Hilla university college Journal For Medical Science

People with hemophilia B, a genetic disorder, bleed continuously for extended periods if left untreated. Hemophiliacs
bleed at the regular rate indenitely until they receive treatment; they do not bleed more quickly than healthy people,
their blood is unable to clot when they bleed in the absence of suitable treatment. The main concern while dealing with
hemophilia is internal bleeding. Bleeding frequently occurs in elbows, knees, and ankles. In severe situations, this can
start on its own, but it can also be induced by damage. Regretfully, hemophilia B has not garnered as much attention
from researchers as other serious illnesses. The most distressing aspect of this illness is that, on occasion, even medical
professionals are ignorant of its diagnosis and treatment. Depending on the hemorrhaging conditions, the only viable
therapy options are the infusion of factors and certain adjuvant medicines. For the benet of the millions of hemophilic
patients, this page provides an overview of hemophilia B to draw attention from medical and pharmacy professionals.

Background: Type A botulinum toxin is used for cosmetic “face” procedures, primarily to alleviate problematic
wrinkles and furrows. Botox is used to treat and improve the appearance of facial wrinkles and ne lines. Botox is
the most common therapy for the glabellar, rhytid, horizontal forehead, and lateral peri-orbital wrinkles, sometimes
known as “crow’s feet.” Botulinum toxin type A is a reliable method for enhancing the appearance of the upper and
lower face during cosmetic facial procedures.
Objective: The aim of this review was to analyze the clinical outcomes, uses, composition, indication, side effects and
overall things related to Botulinum toxin type A injection.
Conclusion: Botox indications choice from recognized functional treatments, particularly in laryngology and ophthalmology, to more recent cosmetic applications. Botox shouldn’t be utilized in people with known neuro-muscular
abnormality or allergy to any of the elements in the formulation. The neurological illnesses such myasthenia gravis,
sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral, Lambert Eaton syndrome mostly not advised to used Botox, the reson related to longterm effects. The pregnant female, nursing mother don’t suggested used Botox, but no evidence improve the Botox is
taratgenic consequence for the human. The patients used quinine, aminoglycoside antibiotics, calcium channel blocker,
must be avoid injected.

Background: Drug-resistant organisms are on the rise globally, and therefore studies for new forms of antimicrobial
agents. Among them, nanoparticles nd much utility in drug delivery and possess effectiveness against antibioticresistant strains. Such an approach is a successful one for public health since it has relative advantages in eradicating
microbial infections.
Objective: The aim of this mini-review is to discuss the role of nanoparticles and their functions on microbial
infections, especially regarding their antimicrobial activity. Method: This review involves the conduct of a systematic
review of the literature through publications in different databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences, and only
the peer-reviewed articles that are published are used. This comprises published articles that provide information on
the occurrence of the role of nanoparticles, including metallic nanoparticles like iron oxide, gold, zinc oxide, and silver,
in antimicrobial activity.
Results: There are various reports that nanoparticles possess antimicrobial properties through direct action on microbial cell membranes, oxidative stress induction, and inhibitory effects on biolm formation. They demonstrate
effectiveness against numerous types of pathogens, MDR bacteria. Due to their ability to target microbial infections,
bypass resistance mechanisms, and act as drug delivery systems, nanoparticles have potential in the ght against deadly
microbial infections.
Conclusions: Nanoparticles present an effective strategy in controlling microbial infection, especially that which is
associated with drug-resistant pathogens. Due to the specic characteristics of some of them related to the diverse ways
in which they exert their effect, they are useful in the combat against infection. However, more research is needed to
address concerns about potential toxicity and improve its clinical applications.

Foot-and-mouth disease (Coxsackievirus) is a serious infection that affects animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle.
The study was conducted from 1st February to 1st July 2024 / in Baquba district. The results showed that the prevalence
rate of Coxsackievirus infections was the highest 11 (73.3) in the age group (1–9) years. The Anti-Human Coxsackievirus
IgM showed a variance value of (52.315) with highly signicant changes (P < 0.01). The Anti-Human Coxsackievirus
IgG showed a variance value of (20.603) with highly signicant change (P < 0.01). The Anti-Sheep Coxsackievirus IgM
showed a variance value of (29.687) with highly signicant changes (P < 0.01). The Anti-sheep Coxsackievirus IgG
showed a variance value of (39.479) with highly signicant change (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the Anti-Goat Coxsackievirus
IgM showed a variance value of (21.429) with highly signicant change (P < 0.01), and the Anti-Goat Coxsackievirus IgG
showed a variance value of (26.613) with highly signicant change. The results also showed a weak negative correlation
(r = 1, −.011, .142) between the human Coxsackievirus and (sheep, goat) Coxsackievirus type in regard to IgM levels
respectively, and these correlations were non-signicant (p = 0, .507, .954) respectively. The results of this study reported
a weak positive correlation (r = .126, .310, −.014) between the levels of Human-IgG Coxsackievirus and (Sheep, Goats)
IgG respectively (P = .507, .954, .940), with statistically non-signicant differences. The Anti-Cattle Coxsackievirus IgM
concentration was 0.0% and Specicity 43.3% at a Cut-off <1.62, but he Anti-sheep concentration IgG was 0.0% and
Specicity 43.3% in Cut-off <0.96. In addition, the Anti-Goat Coxsackievirus IgM concentration was 0.0% and Specicity
36.7% at Cut-off <1.22, and the Anti-Goat concentration IgG concentration was 0.0% and Specicity 10.0% at a Cut off
<0.61.

Rare medical syndromes may directly relate to the oral health status and, so far, affect the oral and dental management
provided to the patients by dentists. Among many clinical features of these rare syndromes, the oral ndings may
include oral exophytic lesions, recurrent oral ulcerations, hemangiomas, vascular lesions, bone lesions, altered immune
response with poor wound healing, and oral and craniofacial features which may require management by a team of
different dental specialties. Some characteristic oral ndings are considered prognostic or diagnostic for more serious
or acute conditions that require urgent interventions. The aim of this review is to offer the general dental practitioner,
dental specialists, and the oral medicine specialists with brief reviews about some rare syndromes that are characterized
by multiple oral, dental, and craniofacial features and ndings. Google Scholar, the National Library of Medicine
(PubMed/MEDLINE), PubMed Central (PMC), and ScienceDirect are the main electronic databases that have been
searched. Research articles, case reports, and review literature were involved in the present paper. In conclusion, early
oral diagnosis and intervention in some rare conditions associated with characteristic oral, cranial, and facial features
may reduce the need for more complicated treatment plans

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulting in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) is now prevalent around the world and has been accountable for a signicant number of fatalities and disability. An
extensive summary of the changes in hematological proles seen in COVID-19-infected patients is given in this review.
The symptoms of COVID-19 range from moderate or undetectable to life-threatening respiratory distress and multiple
organ dysfunction. The importance of hematological discrepancies as biomarkers of illness degree of severity, clinical
course, and outcome becoming increasingly appreciated. Increased neutrophils, reduced lymphocytes, and raised Creactive protein are typical initial laboratory ndings.
Elevated D-Dimer levels are linked to dysfunctional coagulation such as disseminated intravascular coagulation
(DIC), which can predict mortality and represent the severity of the condition. In severe cases, anemia of in ammation
is common, with reduced hemoglobin and high ferritin.
Prognostication is aided by biochemical markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin, and C-reactive
protein. Blood group types may also affect a human being’s susceptibility to infection.
Real-time "reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serology tests are the mainstays of diagnostic testing in laboratories. Low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulant prophylaxis is advised to reduce thrombotic
consequences, taking into account the distinctive characteristics of each patient.
In conclusion, accurate diagnosis, risk identication, and therapeutic intervention of af icted persons depend on an
awareness of the hematological symptoms of COVID-19. It is necessary to conduct additional studies to clarify the
underlying mechanisms and improve treatment approaches in this dynamic COVID-19 pandemic environment.

F
orensic dentistry is dened as (the branch of
forensic medicine that, in the interest of justice,
deals with the proper handling, examination, of dental evidence, as the proper presentation of dental
ndings). The role of dentistry is limited but has major role in identifying victims in case of disasters and
can provide clear clues that would be helpful in the
justice system

The condition of diabetic renal disease is the most prevalent manifestation of chronic kidney disease and renal
failure worldwide. It acts as the major diabetes complication and is characterized by the excretion of abnormal urinary
albumin, impairment of glomerular ltration rate (GFR), and diabetic glomerular renal lesions. It is also associated with
microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus.
The exact pathogenesis is complicated and unexplained. The pathogenesis pathways initiated and sustained in the
kidney by increased glucose levels. They are enhanced by numerous different factors that involve several metabolic
variables (excess of carbonyl, fatty acids, and oxidative stress) and hemodynamic variables such as transmitted systemic
hypertension-induced shear stress, autoregulation damage, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation with hyper and hypo-perfusion
Early diagnosis and intervention may delay the progression of the disorder. Recently, various biochemical indicators
have been linked to diabetic nephropathy, which were essential for predicting the progression and incidence of the
diabetic disease. The simultaneous evaluation of several biomarkers concerning microalbuminuria is a method for
diagnosing the primary phases of diabetic kidney disease. The major progress in the invention of novel biomarkers
might eventually result in the development of "the ideal" biomarker for the future to detect the early phase of diabetic
nephropathy. The current study emphasizes identifying early biomarkers correlated to the etiology and pathophysiology
of diabetic nephropathy and alteration in renal function. The review aims to update the information on biomarkers for
the diagnosis and identication of diabetic kidney disease

Silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) synthesized using terephthalic acid have demonstrated signicant potential
as anti-cancer agents. This study aimed to synthesize these nanoparticles using an eco-friendly chemical reduction
method and evaluate their anti-cancer efcacy against HepG2 liver cancer cells. The nanoparticles were characterized by
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization conrmed their spherical morphology, uniform
size distribution, and well-dened crystalline structure, with an average particle diameter of approximately 75 nm.
The anti-cancer potential of the synthesized nanoparticles was assessed through in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis
assays. The MTT assay revealed a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability, with an IC50 value of 50 µg/mL, indicating
that the nanoparticles were effective in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, acridine orange/propidium
iodide (AO/PI) staining demonstrated that approximately 65% of the treated cells underwent apoptosis, conrming the
pro-apoptotic efcacy of the nanoparticles.

Background: Changes in occlusion is necessary to be taken into consideration for its importance as a causative factor
for variability in the structural morphology of mandibular condyles which in turn may cause internal disorders of the
Tempromandibular joint.
Objectives: To investigate the relationship of different Angle classication Cl I, Cl II, Cl III, on the trabecular structure
of the mandibular condyles shape through Orthopantomography and demonstrate the most prominent shape in relation
with angle classication.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective study in which 4000 condyle process were examined using Orthopantomograph (OPG). The patient sample was divided into three groups according to angled classication: class I, class II, class
III then The shape of condyle was detected for both sides.
Results: The present study concludes the round or oval shape condyle mostly seen among Iraqi population in Baghdad
city, then at shape, crooked nger shape and bid condyle are rare.
Conclusion: the condylar shapes, into six different type is a comprehensive way to describe the variation in the
anatomy of condyle, which are: oval, at, diamond, irregular, crooked nger, and bid.