Political Sciences Journal

This study aimed to find out the reasons which prevent the participation of female-university students actively in the political life of the Palestinian. The study sample consisted of (984) students from the university students at the University of Al-Quds Open the Rafah area of education of female students enrolled in the second semester of the academic year (2011-2012), and women between the ages of (18-35) years, as the researchers involved the application of standard have the political Palestinian university students from prepared, The study found several results represented in the following:
1 - Total score of the level of political participation among female university students reached (65.5%), a high level where researchers the researchers accounted for 60% as the first level is, they got the first dimension: the political culture on the proportion (77%), and received the second dimension: political activity on the proportion (60.03%), and got the third dimension: received the obstacles to political participation rate (59.7%) in terms of political participation of Palestinian university students.
2 – The most activities of political culture in terms of political participation of students is to vote in elections where the rate was (90.2%), and over the activities of political activity is the resilience of the prisoners in their hunger-strike rate (83.4%), and that the most of the constraints of political participation for students is that the parties moved away from achieving the goals and interests of society, and that the occupation and oppression of women affects the participation of struggle, and the family and its bringing-up for their children is poses a major obstacle, as well as the time for the student is considered an impediment to their political participation when attending the seminars or festivals, in Palestinian Gazan society. equality in rights and duties does not exist, and also the lack of freedom of expression.

The neo – realism school confirms the using of soft instruments in foreign policy which replaced martial means . this is the age of economies that based on in formating and interdeqendence which overpass the national boundries . The power becomes less trans ferable and trans formable. It beeomes tangible and less coercive .
The former American minister henry Kissinger , despite his deep belief in the policy of the traditional power balance, argued in 1975 by saying “we are now witnessing a new ara. The new global patterns are falliny apart … we are living in a new world of inter depen dence in the economy communications and humani tarian aspirations”
The priority of economy in concorn of war was the mean reason behond the winning of th former American president Bill clinton . He referd in his platform ( election program ) to the focusing of the American united states on its enternal problem He denounced his predecessors the way they wene dependent on forign affairs.
Hence, there were suggestions within the “American administration which have emphosized the finding of economic seeurity council “ in order to streng then the economic war

Since the widespread use of the concept of human security in 1994, and as stated in the report of human development (UNDP) issued by the United Nations Development Programme,And framed it with multiple dimensions of political, economical, social and cultural. This concept has became beyond the state and its security ,and covered all what, can threaten human lifeand humanitariangroups, according to the humanitarianneeds in the following aspects: The economic, the food,health,environmental , individual, community and the political aspect,which totally means ,the disability of thesecurity traditionalperspective to deal with these issues.The achievement of human security,that handles the maintenance of human dignity for meetingtheir basic needs,altimitly means adecent living and freedom and the end for , and it supposed for most respect for human rights through democratic framework.

The paper deals with the position of the Contemporary Islamic political thought concerning the Islamic of pluralism in party system and the role of political parties in the future Islamic state . this paper focuses on the vision of Mr. mohammad hussain Fadlulah to these topics and his opinion in the legitimacy of alliancy with secular political parties The paper , also discussed his opinion concerning the adaptation of political relations between the Islamic political parties under the rules and lows of secular political system in order to have broad positively the public goods.

This paper has been taken out of a PhD dissertation titled "features of the political of Ali Al-Wardi" by the student Nahid Jaber Hassan .It was supervised by assistant professor Dr. Amer Hassan Faiyadh.
Ali Al-Wardi (1913-1995) is a brilliant Iraqi Scientist. He wrote many scientific books. He created so many en lighted societal thoughts. Concerning the political affairs, Al-wardi presented opinions concerning the Iraqi Society based on the tri-concepts (The individual to be a good citizen, the society to be civic and the state to be modern).
This paper is concerned with the uncovering of the concepts of authority and the state in the thinking's of Ali alwardi .He considered those variables as the basis of the tri-dimensional political and ideological organization, which is capable of transforming Iraq from bedwans to civilizations.

Bahrain has a distinguished constitutional and parliamentary experience, which distinct it from the other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Its experience in this area is the second after the experience of Kuwait to establish a system of government based on modern constitutional principles. As the government presented the Constitution to the Constituent Assembly elected by people and approved in 09/06/1973. After that, it witnessed the birth of the first parliament elected by the people in 1973, but the experiment did not last long and the parliament dissolved by Prince, and didn’t determine the period of the return of the working with the terms of the Constitution governing the functioning of the legislative process in Bahrain.

Since 1975, the date of the dissolution of the National Bahrain council, Bahrain witnessed a wave of protests and sit-ins condemning its policy of rejecting the modus of the government, which did not subside even after trying to find specific Council appointed by the Prince, who has the Advisory power. The events of disagreement and dissatisfaction continued by some opponents parties and personalities, which always demand the return of the 1973 Constitution, despite reforms initiated by Sheikh (Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa) in 2000, and using the National Action Charter, which some counted it as a positive step followed by other steps, that distinguished Bahrain from its neighboring Gulf countries. As a result, Bahrain has witnessed the return of the legislative elections in 2002, despite the county of the political associations which has weight in the representation of Bahrain’s street as well as some opponents figures, who tried to use any opportunity to reject and try to make their voice reach all platforms and religious media, or try to send petitions to the king himself to respond to their demands. The government's reaction about this was; indifference and tried to silence the voice of opposition by arrests or by putting the responsibility on the outside parties for all these protests and sit-ins. When these opponents parties entered the legislative elections in 2010/2006, they got a large percentage of the vote that enabled them to prove their power in the political domain.

The government tries in different ways to keep equilibrium between them and the number of these parties. In the other way the government could not deny the existence or the actions of these parties, the Bahraini government must put in consideration the opponents’ popularity before doing a particular deed against them, especially as we witnessed a wave of protests and sit-ins in many Arab cities demanding change and reform. Some of these cities succeed in changing regimes as in the case of Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Yemen. Bahrain government should learn from all of this, and complete what it started in the field of reform and change, and not limit itself to change from the republic to the Kingdom. The change should be comprehensive and effective particularly with regard to the performance of the legislature power and the involvement of all classes of people in the process of political decision-making and improve the conditions of the poor people

This research deals with the nature of the Turkish attitude towards the events of the Arab Spring which the Arab region witnessed recently, as this attitude is characterized by hesitation and utter confusion about those events at its beginning. However, the development of events and the consequent repercussions led the Turkish decision makers of the foreign policy to reconsider their attitude towards those events for political, economic, cultural and social motives.

China occupies an area of 906 million square km. and lies east Asia. Its population approximately 1,388 people, according to census 2010. China was a global great power for centuries , then shrank its jurisdiction and occupied by European countries and Japan in the 19th century. It regained its strength and independence under the leadership and rule of the Chinese Communist Party since 1949.
In the 21st century , the Chinese positions has risen universally due to its achievements in the economic and trade affairs .
Nowadays, China became a largest exporting state in the world and a second economic power after USA.