Hilla university college Journal For Medical Science

Amylases are widely used enzymes across various industries such as clinical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, food processing, detergents, textiles, and paper manufacturing. Immobilization can enhance their effectiveness. Nanostructured
materials have become important in many elds, including magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) for immobilizing enzymes.
The study aimed to immobilize alpha-amylase extracted from Bacillus subtilis onto iron oxide nanoparticles coated
with chitosan to compare its catalytic efcacy to its free form. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and coated. The
substrate underwent amylase introduction with glutaraldehyde, stabilizing formation on chitosan-iron oxide nanoparticles. XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, and DLS were used to analyze immobilized amylase on chitosan + iron oxide nanoparticles.
To conclude, we assessed the efcacy of immobilized enzyme versus free enzyme at different pH and temperature
levels. Spectroscopy indicated a strong electrostatic bond between chitosan and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, causing chitosan
to bind onto their surface during alkaline conditions. Alpha-amylase is bonded to the substrate through a Schiff base
bond. Optimal temperature for free and immobilized enzymes is 40 °C, and optimal pH is 7.5. The study found that the
immobilized enzyme was more active than the free enzyme at ideal pH and temperature, and examined their inactivation
in the 40–60 °C range. Free enzymes showed a sharp activity decline, while immobilized enzymes had a slower decline.
This study measured the Vmax and Km values of free and immobilized enzymes. The free enzyme had a Vmax of
61.52 µmol/min.mg and a Km of 0.0082 mg/ml. The immobilized enzyme had a Vmax of 48.43±0.6383 µmol/min.mg and
a Km of 0.0084±0.0016 mg/ml. It also retained 47% activity after 7 cycles. This study shows a new approach to using
enzyme-bound magnetic nanoparticles in various industries like paper and detergent

Background: Burns constituted the fourth cause of injury particularly in developing countries including Iraq.
Objectives: to identify the bacterial isolates from infected burn injury wounds among patients who were admitted to
Al-Sadiq Teaching Hospital – Babylon Province – Iraq.
Methodology: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted on all acute burn injury cases who were
admitted to the biggest teaching hospital in Babylon Province – Iraq during the period from the rst of January to
the end of June, 2020. Data were collected from patients themselves or their companions and from patients’ hospital
records, using a pretested questionnaire designed for collection the requested information that included demographic
data, burns characteristics and the outcome of wound culture to determine the bacterial isolates of the infected burns
wounds.
Results: A sample of 120 cases with burn injuries were investigated. Out of 120 cases with burn injuries, a sample of 58
patients who investigated for microbial infections enrolled in this study. The median age of participants was 16.5 years,
ranged (four months – 65 years); children of age 1–9 years old represented 36% of them. The adolescents and children
aged ≤18 years accounted 55% of the all. Male to female ratio 1.07:1. More than two third of them resident in rural area.
The most common species were Gram Negative Bacteria constituted 83%, mainly Nonspecic Gram-Negative Bacteria,
Pseudomonas spp. and Burkholderia cepacia followed by Gram Positive Bacteria especially Streptococcus pyogenes and
Staphylococcus aureus.
Conclusion: The most common bacterial isolates infecting wounds injuries in this study are gram–ve bacteria mainly
Klebsiella SPP followed by Pseudomonas aerogenosa. A new preventive strategy is requested to address this high priority
burn problem.

Background: cementing lenses is consist of different types of lenses made up of two or more simple lenses paired
together to reduce and eliminate all types of aberration to obtain the best image.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to solve the problem that occurs in the process of gluing the lenses or in xing
the double lens to the frame, as well as reducing the jumping (J).
Material and Methods: 100 cases were selected from patients who wear different types of glasses by virtue of age or
according to the patient’s need and who attend the educational clinic for optical rening at the College of Health and
Medical Technologies – Baghdad for the period from 1-9-2022 up to 1-3-2023.
Results: The most of the patients were found working in the eld of education. The number of males from the teaching
staff was 80%, while the females were 20% under study and the number of patients who wear double (Bifocal) lenses is
67% out of 100%.
Conclusion: The lenses must not be exposed to heat more than (25°C) during the cement process, which causes their
center to mismatch (the far lens does not match the center of the segment lens). After we knew that most of the patients
needed this type of glasses, depending on their work in the eld of education (under study).

Background: Dexamethasone is a synthetic long acting and potential glucocorticoids. Dexamethasone has a wide
spectrum clinical application. It is used in diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. It is also used for treatment of many
in ammatory and autoimmune conditions, e.g. rheumatoid arithritis. It is also given to cancer patients undergoing
chemotherapy or organ transplantation, and asthma treatment. In dentistry it is used before and after some form of
dental surgery.
Objective: Because salivary glands are tissues sensitive to hormones, this work was planned to study the effect of
dexamethasone on the submandibular salivary gland.
Materials and methods: Twenty six male rabbit were chosen to conduct the experiment. The rabbits were divided
into control group (6 rabbits) which were injected (I.P) with normal saline; and treated group. The treated group was
divided into two subgroups. The rst one received a daily therapeutic dose (0.6 mg/kg) of dexamethasone injection for
two weeks (subgroup 1 (10 rabbits). The second subgroup had received an overdose (1.2 mg/kg) from the same drug. The
submandibular salivary glands of the rabbits were collected and xed in neutral buffered formalin to be processed for
the different histological routine techniques in order to be stained with H&E; Gomori’s one step trichrome; PAS, and
PAS/Alcian blue (pH 2.5) combination. For statistical analysis the mean and standard deviation (SD) have been adopted
for the diameter of the secretory units of the glands.
Results: The results have revealed swelling and an increase in diameter in the mucous acini of the secretory units.
Other prominent changes were the atrophy and disruption of granular nature of the serous tubules. With PAS stains,
the reaction was restricted to the serous tubules of the secretory units. The Alcian blue staining was restricted to mucous
acini only.
Conclusion: The observations of the present study have revealed signicant salivary changes in rabbits received
dexamethasone even for short period of time.
The consequences will be undesirable effect on teeth and oral cavity health due to decrease in serous secretion coming
from one of the major salivary glands.

Background: facial pain is of clinical importance that could complicate other conditions like COVID-19 which still
under investigation and research.
Objective: to highlight the incidence and management of COVID-19 associated local facial myalgia in Babylon
province patients.
Subjects, Materials and Methods: An exploratory study include 87 patients of both gender having history of mildmoderate COVID-19 infection. Incidence of local myalgia, location, duration and pain characteristics reviewed in
addition to history of drugs used for management and other systemic diseases.
Results: there were signicant defferences between male and female. (73.3%) of patients were mildly infected with
local facial myalgia during the period of infection that lasted 5–14 days. 74.7% of patients described pain in masseter,
frontal and occipital muscles during infection that subsided at the end of infection period. The characteristic of pain
was moderate numbing and burning pain that managed with paracetamol 1000 mg.
Conclusion: Focal facial myalgia signicantly associated with mild–moderate Covid-19 infected patients. Mild numbing and burning pain in frontal, masseter and occipital muscles reliefed with Paracetamol during infection period.

Purpose: To evaluate the distribution of the ocular deviation among different types of Duane Retraction Syndrome
(DRS).
Method: This historical cohort study was performed on 321 hospital records of different types of DRS patients in
Baghdad, Iraq from 2012 to 2022. Patient data collected included sex, age, laterality of DRS (unilateral or bilateral), presence of abnormal head posture (AHP), source of DRS (congenital, acquired), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA),
refractive error, deviation at primary gaze in far and near, overaction or underaction of extraocular movement.
Result: The mean age of DRS patients 321 patients was 16.05 ± 12.6 (range, 1 to 73) years. The patient’s records included
191 (59.5%) females and 130 (40.5%) males (P < 0.001). Esotropic, exotropic, and orthotropic DRS were observed in 197
(61.4%), 105 (32.7%), and 19 (5.9%) patients, respectively. The frequency of unilateral and bilateral DRS was noticed in
309 (96.3%) and 12 (3.7%) patients, respectively (P < .001). Unilateral DRS was observed in 197 patients (esotropic and
exotropic types), of whom the left eye was affected in 233 (72.6%) patients and the right eye in 76 (23.7%) patients (P <
.001).
Conclusion: The most common type of ocular deviation was esotropia in type I of DRS patients followed by exotropia
and orthotropia, respectively.

Background and Objectives: A cross-sectional study, effected of urinary tract infection (UTI) and immune thyroid
disease (AITD) on the Renal functions in human. Following a literature analysis, the majority of studies focused on the
in uence of urinary tract infection on kidney function, while others looked at the impact of thyroid gland immunological
disorders on renal function. Because urinary tract infection is a widespread condition that affects people of all ages and
both sexes, it is regarded as one of the most critical variables impacting kidney function, which can lead to kidney failure
in certain circumstances. Aside from the obvious increase in thyroid illnesses, there is also an increase in immunological
diseases, which have a direct in uence on kidney function. The study was inspired by patients who have both diseases
at the same time, and what in uence both diseases have on the crucial functioning of the kidneys, as the kidneys are
one of the most important vital organs in the human body.
Materials and Methods: The study began by dening the target group at the central medical laboratories in Iraq’s
holy city of Karbala, where the total number of study samples was 92, divided into two main groups: the natural group,
which numbered 44 samples, and the second group for patients, which numbered 48 samples and was divided into three
branches. The rst branch had 10 samples for patients with urinary tract infections alone, the second branch contained
10 samples for patients with immune thyroid illnesses only, and the third branch contained 28 samples for patients with
both conditions, UTI and autoimmune thyroid disease. An information form was created for all patients, including name,
age, gender, weight and height. The target group was determined for the age less than 45 years and body mass less than
27%, where the blood serum sample as well as the urine sample are taken at the same time and tests are conducted for
them and their results are conrmed. The following tests were conducted for all 92 samples. It included two types of
analyzes, the rst type which was carried out through blood same as chemical study included (Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid
and albumin) also the hormonal test included (Total T3, Total T4 and TSH) and autoimmune thyroid blood examination
such as (Anti-TG Ab and Anti-TPO Ab). As for the second type, the analysis included a urine sample, which included
(General urine examination, biochemical test for urine culture to indicated the type of bacterial.
Results: The statistical results indicated to demographic characteristics of patient with renal disease and control the
mean for age (36.72 ± 8.12 and 35.18 ± 9.28 for the patients and control respectively) in other hand the gender distributions
were (43.7% male and 56.3%, female in patients’ group and 27.3% male and 72.7% female in control group). The results
were the focus of the statistical study of patients with both diseases, urinary tract infection and immune thyroid disease
and its effect on kidney function were (Urea, creatinine, uric acid and albumin is 48.07 ± 7.63, 1.26 ± 0.37, 6.63 ± 0.713
and 4.02 ± 0.9) respectively, and for the (560.07 ± 340.18 and 763.83 ± 671.71 to anti-TPO Ab and anti-TG Ab) respectively.
While the results of urine analyze for patients with urinary tract infection only were (50.0%, 28.6%, 17.8% and 3.6% for
the one+, two+, three+ and four+ for pus cells in microscope exam), while the results of urine culture were (32.1%,
21.4% and 46.5% for Escherichia coli, K. pneumonia and Staph. Aureus) respectively. The urine culture shows the increase
ratio to Staph. aureus Conclusion: The ndings revealed that patients who have both diseases had a stronger in uence on kidney function
than those with urinary tract infection or immune thyroid disease. The kinds of bacteria that cause urinary tract infection
were also investigated, with Staphylococcus aureus being one of the most common bacteria that cause illness

Background: Toxic level of blood lead among schoolchildren was associated with violent behavior and may lead to
delinquencies and truancy as well as low social skills and poor school performance.
Objective: to assess blood lead level among sample of students in secondary schools in Kut City and determining
its relation to violent behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out targeting students in three secondary
schools in Kut City/Iraq. A convenience sample of 54 students were selected where; (27 violent students and 27 nonviolent students) according to certain reference criteria.
Results: This study shows that 74% of our students had blood lead level more than 5 µg/dl. The mean blood lead level
in violent students was higher than the mean of blood lead level in non-violent students but this level does not a reach
signicant statistical level P < 0.05.
Conclusion: Three out of four our students had blood lead level more than ve µg/dl that indicated local environmental
pollution with this toxic heavy metal. Periodic surveillance and further large-scale studies are needed to assess the extent
of this health problem in order to plan effective strategic solutions.

Objective: The present study aimed at investigating socio-demographic issues of gender, living place, marital status,
education and type of Tuberculosis, and medical issues, such as new smear positive cases, causes, treatment and new
pulmonary positive cases in Baghdad City, Iraq for 2012–2016.
Methodology: A descriptive “retrospective” design was employed throughout the present study from the period
of November 12th 2017 to February 13th 2018 in order to investigate socio-demographic and medical issues related to
Tuberculosis. A convenient sample of (11680) registered patients with tuberculosis in Baghdad, Iraq for the period of
2012-2016. These patients were males and females and they were one year to over than 65 year of age. An instrument
was constructed for the purpose of the study. It is comprised of items that focused on patients’ socio-demographic
characteristics of age, gender and type of Tuberculosis (Part I) and items related to tuberculosis, such as causes of
Tuberculosis, new smear positive cases, incidence rate of new pulmonary positive Tuberculosis and treatment of drug
resistance cases (Part II). A pilot study was conducted for the determination of the study instrument’s content validity,
internal consistency reliability and adequacy. The study was carried out for the period of December 10th to 20th 2017.
Content validity of the instrument was determined through panel of (15) experts. They were presented with copy
of the study instrument and asked to review it and provide comments for its modication to be more appropriate
measure of the study. They had reviewed the instrument and presented their comments with an agreement that the
instrument is content valid. Internal consistency reliability was determined for the study instrument through the use
of split-half technique and measurement of Cronbach alpha correlation coefcient. The result indicated that Cronbach
alpha correlation coefcient was r = 0.85 which adequately reliable measure for the problem underlying the present
study. Data were collected from the health records at the National Tuberculosis Center, State TB center, and district TB
center for the period of 2012 to 2016 with the use of the study instrument. Data were analyzed through the application
of descriptive statistical data analysis approach of frequency, percent, incidence rate and ratio.
Results: The study indicated that female patients were slightly larger than male ones. Patients living in the urban
area were accounted for the most (91.85%). 41.92%, 18.53%, 31.05% and 8.50% of the patients were married, single,
divorced and patients with deceased spouses, and there was a signicant difference among them pairwise from this
point of view; i.e., the number of married people is more than single, more than divorced and more than a patient with
a dead spouse. the literacy level of TB patients is signicantly different, with 59.77% of illiterate patients, 2.27% of
elementary education, 18.30% of secondary education, 19.04% of secondary education and diploma and 0.61% university
degree. Most of the patients had experienced Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis (52.36%). The study revealed that most of
the new smear positive cases are accounted for the age group of (15–24) year old during the years of 2012–2016. Causes
of Tuberculosis in the rural area were accounted for poverty (39.95%), smoking (22.39%), untreated cases (12.4%), alcoholism (11.32%), malnutrition (10.30%) and overcrowded (3.57%) respectively, and accounted for alcoholism (27.77%),
overcrowded (27.16%), malnutrition (24.69%), smoking (11.93%), poverty (7.62%) and untreated cases of Tuberculosis
(0.80%) respectively in the urban area. So, poverty and smoking are considered the most effective causes for patients
in the rural area. In contrast, alcoholism, overcrowded and malnutrition are considered as the most effective causes
for patients in the urban area. Success rate was (69%) in 2014, (61%) in 2013 and (51%) in 2012 respectively. Such rate
can present evidence that patients in 2014 have beneted out of the program more than others. age specic incidence
numbers, percentage and incidence rate by gender. The percentage and the numbers in age group 15–24 years old was the highest and declined thereafter while age was increasing for both male and female. But the incidence cases in age
group 0–14 in both male and female were almost the same. Though the incidence rate of both male and female cases the
same in the age group 0–14 years old and difference was much higher as age groups increased from 15–24, 25–34, 35–44,
and the highest was found among the age group 55–64 years old while the rapid decreasing was found in the age group
65+ years old.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the gender ratio was accounted for the most (2.14:1) in the year of 2015. The urban
zone the incidence rate was greater than that of the rural zone. Most of the new smear positive cases were accounted for
the age group of (15–24) year old during the years of 2012–2016. The urban zone’s incidence rate was greater than that of
the rural zone. Poverty and smoking were considered the most effective causes for patients in the rural area. In contrast,
alcoholism, overcrowded and malnutrition were considered as the most effective causes for patients in the urban area.
Patients in 2014 had beneted out of the Tuberculosis Program more than others based on the success rate. The incidence
rate of both male and female cases the same in the age group of (0–14) years old and difference was much higher as age
groups increased from (15–24), (25–34), (35–44), and the highest was found among the age group (55–64) years old while
the rapid decreasing was found in the age group 65+ years old.
Recommendations: The study recommended that The study recommended that patients who were young males and
females, married, illiterates and urban area residents can be provided with all means of treatment and preventive
measures. The Ministry of Health and Environment in Iraq can present appropriate and effective attention to people
who were at risk of Tuberculosis. Further research with a large sample size and wide range of variables can be conducted.