conjure images and themes related to what is real, but it gives them connotations and meanings related to the side or psychological dimension.

Most of the Critics all over the world are trying to focus on a new kind of literature which is called “children literature”. This kind of literature contains the same characteristics of the adult literature, but it depends on different minds, perceptions and different kinds of experience. It can be considered as an appropriate meditate or for developing mental abilities as well as helping children to be effective thinkers playing positive roles in life. This paper aims to discuss the importance of children literature, not only for its literary value ,but also for its ability to develop and change positively the behaviors and attitudes of children by the moral lessons that it contains. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott and Raymie Nightingale by Kate DiCamillo have been selected for this purpose.

The interest in the invisible could be traced back to the Greek theater where fate acted as a mysterious, invisible force that brought sorrow and suffering to the protagonists. In Shakespearean drama, the interest shifted from fate to man as a power, whose action decided the course of events. There, the offstage world was an invisible realm inhabited mainly by absent characters belonging to the past. They exerted a powerful effect on the onstage world. Drama witnessed an increasing interest in the human mind that encompassed the past and the present, the physical and the metaphysical. That interest reached its prime in modern drama. There, the offstage characters acted either as reflections of the inner world of the onstage characters or as representatives of external forces that influenced it.
The aim of the present study is to show the significance of the offstage characters in shaping the onstage characters' psychology and their perception of and reaction to the world. The offstage characters denote and illustrate important cultural and social aspects of the twentieth century as reflected in selected American plays through family relationships.
In Neil Simon's Rumors (1988), the absence of essential characters gives the onstage couples an insight into their relationships and consequently leads them to overcome their marital problems.

The current research dealt with four chaptersThe first included the problem of research, which was the need to evaluate the images and illustrations in the light of specific criteria, and to identify the levels of reading in the material of the construction phase of the third phase in the Department of Art Education at the University of Babylon, The importance of the current research is that it may contribute to the development and improvement of the construction material by taking into account the evaluation of illustrations and levels of reading. The objectives of the research: 1- Determine the criteria for the evaluation of illustrations of the material of the photographic construction. 3 - Determination of levels of reading the illustrations 4 - To determine the availability of the previous levels in the illustrations contained in the construction material. Chapter Two: Illustrations in methodological books, illustrations in textbooks, and levels of reading illustrations, The third chapter ensures the research community and his eye, which included illustrations in the photographic construction material, as well as research methodology and directions, the most prominent results of the fourth chapter(34) criteria for the evaluation of illustrations were divided into two areas: technical field included 19 standards and educational and 15 criteria and 8 levels were identified to read the images are: recognition, recall, description, comparison, classification and application, interpretation and prediction, and after the application of the list of criteria on the illustrations in the light Levels of reading, the results of the research revealed that the illustrations in the construction material take into account the technical standards by (71.6%) educational standards by (81.9%)) The most important conclusions are that the percentages in the results of the research are low rates that require review of the illustrations and taking them to the criteria in this research, as well as the lack of interest in the illustrations to measure levels of higher thinking among students and lack of attention when teaching as required.

الهدف الرئيسي من هذا المقال هو توضيح الحواس الأربعة بأربعة إلهامات شعرية: الماء والنار والهواء والأرض. في هذا البحث سنعمل على الماء فقط. يعتقد بوتر أن الخيال له أربعة مجالات، أربع نقاط منها تنطلق في الفضاء اللامتناهي.
لفرض إلهامه الشعري في هذه النصوص، يعتقد أن هذه الفئات الأربع هي من اهم الأساليب الشعرية والتحليلية النفسية لمقاربة النصوص الأدبية.
يتوافق كل عنصر من العناصر الأربعة مع شبكة معينة من الصور العاطفية و التخوف الخاص من الطبيعة والمادة. على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن تشير المياه الى العنصر الأنثوي (الأمومة)، إلى العلاقة الحميمة، إلى التطهير أو النوم ("مياه النوم"). تشير النار بالأحرى إلى الحيوية والعاطفة والاندماج مع الكل.
(اكتمال الذات، تشتت في ضخامة العالم). يشير الهواء إلى اللانهاية أو الصعود أو الخفة أو حتى الشفافية. لا يزال يثير الحرية والقيم الأخلاقية العالية. أخيرًا، تعبر الأرض عن الجاذبية، على سبيل المثال. كما نلاحظ أن باشيلارد يجمع بين تحليلاته الشعرية والتحليلات النفسية للحواس الأربعة. ويرى أن تفسير الشعر يعتمد على سيكولوجية الخيال ومفاهيم مثل "الديناميكية" أو "الرغبة". في الواقع، يمكننا أن نفهم بشكل أفضل شعر أو رواية المؤلف عندما ندرس خياله الشخصي، ما الذي يسحره وما الذي يطارده.

It is the responsibility of the seller before the seller delivers the duty of preservation until delivery, that the required care is taken. If the sale is destroyed before delivery, the risk of loss falls on the seller. The buyer can not control the sale financially until he can not control the sale. The loss of ownership is not related to the property, but rather to the delivery, that is, the possession of the sale, and the loss must be in the hands of the buyer. Thus, the loss is the loss of the sale due to an alien and the loss of the sale Because of the seller. However, in any case, there is a loss to the seller, but there are exceptions in which the risk of loss rests with the buyer before delivery, and in the case of excuses of the seller of the buyer to receive the sale. If the sale of the sale falls on the buyer after his excuses and the seller is not responsible for the loss and does not pay the buyer , And the second case the seller uses the right to lock the sale because the buyer did not fulfill his obligation not to pay the price, here the seller refused to deliver the sale based on the right of the right of imprisonment, because the obligations are opposite. Destruction of the sale by act The purchaser himself must pay the full price if he has not paid or recovered it if he has paid it, and the contractors may agree that both parties shall bear the liability for the loss .

The current research measures the following:
1. Bullying among middle intermediate students.
2. Social behavior among intermediate students.
3. The relationship between bullying and social behavior among intermediate students.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher did the following: Prepare the scale of bullying and adopt a measure of social behavior, which culminated in the final form after the completion of the conditions of honesty and consistency and the discrimination of paragraphs (20) of the scale of bullying and (46) of the measure of social behavior, and identify the research students middle and secondary stage of males In the General Directorate for the education of Babylon for the academic year 2017-2018, and consists of the research community of (2600) students, and the research adopted the descriptive approach, and to achieve the research objectives applied researcher scale bullying and the measure of social behavior on the sample of the research, and then analyzed the data using the program bag statistical high Social data processing (SPSS) and the results were as follows:
1. intermediate students suffer from a high level of bullying.
2. Low level of social behavior among intermediate students.
3. There is a weak correlation between the level of bullying and social behavior
According to the results of the research, some recommendations and proposals