Kirkuk Journal of Science

As a continuous research for the discovery of new antibacterial agents due to the
developing resistance toward conventional antibiotics, we reported a convenient synthetic
approach for the preparation of methyl-α-D-arabinofuranoside shiff-bases. A series of
arabinose-Shiff bases were prepared through the trityl protection of the primary hydroxyl
group of methyl-α-D-arabinofuranoside, benzoylation, the removal of the trityl protective
group, tosylation, azidation, conversion to the amine in the presence of triphenylphosphine,
condensing reaction with a variety of aromatic aldehydes, and subsequent debenzoylation.
New compounds were characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Synthesised
compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains namely,
Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus subtilis; Candida albicans; Aspergillus
niger, and they showed enhanced antibacterial activity.

In this paper, using cubic non-polynomial spline method to solve the system of two
nonlinear volterra integral equations of the second kind, we have used a matlab14 program
to solve the system. Finally, several illustrative examples to show the effectiveness and
accuracy of this method.

The present work involves detailed study for joints in Baba dome within the foreland fold
belt of north Iraq. It aims to identification and classification of various joint sets and
systems, extraction predominant directions of joint sets and systems and estimation stress
direction in the study area. The study includes only Injana (Miocene) and Mukdadiya
(Pliocene) formations. The field work has been executed by means of nine traverses, each
of them includes mainly two stations, as a result, 719 measurements of joint planes were
extracted. The study comprises several categories: carefully scanning the joint plane for
any shear movement, measuring the attitude, classification of joints according to tectonic
axes a, b and c, determining the predominant direction, calculation of causative stress,
estimation the structural history of Baba Dome .The types of joint which distinguished are
(ab, bc, ac, hko system acute about a, hko set acute about b, hol system acute about a and
hkl set).All measured joints have no visible shear displacement on their planes. The hko
system and hol system appeared as single set and as conjugate system. The predominant
direction of the joints is determined to be nearly along the strike of exposed beds. The mean
causative stress direction is calculated to be: 046° from hko system and 315° from hol
system. Trend of measured joints ( ab = 315° , ac = 045° , bc = 315° , hko1>a = 058° ,
hko2>a = 033° , hko3>b = 336° , hol1>a = 316° , hol2>a = 312° and hkl = 257° ). An attempt
to put the measured joints in order according to timing sequence and from older to
younger: hko system acute about a &ac set, hol system acute about a and hko system acute
about b &bc set.

This study includs the preparation and identification of four membered rings Hetrocyclic
Compounds derived from Trimethoprim by reaction Schiffs,
bases(1a-h)( prepared by
reaction some aromatic aldehyde with Trimethoprim using Microwave technique) with
chloro acetyl chlorid in the presence of triethylamine , the prepared compounds were
identified by I.R spectroscopy and some of them by NMR spectroscopy and C.H.N.S micro
analysis

This research includes the preparation of a new series of formazan derivatives . In the
beginning was prepared hydrazon derivatives through condensation izonzaid with
compensators benzaldehyd different , then formazan derivatives were prepared by
condensation hydrazon and diazonium salt different compensation for aromatic amines.
All the reaction completion were routinely monitored by TLC.The structures of the
compounds have been confirmed by ,(C.H.N) analysis of the elements for some
compounds , 1H NMR, IR spectral data and melting points. The antibacterial activity of
the compounds has also been screened.

Background: Toxoplsma is a parasite with a global distribution that infect both human and
animal, most of human toxoplasmosis is chronic infection. Chronic toxoplasmosis can affect
human behavioral and hormonal status.
Objective: In this study the effect of toxoplasmosis on the level of certain hormones (total
testosterone, estradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) have been investigated.
Methods: One hundred and ninety serum samples from Kirkuk university students were
assayed for Toxoplasma antibody (IgM,IgG), among them 40 (21.1%) samples were positive
The serum of positive samples along with control group were assayed for some hormonal levels
by using ELIS technique.
Results: From the obtained results after conducting statistical analysis, it has been found that
there is a significant differences in testosterone and estradiol concentration in both infected
males and females comparing with the uninfected control cohort. The concentration range of
testosterone were (12.8-15.5, 1.6-3.1 ng/ml) for each of infected male and female respectively
which was significantly higher than the control (6.9-8.0,0.39-o.58 ng/ml) respectively for male
and female. The estradiol concentration range in infected cohort were (34.3-39.6, 184.3-197.0
pg/ml) for male and female respectively, comparing with the control (22.2-26.9, 72.8-75.5
pg/ml) for male and female respectively. No significant differences were appeared between the
FSH concentrations in infected and control cohort in both male and female. The infected
males were a little taller and more depressed than uninfected one.
Conclusions: From the current study we concluded that chronic toxoplasmosis can affect some
hormonal concentration in human blood which may change or influence human behavior.

Direct shear stress may be the main reason in failure of some typical concrete members like corbels, brackets and ledger beams. The theoretical analysis of these members simulated as push-off specimens were based on a two-dimensional plane stress by finite element method. The main variables to be studied theoretically were fiber percentage, the shear rebar reinforcement ratio crossing the shear plane at right angles and the actual distribution of shearing stress in the shear plane. The comparison shows that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental values conducted by other researchers

Glass samples in the systems of (P2O5)75-(CuO)25-X- (CdO)X,(P2O5)75-(CuO)25-X-(ZnO)X,
(P2O5)75-(CuO)25-X-(V2O5)X, (P2O5)50-(TeO2)50-x-(ZnO)X, (P2O5)50-(TeO2)50-X-(CdO)X and
(P2O5)50(TeO2)50-X-(V2O5) X of different compositions where(X=0,5,10,15, 20)were
prepared by the melt-quenching technique.
Density measurements of (P2O5)75-(CuO)25-x-(CdO)x,(P2O5)75-(CuO)25-x–(ZnO)x and
(P2O5)50-(TeO2)50-x-(CdO)x show decreasing in density with the increasing of CdO and ZnO
contents. The density of (P2O5)75-(CuO)25-x-(V2O5)x,(P2O5)50-(TeO2)50-x-(ZnO)x and
(P2O5)50- (TeO2)50-x-(V2O5)x glasses show increasing in density with the increasing of V2O5
and ZnO contents in the glass.The infra-red spectra were recorded for (P2O5)75-(CuO)25-x-
(CdO)x,(P2O5)75-(CuO)25-x–(ZnO)x and (P2O5)75-CuO)25-x-(V2O5)x The band positions of
such glasses show that (475.27-503.15) cm
-1
can be attributed to (PO4)
-3
,The infra-red
spectra of (P2O5)50-(TeO2)50-x-(CdO)x,(P2O5)50-(TeO2)50-x-(ZnO)xand(P2O5)50-(TeO2)50-x-
(V2O5)x were recorded in the range(4000-400) cm
-1
.The band positions of such glasses
shown that(494.83-498.77)cm
-1
can be attributed to Te-O-Te linkages

In order to investigate occurrence and distribution of Arbscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in
Aljabal Alakhthar area, east Libya. Roots and rhizosphere soil of 49 cultivated plants
belonging to 7 families from 8 locations were collected. The percentage of root colonized by
AMF was estimated. Spores extracted from soil samples were counted and morphologically
identified to genus. The results indicate that all examined plants were colonized by AMF.
Colonization rate and spore abundance differed according to location and plant. Colonization
rate range from 97% in Petro selinum at Alqubbah location to 29 % in Vicia faba at Almarj.
While spore abundance range from 992 spores / 100gm soil accompanied with Vicia faba at
West alawilia location to 121 spores / 100gm accompanied with Avena sativa at Alqubbbah. As
average of all locations, the plants belonging to Apiaceae had the highest colonization
percentage where the plants belonging to Cucurbitaceae had the highest spore abundance.
Lumloda location records the highest colonization rate. There was no correlation detected
between root colonization rate and spore abundance. However, soil available phosphorus and
clay percentage negatively correlated with degree of AM root colonization. Positive correlation
was found between silt percentage and spore abundance. Glomus was the most abundant
genus in all studied locations followed by Acaulosora, Gigaspora and Scutellospora

This project focuses on performing security assessment on wireless networks, and to crack
the password assigned to it. The idea of wireless network brings to mind lot of ways of
attacking and penetrating a network compared to the traditionally wired network. Because
wireless typically extends beyond walls and boundaries, it has become prone to attacks.
This project intends to find the password of near-by wireless networks and focuses on
performing security assessment on wireless networks, and to crack the password assigned
to it. As WPA2 is considered as the most secured password encryption algorithm for
wireless network, we will be performing penetration testing on it and will crack the
password for WPA2 encryption.
This project mimics the penetration testing scope to find the password of one of the trusted
wireless network.

In this paper, the effect of noise on the features of digital images has been tested. Since
most of the computer and communication systems can be affected by Gaussian noise which
may come from different natural sources, it was interesting to measure the effect of this
noise on image features. For this purpose, a data set of several images was used with
Gaussian noise to generate the noisy images. Different Mean and Variance values were
used each time with the same data set to measure wide variety of noise parameters. Then,
four different enhancement filters were used to remove the Gaussian noise. A total of 10
features were selected for this study. The features from original images, noisy images, and
enhanced images are measured and compared. The results show that some filters offended
the features of the image more than the noise itself, and all the filters have similar effects
on Texture features, Entropy, and two of Wavelet-based features. According to the Texture
Features, the Average enhancement filter came up with the best results, but according to
the Wavelet-based Features, the Motion enhancement filter came up with the best results.
The software used in this paper is Matlab 2013.

In this paper a series of new mono and heterometallic Ni(II) complexes of the general
formula[Ni(3-Hophdtc)2],[Ni(Ag(3-Hophdtc)2}2],NiLn(Ag(3-Hophdtc)2}2],NiM(3-
Hophdtc)4] ,[Ni(L)nM(3-Hophdtc)4].3-Hophdtc=3-hydroxy phenyl dithiocarbamate.when n
= 2,L quinoline,4-picoline,when n = 3,L = ethylenediamine ,1,10 phenanthroline,
M=Zn+2,Cd+2
.
All the isolated complexes have been characterized by atomic absorption , elemental
analysis,molar conductivity , Infrared , electronic absorption spectra and magnetic
measurement.The conductivity measurements proved the non-electrolytic behaviour of all
the compounds, suscetptibility measurements and electronic spectra shows a tetrahedral
geometry for complexes of the type [Ni(3-Hophdtc)2],[Ni(Ag(3-Hophdtc)2}2], NiM(3-
Hophdtc)4] and octahedral geometry for complexes of the type NiLn(Ag(3-
Hophdtc)2}2],[Ni(L)nM(3-Hophdtc)4].

The present investigation includes a detailed study of the proposed equation for counter
flow wet cooling tower using Merkel and Poppe models to show the difference and
solutions techniques of the proposed models . A mathematical model has been suggested to
construct computer software MATLB R2013 program for simulation of natural draft wet
cooling tower for summer (hot and dry) and winter (cold and wet ) weather according to
Iraqi weather . The fill height changed from (0.2 -1.4)m at different water inlet temperature
(37 ،40، 45)oC and constant mass flow rate of air .It was found that the range of cooling
increases when the fill is high and the cooling range ,relative humidity ,cooling approach
,air temperature change are higher at winter than at summer while the effectiveness and
enthalpy change show higher value at summer than winter . Also the mass flow rate of
water changed from(1- 7.5) kg/s with water inlet temperature 45 oC with constant fill height
1.2 m the result obtained show that tower range ، air temperature change ,are higher in
winter than at summer where the enthalpy change and effectiveness show higher values at
summer than at winter which matches with the other experimental researches.

A thiourea ligand; N-phenyl- Ń-(3carboxyphenol) thiourea (PCTH) is synthesized from the
reaction of phenyl isothiocyanate with 3-aminobenzoic acid. Treatment of the ligand
(PCTH) with metal salts MCl2, where M = Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Co(II) gave metallic
complexes of the types: 1- [M(PCTH)2Cl2] where M=Cu(II) and Co(II) and 2- [M(PCT)2]
where M=Zn(II) and Pb(II). The ligand (PCTH) behaves as a bidentate and coordinated to
the metal ion centers either through sulfur atom of its thioamide group and through
nitrogen atom of the amine group or through oxygen atom of the carboxylic group. All the
synthesized ligand metal complexes are characterized by micro-elemental analysis, IR
spectroscopy and UV-Vis. spectroscopy, 1H.NMR, 13C.NMR, conductivity and magnetic
susceptibility measurements. Finally, bacterial activity of the ligand (PTCH) and its metal
complexes are tested against Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli and gram-positive
bacteria Staphylococcus aurous. Using well-diffusion method and the results are discussed.

A new species of comb-clawed beetles, Cteniopus erbilensis sp. nov. from Erbil governorate
Kurdistan region-Iraq was described and illustrated .
The important taxonomic features have been drawn. Locality, host plant and date of the
collection have been mentioned.

Background: Patients’ satisfaction has been used as a significant indicator of quality
services provided by health care personnel. Consequently, the most important predictor of
patients’ overall satisfaction with hospital care is particularly related to their satisfaction
with nursing care. Patient’s satisfaction with nursing care is important for any health care
agency because nurses comprise the majority of health care providers and they provide care
for patients 24 hours a day.
Aim of the study: The aim of the current study was to identify the patients’ satisfaction
regarding nursing care provided in different hospitals at Kirkuk city.
Methodology: Quantitative design (descriptive study) conducted to assess patient's
satisfaction about nursing care in Kirkuk city hospitals (Azadi teaching hospital and
Kirkuk general hospital) include medical and surgical wards. The period of the study was
carried out from the 2nd August 2015 to 10th April 2016. A formal consent was taken from
all participants. A nonprobability (purposive) sample was selected, it consisted of 300
patients, whereas 150 patients were taken from each hospital. In order to reach the
objective of the study, a questionnaire was constructed depending on Word Health
Organization (WHO) questionnair and related literature review. The overall questions
included (40) items scored by 3 likert scale option was used in the rating scale as: (Always =
3), (Sometimes = 2), (Never = 1), Satisfaction of the patients in items are determined as
following (High =2.35 - 3), (Moderately = 1.69 - 2.34), and (Low = 1 - 1.68).
Result: The result of present study revealed that high percent (23.7%) the study sample at
age (18 – 27) years old . In relation to gender, the majority of the patients are females and
account (61.7). Also the data analysis shows that mean of scores of patients responses
regarding to communication items , shows high satisfied in (3) item (The nurse listen to
the pt.'s complaining carefully, The nurse answers all the pt.'s questions, The nurse
communicates with the pt. purposefully & therapeutically), and moderately satisfied in (3)
items (The nurse explains the procedures to the patient, The nurse gives the pt. time to
discuss the condition &treatment plan, The nurse encourages pt.'s participation in decision
making) and low satisfied in (4) items (The nurse asks about the pt.'s condition frequently,
The nurse gives the patient chance for asking questions. The nurse communicates with a
clear tone of voice. The nurse respond for the pt.'s calling immediately).
Conclusion: This study concluded that Patients were low satisfied regarding
communication, while highly satisfied with the Skills and Competences nursing care.
Recommendation: Establish an educational training program for nurses to upgrades their
knowledge and practices, and further studies should be conducted concerning patients'
satisfaction with nursing care provided in all hospitals.

In this work a series of 1, 3-oxazepine derivatives have been synthesized throughout two steps.
First step synthesis of imines derivatives (A1-A7) via the condensation reaction of 4-hydroxy
benzaldehyde with different substituted amines by using catalytic amount of glacial acetic acid,
while the second step involves reactions of the prepared imines (A1-A7) via maleic anhydride by
[2+5] cycloaddition in dry benzene and refluxing it to produce 1, 3 -
oxazepine - 4, 7 - dione derivatives (A1m-A7m) respectively. The prepared compounds were
characterized by C.H.N.S micro analysis, some physical properties and spectral methods (IR ,
H
1
-NMR).

Natural dyes from plants such as Stigma (Isatis sp.), Myrtle (Myrtussp.), Rosella (Hibiscussp.)
and crust of Walnut (Juglanssp.) fruits were extracted by 95% ethyl alcohol or distilled water.
Myrtle and Stigma weremixed dye with ratio 1:2, respectively, also Rosellaand crust of nut
fruits were prepared with same ratio. Mixeddyes or stains prepared as alternative of Gram
stainfor staining Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The results showedthat the wall of
bacteria were stained. This is well comparable to Gram stain in respect to clarity,
differentiation, and economic cost.

Ethyl 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propanoate (A1), was synthesized from 2-(4-
isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid and the reaction of compound (A1) with hydrazine hydrate in
ethanol gave 2-(isobutylphenyl) propanhydrazide (A2) the second step in this work were
synthesized 2-aryliden eindan-1,3-dione(A3-8) From the condensation of aromatic aldehyde
with eindandione to gain six novel compounds from the α-β-unsaturated compound Then
refluxed with the acid hydrazide (A2) to gave the pyrazoline derivative (A9-13). The structure
of the synthesized compounds are confirmed by CHN analyses . I.R, 1H-NMR & 13C-NMR
spectra and Some chemical physical data.

Amoebiasis is an important parasitic disease in human. The two species Entamoeba
histolytica and Entamoeba dispar are morphologically identical but E. dispar is none
pathogenic and is not associated with symptomatic amoebiasis. In this study, from July to
December 2013, 397 (212 male, 185 female) stool samples from in and out patients in
Kirkuk Azady Teaching Hospital were examined microscopically. 97 samples of them were
positive for Entamoeba histolytica / dispar. Blood samples were collected from E. histolytica
/ dispar positive patients, and the sera were examined by ELISA for differentiating the two
species and evaluating the IgG levels in their serum. The overall rate of E. histolytica /
dispar detected microscopically was 24.4%, while when the positive samples examined by
ELISA technique 89.7% of them were E. histolytica and 10.3% were considered to be E.
disbar. The serum samples of 27.58% of the patients whom had E. histolytica were positive
for IgG antibody. The most age group which was infected with E. histolytica / dispar in
both sexes were 41-50 years with rates of 39.13, 34.6 % for each of males and females
respectively. A significantly high frequency (62.9, 94.8 %) of E. histolytica / dispar positive
samples were contained RBC and pus cells respectively for each cell type, and the highest
rate (28.8, 39.1%) were for those samples contained three pluses respectively for each of
RBC and pus cells. The conclusion is that there is a big necessity of a serology
confirmatory test after microscopic detection of E. histolytica to avoid un necessary
treatment.

Amoebiasis is is widely distributed in Iraq. In order to search for alternative new antiamebic drugs, a study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of metronidazole and some
medical herbs on the viability of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in vitro culture.
E. histolytica was isolated from stool examination of patients attended Pediatric Hospital
Kirkuk, using wet mount technique. The active trophozoites were cultured in Lock egg
medium.
After isolation of trophozoites tested against various concentrations of metronidazole, and
medical herbs including Artemisia herba alba, Punica granatum and Tecurium polium ,
using viability Pandroff tube, which contain Jones broth medium. Both aqueous and
alcoholic extractions of medical herbs were used, at concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%
and 6.25%.
Results: Metronidazole had highest inhibitory effect on viability of E. histolytica
trophozoites than medical herbs. Medical herbs, Artemisia herba alba, recorded highest
inhibitory properties against Entamoeba histolytica, followed by Punicaa granatum and
Tecurium polium. The effect of alcoholic extract of all medical herbs was greater than
aqueous extracts Conclusions: The efficacy of metronidazole was greater than medical herbs. The alcoholic
extraction of medical herbs had greatest effect on viability of trophozoites than aqueous
ones. Medical herbs can be used as an alternative of metronidazole.

In order to study the role of FAM on water stress tolerance of sorghum plants. Factorial
experiment under greenhouse conditions was conducted with four levels of water potential (-
0.04, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.8 Map) and two levels of phosphorus (0 and 25 mgkg-1). The results
demonstrate that there were no roots colonized with AMF in non-inoculated plants. In
inoculated plants roots colonized with AMF percentage increased with increased of water
stress and decreased with phosphorus addition and the higher value was 86% in plants grow
under water potential -0.8 MPa and received 0 phosphorus while the lowest value was 46% in
plants grow under water potential -0.04 MPa and received 25 phosphorus. Inoculation with
AMF increased plant fresh weight, roots, shoots dry matter, and plant phosphorus uptake. The
results show AMF have protected sorghum plants against drought stress and it is clear that the
effects of AMF on plant growth parameters was higher than the effects of phosphorus addition
specially in drought stress conditions hence we can suggested that there are addition ways than
phosphorus nutrition improvement that AMF can increase host plant drought tolerance.

1,3,4 – Oxadiazole are important compounds because of its versatile biological action such as
antimicrobial, antimalarial, anticonvulsant, hypoglycemic, also analgesic, anti – inflammatory
and anticancer. In the present study the solid compounds of hydroxy 1,3,4 – oxadiazoles have
been synthesized by reaction of acid hydrazides with CS2 in the presence of KOH. All the
prepared compounds are characterized by using elemental analysis (C, H, N and S) and
spectroscopic IR, H1
– NMR and studied the biological activity on four antibacterial (gram
+Ve and gram –Ve) and three antifungal organisms.