Political Sciences Journal

education in Iraq, during the academic years : 2008-2009, 2010-2011, and 2011- 2012. The rules and regulations for higher education foster gender equity in enrollment to both the undergraduate and postgraduate studies, and in terms of salaries of staff and faculty members .The average number of females enrolled in undergraduate studies for the three years studied was approximately 189898, that percentage was 44% of the total number of students(429561). It was found that the number of females enrolled in morning classes exceeded the number of males in the majority of public universities. It was the reverse for evening classes in those universities, private colleges, and technical colleges and institutes. These differences are attributed to the grades obtained by students in the final exam in secondary schools , and to social and economic factors . The distribution of students according to the disciplines and sex revealed that the number of female students were higher than the male students in the medical groups , pure science and educational disciplines The study also showed that there was a large percentage of females in the humanitarian and educational disciplines , and that the highest percentage of female students of the public colleges of science were in the departments of computer science and life science. The average number of females enrolled in post graduate studies was 75556 and the percentage was 38.36% of the total number of students (19696). The female percentage was higher than males in science. The highest population of female students was in educational disciplines followed by medical group and humanitarian disciplines. The percentage of females that studied for a Master Degree was 43% , this is comparable to the percentage in the undergraduate studies , the percentage decreased for those at Doctoral level ( 29% ) . The same results were recorded for faculty members , the percentage of females that hold a master`s degree was 40% which was higher than those that hold Ph.D. degree (24%). The number of females with a doctorate and the title of assistant professor or professor were 1348(22% ) and 289(14%) respectively ,in 2011- 2012 .These numbers indicate what the impact of family responsibilities is on the academic advancement of women . So few women were in leadership positions .There were only 8 female Deans in 2008- 2009 , that number increased to12 in 2010-2011 , and to 24 in 2011-2012 out of a total of 341 Deans ( 7.04%). Two female assistant presidents for the university for scientific affairs were appointed in the last year, out of the total 48 assistant presidents, which is 4% . There were no females in a position higher than assistant president .The proportion of women in leadership position is related to the roles of social status of women , culture of the community , and attitudes of the decision –makers. The suggestions are presented in this study to address some of the obstacles for the advancement of women in higher education in Iraq

The Arab Region witnessed, since 2011, critical changes overthrew a group of Arab regimes in some of its countries, and the reaction of these changes are still going on up to now.
These changes were given lots of justifications and interpretations. The current study tries to concentrate on the most important problems which were due to what was known as (The Arab Spring). The study proposes that the crisis which the countries of the area are exposed to is not spontaneous in many of its aspects. It is totally a crisis of rule and policies. Because it is a reflection of the nature of authority in the Arabian regimes on the one hand; and a reflection of mechanisms of power practicing in the Arab societies on the other. Therefore, the current study tries to focus on the most important problems that are related to the crisis of forming or starting the Arab State on the one hand, and the crisis of the legitimacy of the regimes on the other and the problem of the relation between the government and the society on a third hand.

The continental shelf is a term borrowed from geology, where it was observed that the sea coast gradually slopes under the water until it reaches a certain point after which it suddenly descends to a depth. However, this rule has exceptions, as there are seas to which these characteristics do not apply, either because of their steep slope at a distance far from the shore, as is the case with the Red Sea, or because of the shallowness of these seas, as is the case with the Arabian Gulf. It is taken for granted that the freedom of the high seas constitutes a fundamental principle and a rule of the rules of international public law agreed upon by the international community, but there is nothing to prevent any country from possessing parts of the seabed.

This study aims to identify the Israeli policies towards Palestinian refugees during the period 1999-2010 which had seen several Israeli governments, whether left or right, The researcher found that there is continuity in decision-making and legislation in Israeli governments, regardless of political or ideological orientation towards refugees and the Palestinians during the study, which focused on two main axis, The first: refugee issue in the permanent negotiations where the researcher found that the Israeli position is fixed of the non-return of Palestinian refugees, and
Increased the power of the Israeli position by U.S. The seconds axis: deals with Israeli legislation and the views taken by Israel which prevent the right of return for Palestinian among refugees ,where the researcher found that there is a consensus among the parties to fully reject the of the right of return for return for Palestinian refugees.

The features of constitutional institutions in democratic countries that clarify the nature of their objectives are not determined except through the influence of political and social forces. These forces have a great influence in the formation of these constitutional institutions, especially the executive and legislative authorities, through elections. They also influence the course and regularity of these two institutions through loyalty or opposition to their policies, and they use several constitutional and practical means for this.

Yemen has been lived nowdays of the hardest stages of its contemporary history because of the complicated challenges which have negative influences on its political system that weaken it ability in solving problems of the country due to shortage of the financial resources that made Yemen to demand for the external assistance , economical situation deteriorating , growth of separative demands increasing of anti – central demands , the armed attaeks at the security and military .
Yemen s failure in achieving services to people . for these reasons Yemen had faced dark future might be the reason for the collapsing the country especially regional stability .

In the South of yement, when the accupation of Aden in 1839 by the British, British politics has proceeded in accordance with interests in promoting the existence and exploitation of this important site to implement their interests.
Historians believe that Britain played a major role in the conflicts that have taken place on the land of Yemen, through a series of military and political dealings between them and the Ottoman Empire prior to withdrawal of Yemen and between local authorities and power to Yemen, such interactions have led to very serious consequences for the future of Yemen and Yemen was often divided into three parts, the northern areas under the authority of Imam Yahya, and the South, under the control of Britain, Asir and Tihama Plains under the influence of al-Idrisi .
Britain has held several legal agreements with the Yemeni parties to legitimize and justify the use of force for the purpose of maintaining their interests by treaties with the Ottoman Empire, laid the foundations for Yemen and the split in 1914, treaties concluded between them and the sheikhs and sultans were aimed at them.
The aim of British policy and given legitimacy by the presence and activity on the territory of Yemen, including the treaties of friendship and resistance, and protection treaties, treaties, where the southern Yemeni partitioned (20) chiefdoms and Principality of dispute between them and try to request the foreign occupier satisfaction

The topic area of that’s research dealing with values which adopted by Iraqi people since 1980, many changes and variables which make many situations and skills which the life is suitable in war and conflicts times. That’s values like traditional and ordering, traditionalism mean the conservation about values s and tradition which society adopted its.
The Iraqi society suffering from many changes since 1980-2003, the consequently of that’s changes make Iraqi citizen more interested about luxury needs like clothes, while decreasing the interested about liberty of thought, beauty, show evidence of identity, and openness of mind.
The processing of values changes associated with political behavior of Iraqi people which lead to weaken of loyalty of Nation and multi-loyalties.
The changes of that’s behavior require the Intellectual uprising may be lead outcomes during the next decades.